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Benelmekki M, Kim JH. Stimulus-Responsive Ultrathin Films for Bioapplications: A Concise Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031020. [PMID: 36770701 PMCID: PMC9921802 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The term "nanosheets" has been coined recently to describe supported and free-standing "ultrathin film" materials, with thicknesses ranging from a single atomic layer to a few tens of nanometers. Owing to their physicochemical properties and their large surface area with abundant accessible active sites, nanosheets (NSHs) of inorganic materials such as Au, amorphous carbon, graphene, and boron nitride (BN) are considered ideal building blocks or scaffolds for a wide range of applications encompassing electronic and optical devices, membranes, drug delivery systems, and multimodal contrast agents, among others. A wide variety of synthetic methods are employed for the manufacturing of these NSHs, and they can be categorized into (1) top-down approaches involving exfoliation of layered materials, or (2) bottom-up approaches where crystal growth of nanocomposites takes place in a liquid or gas phase. Of note, polymer template liquid exfoliation (PTLE) methods are the most suitable as they lead to the fabrication of high-performance and stable hybrid NSHs and NSH composites with the appropriate quality, solubility, and properties. Moreover, PTLE methods allow for the production of stimulus-responsive NSHs, whose response is commonly driven by a favorable growth in the appropriate polymer chains onto one side of the NSHs, resulting in the ability of the NSHs to roll up to form nanoscrolls (NSCs), i.e., open tubular structures with tunable interlayer gaps between their walls. On the other hand, this review gives insight into the potential of the stimulus-responsive nanostructures for biosensing and controlled drug release systems, illustrating the last advances in the PTLE methods of synthesis of these nanostructures and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Benelmekki
- Nanomaterials Lab, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Jeong-Hwan Kim
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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2
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The 3M Concept: Biomedical Translational Imaging from Molecules to Mouse to Man. THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2021-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Imaging keeps pervading biomedical sciences from the nanoscale to the bedside. Connecting the hierarchical levels of biomedicine with relevant imaging approaches, however, remains a challenge.
Here we present a concept, called “3M”, which can deliver a question, formulated at the bedside, across the wide-ranging hierarchical organization of the living organism, from the molecular level, through the small-animal scale, to whole-body human functional imaging. We present an example of nanoparticle development pipeline extending from atomic force microscopy to pre-clinical whole body imaging methods to highlight the essential features of the 3M concept, which integrates multi-scale resolution and quantification into a single logical process.
Using the nanoscale to human clinical whole body approach, we present the successful development, characterisation and application of Prussian Blue nanoparticles for a variety of imaging modalities, extending it to isotope payload quantification and shape-biodistribution relationships.
The translation of an idea from the bedside to the molecular level and back requires a set of novel combinatorial imaging methodologies interconnected into a logical pipeline. The proposed integrative molecules-to-mouse-to-man (3M) approach offers a promising, clinically oriented toolkit that lends the prospect of obtaining an ever-increasing amount of correlated information from as small a voxel of the human body as possible.
