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Miranda-Azpiazu P, Saha S. A Novel Dynamic Human In Vitro Model for Studying the Blood-Brain Barrier. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2492:157-173. [PMID: 35733044 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2289-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Constructing a reliable in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model using human primary cells has been considered a major challenge during the past decades. These systems could provide valuable information regarding the effect of therapeutic compounds on different BBB cell types (endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes) and their ability to cross the barrier in order to reach the brain. Several attempts have been made to develop in vitro BBB models, but these studies mainly used rat, bovine, and porcine cells rather than human primary cells. Genetically modified cell lines have also been used, but they do not appear to maintain physiological properties of the BBB. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for co-culturing and maintaining human brain primary endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes under flow to create an in vitro human BBB model, which can be used for toxicity testing and for studying cross-interaction among different cell types involved in the BBB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Miranda-Azpiazu
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sikha Saha
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Qiu Y, Wang N, Guo T, Liu S, Tang X, Zhong Z, Chen Q, Wu H, Li X, Wang J, Zhang S, Ou Y, Wang B, Ma K, Gu W, Cao J, Chen H, Duan Y. Establishment of a 3D model of tumor-driven angiogenesis to study the effects of anti-angiogenic drugs on pericyte recruitment. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:6064-6085. [PMID: 34136892 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as a well-vascularized tumor, has attracted increasing attention in antiangiogenic therapies. Notably, emerging studies reveal that the long-term administration of antiangiogenic drugs induces hypoxia in tumors. Pericytes, which play a vital role in vascular stabilization and maturation, have been documented to be associated with antiangiogenic drug-induced tumor hypoxia. However, the role of antiangiogenic agents in regulating pericyte behavior still remains elusive. In this study, by using immunostaining analysis, we first demonstrated that tumors obtained from HCC patients were highly angiogenic, in which vessels were irregularly covered by pericytes. Therefore, we established a new 3D model of tumor-driven angiogenesis by culturing endothelial cells, pericytes, cancer stem cells (CSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with microcarriers in order to investigate the effects and mechanisms exerted by antiangiogenic agents on pericyte recruitment during tumor angiogenesis. Interestingly, microcarriers, as supporting matrices, enhanced the interactions between tumor cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), promoted malignancy of tumor cells and increased tumor angiogenesis within the 3D model, as determined by qRT-PCR and immunostaining. More importantly, we showed that zoledronic acid (ZA) reversed the inhibited pericyte recruitment, which was induced by sorafenib (Sora) treatment, through fostering the expression and activation of ErbB1/ErbB2 and PDGFR-β in pericytes, in both an in vitro 3D model and an in vivo xenograft HCC mouse model. Hence, our model provides a more pathophysiologically relevant platform for the assessment of therapeutic effects of antiangiogenic compounds and identification of novel pharmacological targets, which might efficiently improve the benefits of antiangiogenic treatment for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Qiu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Ning Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Shoupei Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xianglian Tang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhong
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qicong Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Haibin Wu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xiajing Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P. R. China
| | - Jue Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P. R. China.
| | - Yimeng Ou
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Bailin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P. R. China
| | - Keqiang Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510800, P. R. China
| | - Weili Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P. R. China.
| | - Honglin Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yuyou Duan
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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A novel dynamic multicellular co-culture system for studying individual blood-brain barrier cell types in brain diseases and cytotoxicity testing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8784. [PMID: 29884831 PMCID: PMC5993789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) cells play key roles in the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system (CNS). BBB dysfunction is implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The BBB consists of capillary endothelial cells, pericytes encircling the endothelium and surrounding astrocytes extending their processes towards it. Although there have been many attempts to develop in vitro BBB models, the complex interaction between these cell types makes it extremely difficult to determine their individual contribution to neurotoxicity in vivo. Thus, we developed and optimised an in vitro multicellular co-culture model within the Kirkstall Quasi Vivo System. The main aim was to determine the optimal environment to culture human brain primary endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes whilst maintaining cellular communication without formation of a barrier in order to assess the contribution of each cell type to the overall response. As a proof of concept for the present system, the effects of amyloid-beta 25-35 peptide (Aβ25-35), a hallmark of AD, were explored. This multicellular system will be a valuable tool for future studies on the specific roles of individual BBB cell type (while making connection with each other through medium) in CNS disorders as well as in cytotoxicity tests.
