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Li XM, Yang Y, Jiang FQ, Hu G, Wan S, Yan WY, He XS, Xiao F, Yang XM, Guo X, Lu JH, Yang XQ, Chen JJ, Ye WL, Liu Y, He K, Duan HX, Zhou YJ, Gan WJ, Liu F, Wu H. Histone lactylation inhibits RARγ expression in macrophages to promote colorectal tumorigenesis through activation of TRAF6-IL-6-STAT3 signaling. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113688. [PMID: 38245869 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are phenotypically and functionally diverse in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, how to remodel macrophages with a protumor phenotype and how to manipulate them for therapeutic purposes remain to be explored. Here, we show that in the TME, RARγ is downregulated in macrophages, and its expression correlates with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). In macrophages, RARγ interacts with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), which prevents TRAF6 oligomerization and autoubiquitination, leading to inhibition of nuclear factor κB signaling. However, tumor-derived lactate fuels H3K18 lactylation to prohibit RARγ gene transcription in macrophages, consequently enhancing interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in the TME and endowing macrophages with tumor-promoting functions via activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in CRC cells. We identified that nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) exerts effective antitumor action by directly binding to RARγ to inhibit TRAF6-IL-6-STAT3 signaling. This study unravels lactate-driven macrophage function remodeling by inhibition of RARγ expression and highlights NDGA as a candidate compound for treating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fu-Quan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guang Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shan Wan
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen-Ying Yan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiao-Shun He
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xue-Mei Yang
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun-Hou Lu
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun-Jie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wen-Long Ye
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kuang He
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Han-Xiao Duan
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu-Jia Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen-Juan Gan
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center of Soochow University and Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University and YongDing Clinical Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Kakraba S, Ayyadevara S, Mainali N, Balasubramaniam M, Bowroju S, Penthala NR, Atluri R, Barger SW, Griffin ST, Crooks PA, Shmookler Reis RJ. Thiadiazolidinone (TDZD) Analogs Inhibit Aggregation-Mediated Pathology in Diverse Neurodegeneration Models, and Extend C. elegans Life- and Healthspan. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1498. [PMID: 37895969 PMCID: PMC10610358 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic, low-grade inflammation has been implicated in aging and age-dependent conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, cardiomyopathy, and cancer. One of the age-associated processes underlying chronic inflammation is protein aggregation, which is implicated in neuroinflammation and a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases. We screened a panel of bioactive thiadiazolidinones (TDZDs) from our in-house library for rescue of protein aggregation in human-cell and C. elegans models of neurodegeneration. Among the tested TDZD analogs, PNR886 and PNR962 were most effective, significantly reducing both the number and intensity of Alzheimer-like tau and amyloid aggregates in human cell-culture models of pathogenic aggregation. A C. elegans strain expressing human Aβ1-42 in muscle, leading to AD-like amyloidopathy, developed fewer and smaller aggregates after PNR886 or PNR962 treatment. Moreover, age-progressive paralysis was reduced 90% by PNR886 and 75% by PNR962, and "healthspan" (the median duration of spontaneous motility) was extended 29% and 62%, respectively. These TDZD analogs also extended wild-type C. elegans lifespan by 15-30% (p < 0.001), placing them among the most effective life-extension drugs. Because the lead drug in this family, TDZD-8, inhibits GSK3β, we used molecular-dynamic tools to assess whether these analogs may also target GSK3β. In silico modeling predicted that PNR886 or PNR962 would bind to the same allosteric pocket of inactive GSK3β as TDZD-8, employing the same pharmacophore but attaching with greater avidity. PNR886 and PNR962 are thus compelling candidate drugs for treatment of tau- and amyloid-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, potentially also reducing all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kakraba
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (N.M.); (M.B.); (R.A.); (S.W.B.); (S.T.G.)
| | - Srinivas Ayyadevara
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (N.M.); (M.B.); (R.A.); (S.W.B.); (S.T.G.)
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Nirjal Mainali
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (N.M.); (M.B.); (R.A.); (S.W.B.); (S.T.G.)
| | - Meenakshisundaram Balasubramaniam
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (N.M.); (M.B.); (R.A.); (S.W.B.); (S.T.G.)
| | - Suresh Bowroju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.B.); (N.R.P.); (P.A.C.)
| | - Narsimha Reddy Penthala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.B.); (N.R.P.); (P.A.C.)
| | - Ramani Atluri
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (N.M.); (M.B.); (R.A.); (S.W.B.); (S.T.G.)
| | - Steven W. Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (N.M.); (M.B.); (R.A.); (S.W.B.); (S.T.G.)