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3
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Mohammadi Z, Attaran N, Sazgarnia A, Shaegh SAM, Montazerabadi A. Superparamagnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles as T2 contrast agent in MRI: in vitro study. IET Nanobiotechnol 2021; 14:396-404. [PMID: 32691742 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe2O4) possess favourite advantages for theranostic applications. Most of previous studies reported that CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are suitable candidates for induction of hyperthermia and transfection agents for drug delivery. The present study synthesized and investigated the potential use of CoFe2O4 as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by using a conventional MRI system. The CoFe2O4 were synthesized using co-precipitation method and characterized by TEM, XRD, FTIR, EDX and VSM techniques. Relaxivities r1 and r2 of CoFe2O4 were then calculated using a 1.5 Tesla clinical magnetic field. The cytotoxicity of CoFe2O4 was evaluated by the MTT assay. Finally, the optimal concentrations of MNPs for MRI uses were calculated through the analysis of T2 weighted imaging cell phantoms. The superparamagnetic CoFe2O4 NPs with an average stable size of 10.45 nm were synthesized. Relaxivity r1,2 calculations resulted in suitable r2 and r2/ r1 with values of 58.6 and 51 that confirmed the size dependency on relaxivity values. The optimal concentration of MNPs for MR image acquisition was calculated as 0.154 mM. Conclusion: CoFe2O4 synthesized in this study could be considered as a suitable T2 weighted contrast agent because of its high r2/r1 value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mohammadi
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Neda Attaran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Applied Biophotonics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Sazgarnia
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Montazerabadi
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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4
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Benelmekki M, Gasso S, Martinez LM. Simultaneous optical and magnetophoretic monitoring of DNA hybridization using superparamagnetic and plasmonic colloids. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 193:111126. [PMID: 32422560 PMCID: PMC7228730 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The detection and separation of small biomolecules from complex mixtures and the possibility of their recovering for further analyses have great benefits for the early diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Developing simple, sensitive, and cost-effective tools that allow the rapid and accurate assembly and isolation of molecular biomarkers has the potential to improve both patient care and hospital logistic efficiency towards personalized and affordable treatments of diseases.In this work, we presenta method consisting ofUV-vis-spectroscopy assisted-magnetophoresis for the monitoring of DNA hybridization. For this purpose, a magnetic device generating 7.5 T/m uniform magnetic field gradient was designed and incorporated to a commercial spectrophotometer. Different batches of colloidal superparamagnetic particles (SMPs), with different elemental compositions, were functionalized with twenty-mer complementary oligonucleotides, TB1 and TB2. When the functionalized SMPs-TB1 and SMPs-TB2 are mixed and incubated, the hybridization process of TB1 and TB2 occurs resulting in the formation of colloidal aggregates. When brought under the magnetic field, depending on the magnetic strength (Γ) of the formed aggregates, they separate either faster or slower than the non-functionalized SMPs. The difference in magnetic separation time (Δt) is optically monitored by measuring the real time transparency of the suspension at specific wavelengths. The detection of aggregates at concentrations of 0.001% w/v was achieved, showing Δt ranging from 113-228 s. Based on the changes of Δt, the study addresses how electrosteric, magnetic, and hydrogen bonding interactions affect the hybridization process and suggests optimum experimental conditions for accurate monitoring of TB1-TB2 hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Benelmekki
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, UK; Pragmatic Diagnostics, Parc de Recerca, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Sergi Gasso
- Pragmatic Diagnostics, Parc de Recerca, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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5
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Jung SY, Gwak GH, Park JK, Oh JM. Finely crafted quasi-core–shell gadolinium/layered double hydroxide hybrids for switching on/off bimodal CT/MRI contrasting nanodiagnostic platforms. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5838-5844. [PMID: 35497407 PMCID: PMC9049243 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08159c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Quasi core–shell structure of LDH platetes and Gd(OH)3 nanorods were synthesized to control water approach to Gd(OH)3 depending on pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Jung