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Jamieson JJ, Searson PC, Gerecht S. Engineering the human blood-brain barrier in vitro. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:37. [PMID: 29213304 PMCID: PMC5713119 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the interface between the vasculature and the brain, regulating molecular and cellular transport into the brain. Endothelial cells (ECs) that form the capillary walls constitute the physical barrier but are dependent on interactions with other cell types. In vitro models are widely used in BBB research for mechanistic studies and drug screening. Current models have both biological and technical limitations. Here we review recent advances in stem cell engineering that have been utilized to create innovative platforms to replicate key features of the BBB. The development of human in vitro models is envisioned to enable new mechanistic investigations of BBB transport in central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Jamieson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.,Institute for Nanobiotechnology, 100 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, 100 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.,Institute for Nanobiotechnology, 100 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
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Zhang J, Chen S, Cai J, Hou Z, Wang X, Kachelmeier A, Shi X. Culture media-based selection of endothelial cells, pericytes, and perivascular-resident macrophage-like melanocytes from the young mouse vestibular system. Hear Res 2017; 345:10-22. [PMID: 28087417 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vestibular blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) is comprised of perivascular-resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms) and pericytes (PCs), in addition to endothelial cells (ECs) and basement membrane (BM), and bears strong resemblance to the cochlear BLB in the stria vascularis. Over the past few decades, in vitro cell-based models have been widely used in blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-retina barrier (BRB) research, and have proved to be powerful tools for studying cell-cell interactions in their respective organs. Study of both the vestibular and strial BLB has been limited by the unavailability of primary culture cells from these barriers. To better understand how barrier component cells interact in the vestibular system to control BLB function, we developed a novel culture medium-based method for obtaining EC, PC, and PVM/M primary cells from tiny explants of the semicircular canal, sacculus, utriculus, and ampullae tissue of young mouse ears at post-natal age 8-12 d. Each phenotype is grown in a specific culture medium which selectively supports the phenotype in a mixed population of vestibular cell types. The unwanted phenotypes do not survive passaging. The protocol does not require additional equipment or special enzyme treatment. The harvesting process takes less than 2 h. Primary cell types are generated within 7-10 d. The primary culture ECs, PCs, and PVM/M shave consistent phenotypes more than 90% pure after two passages (∼ 3 weeks). The highly purified primary cell lines can be used for studying cell-cell interactions, barrier permeability, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Zhang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Songlin Chen
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Jing Cai
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Hou
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Allan Kachelmeier
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Xiaorui Shi
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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Liu G, Meng C, Pan M, Chen M, Deng R, Lin L, Zhao L, Liu X. Isolation, Purification, and Cultivation of Primary Retinal Microvascular Pericytes: A Novel Model Using Rats. Microcirculation 2014; 21:478-89. [PMID: 24495210 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Liu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
- Department of Ophthalmology; Affiliated People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Fujian Province); Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Fuzhou China
| | - Chun Meng
- Department of Bioengineering; College of Biological Science and Biotechnology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou China
| | - Mingdong Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology; Affiliated People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Fujian Province); Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Fuzhou China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas USA
| | - Ruzhi Deng
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Bioengineering; College of Biological Science and Biotechnology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Cardiology; Affiliated People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Fujian Province); Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Fuzhou China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
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Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Olson JD, Mintz A, Delbono O. Type-2 pericytes participate in normal and tumoral angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C25-38. [PMID: 24788248 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00084.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue growth and function depend on vascularization, and vascular insufficiency or excess exacerbates many human diseases. Identification of the biological processes involved in angiogenesis will dictate strategies to modulate reduced or excessive vessel formation. We examine the essential role of pericytes. Their heterogeneous morphology, distribution, origins, and physiology have been described. Using double-transgenic Nestin-GFP/NG2-DsRed mice, we identified two pericyte subsets. We found that Nestin-GFP(-)/NG2-DsRed(+) (type-1) and Nestin-GFP(+)/NG2-DsRed(+) (type-2) pericytes attach to the walls of small and large blood vessels in vivo; in vitro, type-2, but not type-1, pericytes spark endothelial cells to form new vessels. Matrigel assay showed that only type-2 pericytes participate in normal angiogenesis. Moreover, when cancer cells were transplanted into Nestin-GFP/NG2-DsRed mice, type-1 pericytes did not penetrate the tumor, while type-2 pericytes were recruited during its angiogenesis. As inhibition of angiogenesis is a promising strategy in cancer therapy, type-2 pericytes may provide a cellular target susceptible to signaling and pharmacological manipulation in treating malignancy. This work also reports the potential of type-2 pericytes to improve blood perfusion in ischemic hindlimbs, indicating their potential for treating ischemic illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Maria Laura Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - John D Olson
