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Xiao CL, Lai HT, Zhou JJ, Liu WY, Zhao M, Zhao K. Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: Focus on Oxidative Stress in Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04394-z. [PMID: 39093381 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious, disabling injury to the central nervous system that can lead to motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction below the injury plane. SCI can be divided into primary injury and secondary injury according to its pathophysiological process. Primary injury is irreversible in most cases, while secondary injury is a dynamic regulatory process. Secondary injury involves a series of pathological events, such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, apoptotic pathways, and motor dysfunction. Among them, oxidative stress is an important pathological event of secondary injury. Oxidative stress causes a series of destructive events such as lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, inflammation, and cell death, which further worsens the microenvironment of the injured site and leads to neurological dysfunction. The nuclear factor erythrocyte 2-associated factor 2 (Nrf2) is considered to be a key pathway of antioxidative stress and is closely related to the pathological process of SCI. Activation of this pathway can effectively inhibit the oxidative stress process and promote the recovery of nerve function after SCI. Therefore, the Nrf2 pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for SCI. This review deeply analyzed the generation of oxidative stress in SCI, the role and mechanism of Nrf2 as the main regulator of antioxidant stress in SCI, and the influence of cross-talk between Nrf2 and related pathways that may be involved in the pathological regulation of SCI on oxidative stress, and summarized the drugs and other treatment methods based on Nrf2 pathway regulation. The objective of this paper is to provide evidence for the role of Nrf2 activation in SCI and to highlight the important role of Nrf2 in alleviating SCI by elucidating the mechanism, so as to provide a theoretical basis for targeting Nrf2 pathway as a therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Xiao
- Gannan Medical University, 1 Harmony Avenue, Rongjiang New District, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Frist Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Tong Lai
- Gannan Medical University, 1 Harmony Avenue, Rongjiang New District, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Frist Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Jun Zhou
- Hospital 908, Joint Logistics Support Force, 1028 Jinggangshan Avenue, Qingyunpu District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, 330001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu-Yang Liu
- Gannan Medical University, 1 Harmony Avenue, Rongjiang New District, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Frist Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Yingtan People's Hospital, 116 Shengli West Road, Yuehu District, Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, 335000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Zhao
- Gannan Medical University, 1 Harmony Avenue, Rongjiang New District, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Frist Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China.
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Vasilev RA, Chernikovich VY, Evteeva MA, Sakharov DA, Patrushev MV. Synthetic Biology: Current State and Applications. MOLECULAR GENETICS, MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416821010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sarmiento C, Camarero JA. Biotechnological Applications of Protein Splicing. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:408-424. [PMID: 30734675 PMCID: PMC7135711 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190208110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein splicing domains, also called inteins, have become a powerful biotechnological tool for applications involving molecular biology and protein engineering. Early applications of inteins focused on self-cleaving affinity tags, generation of recombinant polypeptide α-thioesters for the production of semisynthetic proteins and backbone cyclized polypeptides. The discovery of naturallyoccurring split-inteins has allowed the development of novel approaches for the selective modification of proteins both in vitro and in vivo. This review gives a general introduction to protein splicing with a focus on their role in expanding the applications of intein-based technologies in protein engineering and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Sarmiento
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA9033 USA
| | - Julio A. Camarero
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA9033 USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA9033 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9121, USA
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Kim H, Siu KH, Raeeszadeh-Sarmazdeh M, Sun Q, Chen Q, Chen W. Bioengineering strategies to generate artificial protein complexes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1495-505. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejae Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716
| | - Ka-Hei Siu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716
| | | | - Qing Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716
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Wood DW, Camarero JA. Intein applications: from protein purification and labeling to metabolic control methods. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14512-9. [PMID: 24700459 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.552653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of inteins in the early 1990s opened the door to a wide variety of new technologies. Early engineered inteins from various sources allowed the development of self-cleaving affinity tags and new methods for joining protein segments through expressed protein ligation. Some applications were developed around native and engineered split inteins, which allow protein segments expressed separately to be spliced together in vitro. More recently, these early applications have been expanded and optimized through the discovery of highly efficient trans-splicing and trans-cleaving inteins. These new inteins have enabled a wide variety of applications in metabolic engineering, protein labeling, biomaterials construction, protein cyclization, and protein purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Wood
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Julio A Camarero
- the Departments of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
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Topilina NI, Mills KV. Recent advances in in vivo applications of intein-mediated protein splicing. Mob DNA 2014; 5:5. [PMID: 24490831 PMCID: PMC3922620 DOI: 10.1186/1759-8753-5-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intein-mediated protein splicing has become an essential tool in modern biotechnology. Fundamental progress in the structure and catalytic strategies of cis- and trans-splicing inteins has led to the development of modified inteins that promote efficient protein purification, ligation, modification and cyclization. Recent work has extended these in vitro applications to the cell or to whole organisms. We review recent advances in intein-mediated protein expression and modification, post-translational processing and labeling, protein regulation by conditional protein splicing, biosensors, and expression of trans-genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth V Mills
- Department of Chemistry, College of the Holy Cross, 1 College Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA.
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Volkmann G, Mootz HD. Recent progress in intein research: from mechanism to directed evolution and applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1185-206. [PMID: 22926412 PMCID: PMC11113529 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inteins catalyze a post-translational modification known as protein splicing, where the intein removes itself from a precursor protein and concomitantly ligates the flanking protein sequences with a peptide bond. Over the past two decades, inteins have risen from a peculiarity to a rich source of applications in biotechnology, biomedicine, and protein chemistry. In this review, we focus on developments of intein-related research spanning the last 5 years, including the three different splicing mechanisms and their molecular underpinnings, the directed evolution of inteins towards improved splicing in exogenous protein contexts, as well as novel applications of inteins for cell biology and protein engineering, which were made possible by a clearer understanding of the protein splicing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Volkmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Henning D. Mootz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
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LUO YANG, FU CHANGFENG, WANG ZHENYU, ZHANG ZHUO, WANG HONGXIA, LIU YI. Asiaticoside attenuates the effects of spinal cord injury through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and inhibition of the p38-MAPK mechanism. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:8294-300. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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