Evolutionary aspects of a genetic network: studying the lactose/galactose regulon of Kluyveromyces lactis

Transcriptional rewiring over evolutionary timescales changes quantitative and qualitative properties of gene expression

Evolutionary changes in transcription networks are an important source of diversity across species, yet the quantitative consequences of network evolution have rarely been studied. Here we consider the transcriptional 'rewiring' of the three GAL genes that encode the enzymes needed for cells to convert galactose to glucose. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcriptional regulator Gal4 binds and activates these genes. In the human pathogen Candida albicans (which last shared a common ancestor with S. cerevisiae some 300 million years ago), we show that different regulators, Rtg1 and Rtg3, activate the three GAL genes. Using single-cell dynamics and RNA-sequencing, we demonstrate that although the overall logic of regulation is the same in both species-the GAL genes are induced by galactose-there are major differences in both the quantitative response of these genes to galactose and in the position of these genes in the overall transcription network structure of the two species.