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;
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Abstract
Increasing attention is currently devoted to the multiple roles that pericytes (also defined as mural, Rouget, or perivascular cells) may play during angiogenesis, vascular homeostasis, and pathology. Many recent excellent reviews thoroughly address these topics (see below); hence, we will not discuss them in detail here. However, not much is known about origin, heterogeneity, gene expression, and developmental potential of pericytes during fetal and postnatal development. This is likely because of the paucity of markers expressed by pericytes and the absence of truly unique ones. Thus, in vivo identification and ex perspective isolation are challenging and explain the relative little data available in comparison with neighbor but far more characterized cells such as the endothelium. Despite this preliminary knowledge, we will propose that contribution to growing mesoderm tissues may be an important role for pericytes. Thus, their ability to contribute to tissue regeneration may be a consequence of their role in tissue growth. However, in a severely damaged or diseased tissue, acute or chronic inflammation likely results in the production of signaling molecules that are different from those present in developing tissues, thus explaining why pericytes are easily diverted from a regenerative to a fibrotic fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Cappellari
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, United Kingdom
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Dohgu S, Banks WA. Brain pericytes increase the lipopolysaccharide-enhanced transcytosis of HIV-1 free virus across the in vitro blood-brain barrier: evidence for cytokine-mediated pericyte-endothelial cell crosstalk. Fluids Barriers CNS 2013; 10:23. [PMID: 23816186 PMCID: PMC3710206 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) enters the brain by crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) as both free virus and within infected immune cells. Previous work showed that activation of the innate immune system with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhances free virus transport both in vivo and across monolayer monocultures of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) in vitro. Methods Here, we used monocultures and co-cultures of brain pericytes and brain endothelial cells to examine the crosstalk between these cell types in mediating the LPS-enhanced permeation of radioactively-labeled HIV-1 (I-HIV) across BMEC monolayers. Results We found that brain pericytes when co-cultured with BMEC monolayers magnified the LPS-enhanced transport of I-HIV without altering transendothelial electrical resistance, indicating that pericytes affected the transcytotic component of HIV-1 permeation. As LPS crosses the BBB poorly if at all, and since pericytes are on the abluminal side of the BBB, we postulated that luminal LPS acts indirectly on pericytes through abluminal secretions from BMECs. Consistent with this, we found that the pattern of secretion of cytokines by pericytes directly exposed to LPS was different than when the pericytes were exposed to the abluminal fluid from LPS-treated BMEC monolayers. Conclusion These results are evidence for a cellular crosstalk in which LPS acts at the luminal surface of the brain endothelial cell, inducing abluminal secretions that stimulate pericytes to release substances that enhance the permeability of the BMEC monolayer to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Dohgu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Skeletal muscle pericyte subtypes differ in their differentiation potential. Stem Cell Res 2012; 10:67-84. [PMID: 23128780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells have been proposed as a therapy for central nervous system disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and trauma injuries, however their accessibility is a major limitation. We recently isolated Tuj1+ cells from skeletal muscle culture of Nestin-GFP transgenic mice however whether they form functional neurons in the brain is not yet known. Additionally, their isolation from nontransgenic species and identification of their ancestors is unknown. This gap of knowledge precludes us from studying their role as a valuable alternative to neural progenitors. Here, we identified two pericyte subtypes, type-1 and type-2, using a double transgenic Nestin-GFP/NG2-DsRed mouse and demonstrated that Nestin-GFP+/Tuj1+ cells derive from type-2 Nestin-GFP+/NG2-DsRed+/CD146+ pericytes located in the skeletal muscle interstitium. These cells are bipotential as they generate either Tuj1+ cells when cultured with muscle cells or become "classical" α-SMA+pericytes when cultured alone. In contrast, type-1 Nestin-GFP-/NG2-DsRed+/CD146+ pericytes generate α-SMA+pericytes but not Tuj1+ cells. Interestingly, type-2 pericyte derived Tuj1+ cells retain some pericytic markers (CD146+/PDGFRβ+/NG2+). Given the potential application of Nestin-GFP+/NG2-DsRed+/Tuj1+ cells for cell therapy, we found a surface marker, the nerve growth factor receptor, which is expressed exclusively in these cells and can be used to identify and isolate them from mixed cell populations in nontransgenic species for clinical purposes.