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering
- Dongguk University-Seoul
- 04620 Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Gyeong-Hyeon Gwak
- Beamline Research Division
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory
- Pohang University of Science and Technology
- Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kuen Park
- Department of Chemistry
- Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
- Yongin 17035
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Oh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering
- Dongguk University-Seoul
- 04620 Seoul
- South Korea
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Swider E, Daoudi K, Staal AHJ, Koshkina O, van Riessen NK, van Dinther E, de Vries IJM, de Korte CL, Srinivas M. Clinically-Applicable Perfluorocarbon-Loaded Nanoparticles For In vivo Photoacoustic, 19F Magnetic Resonance And Fluorescent Imaging. Nanotheranostics 2018; 2:258-268. [PMID: 29868350 PMCID: PMC5984288 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.26208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging biomedical imaging technique that is now coming to the clinic. It has a penetration depth of a few centimeters and generates useful endogenous contrast, particularly from melanin and oxy-/deoxyhemoglobin. Indocyanine green (ICG) is a Food and Drug Administration-approved contrast agents for human applications, which can be also used in PAI. It is a small molecule dye with limited applications due to its fast clearance, rapid protein binding, and bleaching effect. Methods: Here, we entrap ICG in a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles together with a perfluorocarbon (PFC) using single emulsion method. These nanoparticles and nanoparticle-loaded dendritic cells were imaged with PA, 19F MR, and fluorescence imaging in vitro and in vivo. Results: We formulated particles with an average diameter of 200 nm. The encapsulation of ICG within nanoparticles decreased its photobleaching and increased the retention of the signal within cells, making it available for applications such as cell imaging. As little as 0.1x106 cells could be detected in vivo with PAI using automated spectral unmixing. Furthermore, we observed the accumulation of ICG signal in the lymph node after subcutaneous injection of nanoparticles. Conclusion: We show that we can label primary human dendritic cells with the nanoparticles and image them in vitro and in vivo, in a multimodal manner. This work demonstrates the potential of combining PAI and 19F MRI for cell imaging and lymph node detection using nanoparticles that are currently produced at GMP-grade for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Swider
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Khalid Daoudi
- Medical UltraSound Imaging Center (MUSIC), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander H. J. Staal
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Koshkina
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N. Koen van Riessen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van Dinther
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I. Jolanda M. de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris L. de Korte
- Medical UltraSound Imaging Center (MUSIC), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mangala Srinivas
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Thallium Labeled Citrate-Coated Prussian Blue Nanoparticles as Potential Imaging Agent. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:2023604. [PMID: 29853803 PMCID: PMC5944205 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2023604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to develop and characterize a nanoparticle-based image-contrast platform which is biocompatible, chemically stable, and accessible for radiolabeling with 201Tl. We explored whether this nanoparticle enhanced the T1 signal which might make it an MRI contrast agent as well. Methods The physical properties of citrate-coated Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) (iron(II);iron(III);octadecacyanide) doped with 201Tl isotope were characterized with atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential measurement. PBNP biodistribution was determined by using SPECT and MRI following intravenous administration into C57BL6 mice. Activity concentrations (MBq/cm3) were calculated from the SPECT scans for each dedicated volume of interest (VOI) of liver, kidneys, salivary glands, heart, lungs, and brain. Results PBNP accumulation peaked at 2 hours after injection predominantly in the kidneys and the liver followed by a gradual decrease in activity in later time points. Conclusion We synthetized, characterized, and radiolabeled a Prussian blue-based nanoparticle platform for contrast material applications. Its in vivo radiochemical stability and biodistribution open up the way for further diagnostic applications.
