Detecting tagged Hedgehog with intracellular and extracellular immunocytochemistry for functional analysis

Wing tips: The wing disc as a platform for studying Hedgehog signaling

Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction is necessary for the development of most mammalian tissues and can go awry and cause birth defects or cancer. Hh signaling was initially described in Drosophila, and much of what we know today about mammalian Hh signaling was directly guided by discoveries in the fly. Indeed, Hh signaling is a wonderful example of the use of non-vertebrate model organisms to make basic discoveries that lead to new disease treatment. The first pharmaceutical to treat hyperactive Hh signaling in Basal Cell Carcinoma was released in 2012, approximately 30 years after the isolation of Hh mutants in Drosophila. The study of Hh signaling has been greatly facilitated by the imaginal wing disc, a tissue with terrific experimental advantages. Studies using the wing disc have led to an understanding of Hh ligand processing, packaging into particles for transmission, secretion, reception, signal transduction, target gene activation, and tissue patterning. Here we describe the imaginal wing disc, how Hh patterns this tissue, and provide methods to use wing discs to study Hh signaling in Drosophila. The tools and approaches we highlight form the cornerstone of research efforts in many laboratories that use Drosophila to study Hh signaling, and are essential for ongoing discoveries.

Specialized filopodia direct long-range transport of SHH during vertebrate tissue patterning

The ability of signaling proteins to traverse tissues containing tightly packed cells is of fundamental importance for cell specification and tissue development, however, how this is achieved at a cellular level remains poorly understood¹. For over a century, the vertebrate limb bud has served as a paradigm to study cell signaling during embryonic development². Here we optimize single cell real-time imaging to delineate the cellular mechanisms for how signaling proteins, such as Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), that possess membrane-bound covalent lipid modifications transverse long distances within the limb bud in vivo. By directly imaging Shh ligand production under native regulatory control, our findings show that Shh is unexpectedly produced in the form of a particle that remains associated with the cell via long cytoplasmic extensions that span several cell diameters. We show that these cellular extensions are a specialized class of actin-based filopodia with novel cytoskeletal features that have not been previously described. Strikingly, particles containing Shh traffic along these extensions with a net anterograde movement within the field of Shh cell signaling. We further show that in Shh responding cells specific subsets of Shh co-receptors, including Cdo and Boc, actively distribute and co-localize in specific micro-domains within filopodial extensions, far from the cell body. Stabilized interactions are formed between filopodia containing Shh ligand and those containing co-receptors over a long-range. These results suggest that contact-mediated release propagated by specialized filopodia contributes to the delivery of Shh at a distance. Together, these studies identify an important mode of communication between cells that significantly extends our understanding of ligand movement and reception during vertebrate tissue patterning.