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Sue T. Griffin
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (N.M.); (M.B.); (R.A.); (S.W.B.); (S.T.G.)
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Peter A. Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.B.); (N.R.P.); (P.A.C.)
| | - Robert J. Shmookler Reis
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (N.M.); (M.B.); (R.A.); (S.W.B.); (S.T.G.)
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Wang Z, Sun H, Shen C, Hu X, Gao J, Li D, Cao D, Hou T. Combined strategies in structure-based virtual screening. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3149-3159. [PMID: 31995074 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06303j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The identification and optimization of lead compounds are inalienable components in drug design and discovery pipelines. As a powerful computational approach for the identification of hits with novel structural scaffolds, structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) has exhibited a remarkably increasing influence in the early stages of drug discovery. During the past decade, a variety of techniques and algorithms have been proposed and tested with different purposes in the scope of SBVS. Although SBVS has been a common and proven technology, it still shows some challenges and problems that are needed to be addressed, where the negative influence regardless of protein flexibility and the inaccurate prediction of binding affinity are the two major challenges. Here, focusing on these difficulties, we summarize a series of combined strategies or workflows developed by our group and others. Furthermore, several representative successful applications from recent publications are also discussed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the combined SBVS strategies in drug discovery campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Huiyong Sun
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Shen
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Xueping Hu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Junbo Gao
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Dan Li
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Dongsheng Cao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410004, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
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Zhou ZY, Yuan J, Pan Q, Mo XM, Xie YL, Yin F, Li Z, Wong NK. Computational elucidation of the binding mechanisms of curcumin analogues as bacterial RecA inhibitors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19869-19881. [PMID: 35519399 PMCID: PMC9065326 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00064j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents as a serious threat to global public health, which urgently demands action to develop alternative antimicrobial strategies with minimized selective pressure. The bacterial SOS response regulator RecA has emerged as a promising target in the exploration of new classes of antibiotic adjuvants, as RecA has been implicated in bacterial mutagenesis and thus AMR development through its critical roles in error-prone DNA repair. The natural product curcumin has been reported to be an effective RecA inhibitor in several Gram-negative bacteria, but details on the underlying mechanisms are wanting. In order to bridge the gap in how curcumin operates as a RecA inhibitor, we used computational approaches to model interactions between RecA protein and curcumin analogues. We first identified potential binding sites on E. coli RecA protein and classified them into four major binding pockets based on biological literature and computational findings from multiple in silico calculations. In docking analysis, curcumin-thalidomide hybrids were predicted to be superior binders of RecA compared with bis-(arylmethylidene)acetone curcumin analogues, which was further confirmed by MMGBSA calculations. Overall, this work provides mechanistic insights into bacterial RecA protein as a target for curcumin-like compounds and offers a theoretical basis for rational design and development of future antibiotic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518112 China
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518112 China
| | - Qing Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiao-Mei Mo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518112 China
| | - Yong-Li Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518112 China
| | - Feng Yin
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zigang Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518112 China
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Yu X, Li Y, Lou Y, Wang T. Molecular design and engineering of phosphopeptide ligands to target lung cancer polo-like kinase. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Guttikonda V, Raavi D, Maadwar SK, Gade DR. Molecular insights of benzodipyrazole as CDK2 inhibitors: combined molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and 3D QSAR studies. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 35:439-49. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1018433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Molecular mechanism of MBX2319 inhibition of Escherichia coli AcrB multidrug efflux pump and comparison with other inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6224-34. [PMID: 25114133 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03283-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux pumps of the resistance nodulation division (RND) superfamily, such as AcrB, make a major contribution to multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. The development of inhibitors of the RND pumps would improve the efficacy of current and next-generation antibiotics. To date, however, only one inhibitor has been cocrystallized with AcrB. Thus, in silico structure-based analysis is essential for elucidating the interaction between other inhibitors and the efflux pumps. In this work, we used computer docking and molecular dynamics simulations to study the interaction between AcrB and the compound MBX2319, a novel pyranopyridine efflux pump inhibitor with potent activity against RND efflux pumps of Enterobacteriaceae species, as well as other known inhibitors (D13-9001, 1-[1-naphthylmethyl]-piperazine, and phenylalanylarginine-β-naphthylamide) and the binding of doxorubicin to the efflux-defective F610A variant of AcrB. We also analyzed the binding of a substrate, minocycline, for comparison. Our results show that MBX2319 binds very tightly to the lower part of the distal pocket in the B protomer of AcrB, strongly interacting with the phenylalanines lining the hydrophobic trap, where the hydrophobic portion of D13-9001 was found to bind by X-ray crystallography. Additionally, MBX2319 binds to AcrB in a manner that is similar to the way in which doxorubicin binds to the F610A variant of AcrB. In contrast, 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine and phenylalanylarginine-β-naphthylamide appear to bind to somewhat different areas of the distal pocket in the B protomer of AcrB than does MBX2319. However, all inhibitors (except D13-9001) appear to distort the structure of the distal pocket, impairing the proper binding of substrates.