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Song W, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Liu X, Zhao J, Luo J, Zhang Q, Ran H, Wang Z, Guo D. Magnetic nanobubbles with potential for targeted drug delivery and trimodal imaging in breast cancer: an in vitro study. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:991-1009. [PMID: 28327075 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to improve tumor-targeted therapy for breast cancer by designing magnetic nanobubbles with the potential for targeted drug delivery and multimodal imaging. Materials & methods: Herceptin-decorated and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)/paclitaxel (PTX)-embedded nanobubbles (PTX-USPIO-HER-NBs) were manufactured by combining a modified double-emulsion evaporation process with carbodiimide technique. PTX-USPIO-HER-NBs were examined for characterization, specific cell-targeting ability and multimodal imaging. Results: PTX-USPIO-HER-NBs exhibited excellent entrapment efficiency of Herceptin/PTX/USPIO and showed greater cytotoxic effects than other delivery platforms. Low-frequency ultrasound triggered accelerated PTX release. Moreover, the magnetic nanobubbles were able to enhance ultrasound, magnetic resonance and photoacoustics trimodal imaging. Conclusion: These results suggest that PTX-USPIO-HER-NBs have potential as a multimodal contrast agent and as a system for ultrasound-triggered drug release in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang Song
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74, Linjiang Rd, Yuzhong District, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Yindeng Luo
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74, Linjiang Rd, Yuzhong District, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Yajing Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Rd, Yuzhong District, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Xinjie Liu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74, Linjiang Rd, Yuzhong District, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Jiannong Zhao
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74, Linjiang Rd, Yuzhong District, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Rd, Yuzhong District, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Qunxia Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74, Linjiang Rd, Yuzhong District, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Haitao Ran
- Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74, Linjiang Rd, Yuzhong District, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74, Linjiang Rd, Yuzhong District, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Dajing Guo
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74, Linjiang Rd, Yuzhong District, 400010 Chongqing, China
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9
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Magnetic nanoparticles coated with polyarabic acid demonstrate enhanced drug delivery and imaging properties for cancer theranostic applications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:775. [PMID: 28396592 PMCID: PMC5429723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of tumor cells with drug nanocarriers relies upon successful interaction with membranes and efficient cell internalization. A further consideration is that engineered nanomaterials should not damage healthy tissues upon contact. A critical factor in this process is the external coating of drug delivery nanodevices. Using in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies, we show for the first time that magnetic nanoparticles coated with polyarabic acid have superior imaging, therapeutic, and biocompatibility properties. We demonstrate that polyarabic acid coating allows for efficient penetration of cell membranes and internalization into breast cancer cells. Polyarabic acid also allows reversible loading of the chemotherapeutic drug Doxorubicin, which upon release suppresses tumor growth in vivo in a mouse model of breast cancer. Furthermore, these nanomaterials provide in vivo contrasting properties, which directly compare with commercial gadolinium-based contrasting agents. Finally, we report excellent biocompatibility, as these nanomaterial cause minimal, if any cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. We thus propose that magnetic nanodevices coated with polyarabic acid offer a new avenue for theranostics efforts as efficient drug carriers, while providing excellent contrasting properties due to their ferrous magnetic core, which can help the future design of nanomaterials for cancer imaging and therapy.
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10
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Gomathi T, Sudha PN, Florence JAK, Venkatesan J, Anil S. Fabrication of letrozole formulation using chitosan nanoparticles through ionic gelation method. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:1820-1832. [PMID: 28185930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the anticancer drug letrozole (LTZ) was formulated using chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) with the crosslinking agent sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). The nano-formulation was optimized by varying the concentration of drug. The prepared particles were characterized using FTIR, TGA, XRD, SEM, TEM and DLS. From the FTIR results, the appearance of a new peak for CH, CC and CN confirms the formation of LTZ loaded chitosan nanoparticles. TEM images shows that the average particle size was in the range of 60-80nm and 20-40mm air dried and freeze dried samples respectively. Also the prepared formulation had been evaluated in vitro for determining its hemocompatability, biodegradability and serum stability. The preliminary studies supported that the chitosan nanoparticles formulation has biocompatibility and hemocompatible properties and it can act as an effective pharmaceutical excipient for letrozole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandapani Gomathi
- Department of Chemistry, D.K.M. College for Women, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P N Sudha
- Department of Chemistry, D.K.M. College for Women, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Jayachandran Venkatesan
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center and Department of Marine-bio Convergence Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukumaran Anil