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Vandenhaute E, Culot M, Gosselet F, Dehouck L, Godfraind C, Franck M, Plouët J, Cecchelli R, Dehouck MP, Ruchoux MM. Brain pericytes from stress-susceptible pigs increase blood-brain barrier permeability in vitro. Fluids Barriers CNS 2012; 9:11. [PMID: 22569151 PMCID: PMC3386891 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-9-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of pericytes remains questionable but with improved cultured technique and the use of genetically modified animals, it has become increasingly clear that pericytes are an integral part of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, and the involvement of pericyte dysfunction in certain cerebrovascular diseases is now emerging. The porcine stress syndrome (PSS) is the only confirmed, homologous model of malignant hyperthermia (MH) in veterinary medicine. Affected animals can experience upon slaughter a range of symptoms, including skeletal muscle rigidity, metabolic acidosis, tachycardia and fever, similar to the human syndrome. Symptoms are due to an enhanced calcium release from intracellular stores. These conditions are associated with a point mutation in ryr1/hal gene, encoding the ryanodine receptor, a calcium channel. Important blood vessel wall muscle modifications have been described in PSS, but potential brain vessel changes have never been documented in this syndrome. METHODS In the present work, histological and ultrastructural analyses of brain capillaries from wild type and ryr1 mutated pigs were conducted to investigate the potential impairment of pericytes, in this pathology. In addition, brain pericytes were isolated from the three porcine genotypes (wild-type NN pigs; Nn and nn pigs, bearing one or two (n) mutant ryr1/hal alleles, respectively), and tested in vitro for their influence on the permeability of BBB endothelial monolayers. RESULTS Enlarged perivascular spaces were observed in ryr1-mutant samples, corresponding to a partial or total detachment of the astrocytic endfeet. These spaces were electron lucent and sometimes filled with lipid deposits and swollen astrocytic feet. At the ultrastructural level, brain pericytes did not seem to be affected because they showed regular morphology and characteristics, so we aimed to check their ability to maintain BBB properties in vitro. Our results indicated that pericytes from the three genotypes of pigs had differing influences on the BBB. Unlike pericytes from NN pigs, pericytes from Nn and nn pigs were not able to maintain low BBB permeability. CONCLUSIONS Electron microscopy observations demonstrated brain capillary modifications in PSS condition, but no change in pericyte morphology. Results from in vitro experiments suggest that brain pericytes from ryr1 mutated pigs, even if they are not affected by this condition at the ultrastructural level, are not able to maintain BBB integrity in comparison with pericytes from wild-type animals.
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Role of bone marrow-derived cells in angiogenesis: focus on macrophages and pericytes. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2012; 5:225-36. [PMID: 22528877 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-012-0106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor growth relies on the formation of new blood vessels to receive an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrient. This process is facilitated by both the remodeling of the pre-existing vasculatures and the recruitment of the progenitor/stem cells originated from bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs). Evidences from both animal studies and human trials have reported that these tumor-associated BMDCs differentiate into a series of stromal cells including macrophages and pericytes, and regulate tumor angiogenesis in various aspects. Macrophages constitute a large portion of the BMDCs infiltrated in the tumor microenvironment, and have been shown to disrupt the balance of pro- and anti-angiogenic signalings by the secretion of various cytokines. Pericytes, mainly derived from the subpopulation of PDGFRβ(+) BMDCs, can provide both pro-survival signaling and mechanical support to maintain the newly formed endothelium via the direct interactions with endothelial cells. In the current review, we summarize the recruitment mechanisms of BMDC-derived macrophages and pericytes within tumor microenvironment, and also review the contribution of these cells to the different aspects of angiogenesis, with particular emphasis on their therapeutic implications as potential targets for anti-tumor strategies.
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Neurovascular Unit: a Focus on Pericytes. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 45:327-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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