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Subramanian G, Rao SN. Comprehending renin inhibitor's binding affinity using structure-based approaches. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6667-72. [PMID: 24239018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The performance of several structure-based design (SBD) approaches in predicting the binding affinity of diverse small molecule inhibitors co-crystallized to human renin was assessed to ascertain the modeling tool and method of choice required when dealing with structure-based lead optimization projects. Most of the SBD approaches investigated here were able to provide qualitative guidance, but quantitative accuracy as well as decisive discrimination between [in]actives is still not within reach. Such an outcome suggests that the current methods need improvement to capture the overall physics of the binding phenomenon for consistent applications in a lead optimization setting.
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Singh KD, Muthusamy K. Molecular modeling, quantum polarized ligand docking and structure-based 3D-QSAR analysis of the imidazole series as dual AT(1) and ET(A) receptor antagonists. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1592-606. [PMID: 24304920 PMCID: PMC4002566 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Both endothelin ETA receptor antagonists and angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonists lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients. A dual AT1 and ETA receptor antagonist may be more efficacious antihypertensive drug. In this study we identified the mode and mechanism of binding of imidazole series of compounds as dual AT1 and ETA receptor antagonists. METHODS Molecular modeling approach combining quantum-polarized ligand docking (QPLD), MM/GBSA free-energy calculation and 3D-QSAR analysis was used to evaluate 24 compounds as dual AT1 and ETA receptor antagonists and to reveal their binding modes and structural basis of the inhibitory activity. Pharmacophore-based virtual screening and docking studies were performed to identify more potent dual antagonists. RESULTS 3D-QSAR models of the imidazole compounds were developed from the conformer generated by QPLD, and the resulting models showed a good correlation between the predicted and experimental activity. The visualization of the 3D-QSAR model in the context of the compounds under study revealed the details of the structure-activity relationship: substitution of methoxymethyl and cyclooctanone might increase the activity against AT1 receptor, while substitution of cyclohexone and trimethylpyrrolidinone was important for the activity against ETA receptor; addition of a trimethylpyrrolidinone to compound 9 significantly reduced its activity against AT1 receptor but significantly increased its activity against ETA receptor, which was likely due to the larger size and higher intensities of the H-bond donor and acceptor regions in the active site of ETA receptor. Pharmacophore-based virtual screening followed by subsequent Glide SP, XP, QPLD and MM/GBSA calculation identified 5 potential lead compounds that might act as dual AT1 and ETA receptor antagonists. CONCLUSION This study may provide some insights into the development of novel potent dual ETA and AT1 receptor antagonists. As a result, five compounds are found to be the best dual antagonists against AT1R and ETA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthikeyan Muthusamy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi – 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kawamura S, Unno Y, Tanaka M, Sasaki T, Yamano A, Hirokawa T, Kameda T, Asai A, Arisawa M, Shuto S. Investigation of the Noncovalent Binding Mode of Covalent Proteasome Inhibitors around the Transition State by Combined Use of Cyclopropylic Strain-Based Conformational Restriction and Computational Modeling. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5829-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400542h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuka Unno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Motohiro Tanaka
- School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku,
Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Takuma Sasaki
- School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku,
Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Akihito Yamano
- Rigaku Corporation, X-ray Institute, 3-9-12
Matsubara-cho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koutou-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tomoshi Kameda
- Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koutou-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Akira Asai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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