- Division of Periodontics, Department of PDS, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Venkatesha N, Poojar P, Ashwini R, Qurishi Y, Geethanath S, Srivastava C. Ultrafine graphene oxide–CoFe2O4 nanoparticle composite as T1 and T2 contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27186j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide–CoFe2O4 nanoparticle composites were synthesized using a two step synthesis method in which graphene oxide was initially synthesized followed by precipitation of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles in a reaction mixture containing graphene oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Venkatesha
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Pavan Poojar
- Medical Imaging Research Centre
- Dayananda Sagar Institutions
- Bangalore-560078
- India
| | - R. Ashwini
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Yasrib Qurishi
- Department of Molecular Reproduction
- Development and Genetics
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Sairam Geethanath
- Medical Imaging Research Centre
- Dayananda Sagar Institutions
- Bangalore-560078
- India
| | - Chandan Srivastava
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
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12
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Venkatesha N, Qurishi Y, Atreya HS, Srivastava C. ZnO coated CoFe2O4 nanoparticles for multimodal bio-imaging. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25953c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of CoFe2O4–ZnO core–shell nanoparticles for fluorescence optical imaging and as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Venkatesha
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | - Yasrib Qurishi
- Department of Molecular Reproduction
- Development and Genetics
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | | | - Chandan Srivastava
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
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13
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Mou J, Liu C, Li P, Chen Y, Xu H, Wei C, Song L, Shi J, Chen H. A facile synthesis of versatile Cu2-xS nanoprobe for enhanced MRI and infrared thermal/photoacoustic multimodal imaging. Biomaterials 2015; 57:12-21. [PMID: 25956193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel type of intelligent nanoprobe by using single component of Cu2-xS for multimodal imaging has been facilely and rapidly synthesized in scale via thermal decomposition followed by biomimetic phospholipid modification, which endows them with uniform and small nanoparticle size (ca.15 nm), well phosphate buffer saline (PBS) dispersity, high stability, and excellent biocompatibility. The as-synthesized Cu2-xS nanoprobes (Cu2-xS NPs) are capable of providing contrast enhancement for T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as demonstrated by the both in vitro and in vivo imaging investigations for the first time. In addition, due to their strong near infrared (NIR) optical absorption, they can also serve as a candidate contrast agent for enhanced infrared thermal/photoacoustic imaging, to meet the shortfalls of MRI. Hence, complementary and potentially more comprehensive information can be acquired for the early detection and accurate diagnosis of cancer. Furthermore, negligible systematic side effects to the blood and tissue were observed in a relatively long period of 3 months. The distinctive multimodal imaging capability with excellent hemo/histocompatibility of the Cu2-xS NPs could open up a new molecular imaging possibility for detecting and diagnosing cancer or other diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mou
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Lab for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Lab for Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Pei Li
- Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
| | - Huixiong Xu
- Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Chenyang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
| | - Liang Song
- Research Lab for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Lab for Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
| | - Hangrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China.
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14
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Bombelli FB, Webster CA, Moncrieff M, Sherwood V. The scope of nanoparticle therapies for future metastatic melanoma treatment. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15:e22-32. [PMID: 24384491 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a highly aggressive malignancy that has traditionally been very difficult to treat. However, after decades of basic research into the signal transduction pathways that promote cancer cell survival, chemoresistance, growth, and crosstalk with the immune system, targeted therapies have now been developed that offer improved survival for patients with metastatic melanoma. Some of the most promising therapies that have been developed include ipilimumab, an anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 antibody that enhances T-cell activity in the tumour, and selective BRAF inhibitors, such as vemurafenib that blocks tumour cell proliferation in patients with activating BRAF mutations. Although these treatments offer substantial hope for patients, they are not without their drawbacks, which include adverse side-effects, drug resistance, and eventual relapse. Nanotherapeutics holds significant promise to circumvent these shortcomings and has the additional advantage of potentially functioning as a diagnostic device. We will discuss the scope of the use of such multimodal nanoparticles for melanoma treatment and ask whether such particles can offer patients with metastatic melanoma improved prognoses for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Baldelli Bombelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK; CEN-European Centre For Nanomedicine, C/O Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carl A Webster
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Marc Moncrieff
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Victoria Sherwood
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.
