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Hlaváčková K, Šamaj J, Ovečka M. Cytoskeleton as a roadmap navigating rhizobia to establish symbiotic root nodulation in legumes. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108263. [PMID: 37775072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Legumes enter into symbiotic associations with soil nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, culminating in the creation of new organs, root nodules. This complex process relies on chemical and physical interaction between legumes and rhizobia, including early signalling events informing the host legume plant of a potentially beneficial microbe and triggering the nodulation program. The great significance of this plant-microbe interaction rests upon conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen not accessible to plants into a biologically active form of ammonia available to plants. The plant cytoskeleton consists in a highly dynamic network and undergoes rapid remodelling upon sensing various developmental and environmental cues, including response to attachment, internalization, and accommodation of rhizobia in plant root and nodule cells. This dynamic nature is governed by cytoskeleton-associated proteins that modulate cytoskeletal behaviour depending on signal perception and transduction. Precisely localized cytoskeletal rearrangements are therefore essential for the uptake of rhizobia, their targeted delivery, and establishing beneficial root nodule symbiosis. This review summarizes current knowledge about rhizobia-dependent rearrangements and functions of the cytoskeleton in legume roots and nodules. General patterns and nodule type-, nodule stage-, and species-specific aspects of actin filaments and microtubules remodelling are discussed. Moreover, emerging evidence is provided about fine-tuning the root nodulation process through cytoskeleton-associated proteins. We also consider future perspectives on dynamic localization studies of the cytoskeleton during early symbiosis utilizing state of the art molecular and advanced microscopy approaches. Based on acquired detailed knowledge of the mutualistic interactions with microbes, these approaches could contribute to broader biotechnological crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hlaváčková
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Colin L, Martin-Arevalillo R, Bovio S, Bauer A, Vernoux T, Caillaud MC, Landrein B, Jaillais Y. Imaging the living plant cell: From probes to quantification. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:247-272. [PMID: 34586412 PMCID: PMC8774089 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
At the center of cell biology is our ability to image the cell and its various components, either in isolation or within an organism. Given its importance, biological imaging has emerged as a field of its own, which is inherently highly interdisciplinary. Indeed, biologists rely on physicists and engineers to build new microscopes and imaging techniques, chemists to develop better imaging probes, and mathematicians and computer scientists for image analysis and quantification. Live imaging collectively involves all the techniques aimed at imaging live samples. It is a rapidly evolving field, with countless new techniques, probes, and dyes being continuously developed. Some of these new methods or reagents are readily amenable to image plant samples, while others are not and require specific modifications for the plant field. Here, we review some recent advances in live imaging of plant cells. In particular, we discuss the solutions that plant biologists use to live image membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeleton components, hormones, and the mechanical properties of cells or tissues. We not only consider the imaging techniques per se, but also how the construction of new fluorescent probes and analysis pipelines are driving the field of plant cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leia Colin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Raquel Martin-Arevalillo
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Simone Bovio
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
- LYMIC-PLATIM imaging and microscopy core facility, Univ Lyon, SFR Biosciences, ENS de Lyon, Inserm US8, CNRS UMS3444, UCBL-50 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Amélie Bauer
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Cecile Caillaud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Benoit Landrein
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
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Bruno L, Talarico E, Cabeiras-Freijanes L, Madeo ML, Muto A, Minervino M, Lucini L, Miras-Moreno B, Sofo A, Araniti F. Coumarin Interferes with Polar Auxin Transport Altering Microtubule Cortical Array Organization in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Root Apical Meristem. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147305. [PMID: 34298924 PMCID: PMC8306912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumarin is a phytotoxic natural compound able to affect plant growth and development. Previous studies have demonstrated that this molecule at low concentrations (100 µM) can reduce primary root growth and stimulate lateral root formation, suggesting an auxin-like activity. In the present study, we evaluated coumarin’s effects (used at lateral root-stimulating concentrations) on the root apical meristem and polar auxin transport to identify its potential mode of action through a confocal microscopy approach. To achieve this goal, we used several Arabidopsis thaliana GFP transgenic lines (for polar auxin transport evaluation), immunolabeling techniques (for imaging cortical microtubules), and GC-MS analysis (for auxin quantification). The results highlighted that coumarin induced cyclin B accumulation, which altered the microtubule cortical array organization and, consequently, the root apical meristem architecture. Such alterations reduced the basipetal transport of auxin to the apical root apical meristem, inducing its accumulation in the maturation zone and stimulating lateral root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bruno
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienza della Terra, Università della Calabria (DiBEST-UNICAL), 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (E.T.); (M.L.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Emanuela Talarico
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienza della Terra, Università della Calabria (DiBEST-UNICAL), 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (E.T.); (M.L.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Luz Cabeiras-Freijanes
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- CITACA, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, Campus da Auga, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Maria Letizia Madeo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienza della Terra, Università della Calabria (DiBEST-UNICAL), 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (E.T.); (M.L.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonella Muto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienza della Terra, Università della Calabria (DiBEST-UNICAL), 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (E.T.); (M.L.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Minervino
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienza della Terra, Università della Calabria (DiBEST-UNICAL), 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (E.T.); (M.L.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (L.L.); (B.M.-M.)
| | - Begoña Miras-Moreno
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (L.L.); (B.M.-M.)
| | - Adriano Sofo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment, and Cultural Heritage (DICEM), University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università Statale di Milano, Via Celoria n°2, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (F.A.)
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Araniti F, Graña E, Krasuska U, Bogatek R, Reigosa MJ, Abenavoli MR, Sánchez-Moreiras AM. Loss of Gravitropism in Farnesene-Treated Arabidopsis Is Due to Microtubule Malformations Related to Hormonal and ROS Unbalance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160202. [PMID: 27490179 PMCID: PMC4974009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mode of action of farnesene, a volatile sesquiterpene commonly found in the essential oils of several plants, was deeply studied on the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. The effects of farnesene on the Arabidopsis root morphology were evaluated by different microscopic techniques. As well, microtubules immunolabeling, phytohormone measurements and ROS staining helped us to elucidate the single or multi-modes of action of this sesquiterpene on plant metabolism. Farnesene-treated roots showed a strong growth inhibition and marked modifications on morphology, important tissue alterations, cellular damages and anisotropic growth. Left-handed growth of farnesene-treated roots, reverted by taxol (a known microtubule stabilizer), was related to microtubule condensation and disorganization. As well, the inhibition of primary root growth, lateral root number, lateral root length, and both root hairs length and density could be explained by the strong increment in ethylene production and auxin content detected in farnesene-treated seedlings. Microtubule alteration and hormonal unbalance appear as important components in the mode of action of farnesene and confirm the strong phytotoxic potential of this sesquiterpene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Facoltà di Agraria – Salita Melissari, Lotto-D, I-89124, Reggio Calabria RC, Italy
- * E-mail: (FA); (AMSM)
| | - Elisa Graña
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Urszula Krasuska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Bogatek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Manuel J. Reigosa
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Maria Rosa Abenavoli
- Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Facoltà di Agraria – Salita Melissari, Lotto-D, I-89124, Reggio Calabria RC, Italy
| | - Adela M. Sánchez-Moreiras
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
- * E-mail: (FA); (AMSM)
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