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15
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Lalwani G, Sundararaj JL, Schaefer K, Button T, Sitharaman B. Synthesis, Characterization, In Vitro Phantom Imaging, and Cytotoxicity of A Novel Graphene-Based Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging - X-Ray Computed Tomography Contrast Agent. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3519-3530. [PMID: 24999431 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00326h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), synthesized using potassium permanganate-based oxidation and exfoliation followed by reduction with hydroiodic acid (rGNP-HI), have intercalated manganese ions within the graphene sheets, and upon functionalization with iodine, show excellent potential as biomodal contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Structural characterization of rGNP-HI nanoparticles with low- and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed disc-shaped nanoparticles (average diameter, 200 nm, average thickness, 3 nm). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence of intercalated manganese. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of rGNP-HI confirmed the reduction of oxidized GNPs (O-GNPs), absence of molecular and physically adsorbed iodine, and the functionalization of graphene with iodine as polyiodide complexes (I3- and I5-). Manganese and iodine content were quantified as 5.1 ± 0.5 and 10.54 ± 0.87 wt% by inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and ion-selective electrode measurements, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis, using absorbance (LDH assay) and fluorescence (calcein AM) based assays, performed on NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts and A498 human kidney epithelial cells, showed CD50 values of rGNP-HI between 179-301 µg/ml, depending on the cell line and the cytotoxicity assay. CT and MRI phantom imaging of rGNP-HI showed high CT (approximately 3200% greater than HI at equimolar iodine concentration) and MRI (approximately 59% greater than equimolar Mn2+ solution) contrast. These results open avenues for further in vivo safety and efficacy studies towards the development of carbon nanostructure-based multimodal MRI-CT contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Lalwani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5281
| | - Joe Livingston Sundararaj
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Kenneth Schaefer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5281
| | - Terry Button
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5281 ; Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Balaji Sitharaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5281
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16
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Kumar P, Anuradha A, Roy I. Optically and magnetically doped ormosil nanoparticles for bioimaging: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro studies. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00331d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(Left) Scheme depicting formation of ormosil nanoparticles, co-encapsulated with iron oxide nanoparticles and fluorophore. (Right) TEM image of the synthesized nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007, India
| | | | - Indrajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007, India
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17
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Saha AK, Sharma P, Sohn HB, Ghosh S, Das RK, Hebard AF, Zeng H, Baligand C, Walter GA, Moudgil BM. Fe Doped CdTeS Magnetic Quantum Dots for Bioimaging. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:6312-6320. [PMID: 24634776 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20859a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile synthesis of 3-6 nm, water dispersible, near-infrared (NIR) emitting, quantum dots (QDs) magnetically doped with Fe is presented. Doping of alloyed CdTeS nanocrystals with Fe was achieved in situ using a simple hydrothermal method. The magnetic quantum dots (MQDs) were capped with NAcetyl-Cysteine (NAC) ligands, containing thiol and carboxylic acid functional groups to provide stable aqueous dispersion. The optical and magnetic properties of the Fe doped MQDs were characterized using several techniques. The synthesized MQDs are tuned to emit in the Vis-NIR (530-738 nm) wavelength regime and have high quantum yields (67.5-10%). NIR emitting (738 nm) MQDs having 5.6 atomic% Fe content exhibited saturation magnetization of 85 emu/gm[Fe] at room temperature. Proton transverse relaxivity of the Fe doped MQDs (738 nm) at 4.7 T was determined to be 3.6 mM-1s-1. The functional evaluation of NIR MQDs has been demonstrated using phantom and in vitro studies. These water dispersible, NIR emitting and MR contrast producing Fe doped CdTeS MQDs, in unagglomerated form, have the potential to act as multimodal contrast agents for tracking live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy K Saha
- Particle Engineering Research Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Parvesh Sharma
- Particle Engineering Research Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Han-Byul Sohn
- Particle Engineering Research Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Siddhartha Ghosh
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Ritesh K Das
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab, Argonne, Il 60439
| | - Arthur F Hebard
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Huadong Zeng
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Facility, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Celine Baligand
- Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Glenn A Walter
- Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Brij M Moudgil
- Particle Engineering Research Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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18
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Kimura Y, Kamisugi R, Narazaki M, Matsuda T, Tabata Y, Toshimitsu A, Kondo T. Size-controlled and biocompatible Gd2 O3 nanoparticles for dual photoacoustic and MR imaging. Adv Healthc Mater 2012. [PMID: 23184802 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and functional evaluation of new size-controlled and biocompatible Gd(2) O(3) nanoparticles as a bimodal contrast agent for use in photoacoustic (PA) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are reported. These nanoparticles show a clear PA image by themselves, without conjugation with gold, rare earth metals, or dyes. Relaxivity measurement by MR imaging clearly shows that their relaxivity, r(1) , is twice that of clinically available Gd-DTPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kimura
- Advanced Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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19
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Chien CC, Chen HH, Lai SF, Hwu Y, Petibois C, Yang CS, Chu Y, Margaritondo G. X-ray imaging of tumor growth in live mice by detecting gold-nanoparticle-loaded cells. Sci Rep 2012; 2:610. [PMID: 22934133 PMCID: PMC3429882 DOI: 10.1038/srep00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that sufficient concentrations of gold nanoparticles produced by an original synthesis method in EMT-6 and CT-26 cancer cells make it possible to detect the presence, necrosis and proliferation of such cells after inoculation in live mice. We first demonstrated that the nanoparticles do not interfere with the proliferation process. Then, we observed significant differences in the tumor evolution and the angiogenesis process after shallow and deep inoculation. A direct comparison with pathology optical images illustrates the effectiveness of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Chien
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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20
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X-ray microscopy and tomography detect the accumulation of bare and PEG-coated gold nanoparticles in normal and tumor mouse tissues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1287-96. [PMID: 22918568 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that, with appropriate staining, high-resolution X-ray microscopy can image complicated tissue structures--cerebellum and liver--and resolve large or small amounts of Au nanoparticles in these tissues. Specifically, images of tumor tissue reveal high concentrations of accumulated Au nanoparticles. PEG (poly(ethylene glycol)) coating is quite effective in enhancing this accumulation and significantly modifies the mechanism of uptake by reticuloendothelial system (RES) organs.
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21
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Grobmyer SR, Zhou G, Gutwein LG, Iwakuma N, Sharma P, Hochwald SN. Nanoparticle delivery for metastatic breast cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8 Suppl 1:S21-30. [PMID: 22640908 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer represents a major ongoing public health problem as the most common non-cutaneous malignancy among U.S. women. While significant progress has been made in improving loco-regional treatments for breast cancer, relatively little progress has been made in diagnosing and treating patients with metastatic breast cancer. At present there are limited curative options for patients with breast cancer metastatic beyond regional nodes. Emerging nanotechnologies promise new approaches to early detection and treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Fulfilling the promise of nanotechnologies for patients with metastatic breast cancer will require delivery of nanomaterials to sites of metastatic disease. Future translational approaches will rely on an ever increasing understanding of the biology of breast cancer subtypes and their metastases. These important concepts will be highlighted and elucidated in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Grobmyer
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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22
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Grobmyer SR, Zhou G, Gutwein LG, Iwakuma N, Sharma P, Hochwald SN. Nanoparticle delivery for metastatic breast cancer. Maturitas 2012; 73:19-26. [PMID: 22402026 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer represents a major ongoing public health problem as the most common non-cutaneous malignancy among U.S. women. While significant progress has been made in improving loco-regional treatments for breast cancer, relatively little progress has been made in diagnosing and treating patients with metastatic breast cancer. At present there are limited curative options for patients with breast cancer metastatic beyond regional nodes. Emerging nanotechnologies promise new approaches to early detection and treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Fulfilling the promise of nanotechnologies for patients with metastatic breast cancer will require delivery of nanomaterials to sites of metastatic disease. Future translational approaches will rely on an ever increasing understanding of the biology of breast cancer subtypes and their metastases. These important concepts will be highlighted and elucidated in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Grobmyer
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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23
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Sharifi S, Behzadi S, Laurent S, Forrest ML, Stroeve P, Mahmoudi M. Toxicity of nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:2323-43. [PMID: 22170510 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15188f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 808] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscience has matured significantly during the last decade as it has transitioned from bench top science to applied technology. Presently, nanomaterials are used in a wide variety of commercial products such as electronic components, sports equipment, sun creams and biomedical applications. There are few studies of the long-term consequences of nanoparticles on human health, but governmental agencies, including the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and Japan's Ministry of Health, have recently raised the question of whether seemingly innocuous materials such as carbon-based nanotubes should be treated with the same caution afforded known carcinogens such as asbestos. Since nanomaterials are increasing a part of everyday consumer products, manufacturing processes, and medical products, it is imperative that both workers and end-users be protected from inhalation of potentially toxic NPs. It also suggests that NPs may need to be sequestered into products so that the NPs are not released into the atmosphere during the product's life or during recycling. Further, non-inhalation routes of NP absorption, including dermal and medical injectables, must be studied in order to understand possible toxic effects. Fewer studies to date have addressed whether the body can eventually eliminate nanomaterials to prevent particle build-up in tissues or organs. This critical review discusses the biophysicochemical properties of various nanomaterials with emphasis on currently available toxicology data and methodologies for evaluating nanoparticle toxicity (286 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Sharifi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Kobayashi H, Longmire MR, Ogawa M, Choyke PL. Rational chemical design of the next generation of molecular imaging probes based on physics and biology: mixing modalities, colors and signals. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4626-48. [PMID: 21607237 PMCID: PMC3417232 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous in vivo molecular imaging probes have been developed. As a consequence, much has been published on the design and synthesis of molecular imaging probes focusing on each modality, each type of material, or each target disease. More recently, second generation molecular imaging probes with unique, multi-functional, or multiplexed characteristics have been designed. This critical review focuses on (i) molecular imaging using combinations of modalities and signals that employ the full range of the electromagnetic spectra, (ii) optimized chemical design of molecular imaging probes for in vivo kinetics based on biology and physiology across a range of physical sizes, (iii) practical examples of second generation molecular imaging probes designed to extract complementary data from targets using multiple modalities, color, and comprehensive signals (277 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bldg. 10, Room B3B69, MSC 1088, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, USA.
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25
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Grobmyer SR, Morse DL, Fletcher B, Gutwein LG, Sharma P, Krishna V, Frost SC, Moudgil BM, Brown SC. The promise of nanotechnology for solving clinical problems in breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 2011; 103:317-325. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.21698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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26
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Nanoparticles as contrast agents for in-vivo bioimaging: current status and future perspectives. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:3-27. [PMID: 20924568 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based contrast agents are quickly becoming valuable and potentially transformative tools for enhancing medical diagnostics for a wide range of in-vivo imaging modalities. Compared with conventional molecular-scale contrast agents, nanoparticles (NPs) promise improved abilities for in-vivo detection and potentially enhanced targeting efficiencies through longer engineered circulation times, designed clearance pathways, and multimeric binding capacities. However, NP contrast agents are not without issues. Difficulties in minimizing batch-to-batch variations and problems with identifying and characterizing key physicochemical properties that define the in-vivo fate and transport of NPs are significant barriers to the introduction of new NP materials as clinical contrast agents. This manuscript reviews the development and application of nanoparticles and their future potential to advance current and emerging clinical bioimaging techniques. A focus is placed on the application of solid, phase-separated materials, for example metals and metal oxides, and their specific application as contrast agents for in-vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), and photoacoustic imaging (PAI). Clinical and preclinical applications of NPs are identified for a broad spectrum of imaging applications, with commentaries on the future promise of these materials. Emerging technologies, for example multifunctional and theranostic NPs, and their potential for clinical advances are also discussed.
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