1
|
Nanda S, Ganguly A, Mandi M, Das K, Ghanty S, Biswas G, Rajak P. Chronic sub-lethal exposure to clothianidin triggers organismal and sub-organismal-level health hazards in a non-target organism, Drosophila melanogaster. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172783. [PMID: 38679102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are among the most widely used systemic pesticides across the world. These chemicals have gathered significant attention for their potential adverse impacts on non-target organisms. Clothianidin is a novel neonicotinoid pesticide, employed globally to control sucking and chewing types of pests. In nature, various non-target organisms can be exposed to this chemical through contaminated food, water, and air. Nonetheless, extensive investigations demonstrating the sub-lethal impacts of clothianidin on non-target entities are limited. Hence, the present study was aimed to unravel the chronic sub-lethal impacts (LC50 0.74 μg/mL) of clothianidin on a non-target organism, Drosophila melanogaster. The study parameters involved multiple tiers of life ranging from organismal level to the sub-cellular level. 1st instar larvae were exposed to the six sub-lethal concentrations viz. 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, and 0.1 μg/mL of clothianidin till their 3rd larval instar. Investigations involving organismal level have revealed clothianidin-induced significant reduction in the developmental duration, life span, phototaxis, and physical activities of the treated individuals. Interestingly, the tested compound has also altered the compound eye morphology of treated flies. Study was extended to the tissue and cellular levels where reduced cell viability in gut, brain, and fat body was apparent. Additionally, increased ROS production, nuclear disorganization, and higher lipid deposition were evident in gut of exposed individuals. Study was further extended to the sub-cellular level where chronic exposure to clothianidin up-regulated the major oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, HSP-70, SOD, catalase, GSH, and thioredoxin reductase. Furthermore, the activities of detoxifying enzymes such as CYP4501A1 and GST were also altered. Chronic exposure to clothianidin also triggered DNA fragmentation in treated larvae. In essence, results of this multi-level study depict the ROS-mediated toxicity of clothianidin on a non-target organism, D. melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Nanda
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhratanu Ganguly
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Moutushi Mandi
- Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Kanchana Das
- Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Siddhartha Ghanty
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Gopal Biswas
- Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Prem Rajak
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pandey A, Kumar Roy J. The insc-GAL4 driver marks distinct cell types in Drosophila midgut. Exp Cell Res 2024; 435:113953. [PMID: 38278285 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.113953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Drosophila geneticists frequently employ the binary GAL4-UAS system of conditional gene expression to direct expression of the desired transgene in tissues of interest. The inscuteable -GAL4 driver (insc-GAL4) expresses in the type 1 and type 2 neuroblasts of Drosophila larval brain, a frequent target tissue in many investigations. This GAL4 line additionally displayed its expression in the midgut. In this study, we examined the expression of the UAS-mCD8GFP reporter under the command of the insc-GAL4 driver and observed that this driver expresses exclusively to intestinal stem cells (ISCs) of the Drosophila adult midgut as well as adult midgut precursors (AMPs) of the larval midgut besides its expression in larval brain. Additionally, using the G-TRACE method, it was observed that AMPs in the larval midgut consistently expressed insc-GAL4 in real-time, and the lineage expression of this GAL4 was observed in the enterocyte cells. This study reveals for the first time that insc-GAL4 is specific to larval AMPs and adult ISCs of the midgut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Pandey
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Jagat Kumar Roy
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jin Z, Che M, Xi R. Identification of progenitor cells and their progenies in adult Drosophila midgut. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 170:169-187. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
4
|
Wang J, Liu Q, Gong Y, Jin LH. Anchor maintains gut homeostasis by restricting the JNK and Notch pathways in Drosophila. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 134:104309. [PMID: 34496279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The adult Drosophila intestinal epithelium must be tightly regulated to maintain regeneration and homeostasis. The dysregulation of the regenerative capacity is frequently associated with intestinal diseases such as inflammation and tumorigenesis. Here, we showed that the G protein-coupled receptor Anchor maintains Drosophila adult midgut homeostasis by restricting Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Notch pathway activity. anchor inactivation resulted in aberrant JNK pathway activation, which led to excessive enteroblast (EB) production and premature enterocyte (EC) differentiation. In addition, increased Notch levels promoted premature EC differentiation following the loss of anchor. This defect induced by the loss of anchor ultimately caused sensitivity to stress or environmental challenge in adult flies. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the activity of anchor is essential to coordinate stem cell differentiation and proliferation to maintain intestinal homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Wang
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenyang Medical College, 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Yuan Gong
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Li Hua Jin
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hao X, Wang S, Lu Y, Yu W, Li P, Jiang D, Guo T, Li M, Li J, Xu J, Wu W, Ho MS, Zhang L. Lola regulates Drosophila adult midgut homeostasis via non-canonical hippo signaling. eLife 2020; 9:47542. [PMID: 31934851 PMCID: PMC7299341 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis and regeneration in the Drosophila midgut is regulated by a diverse array of signaling pathways including the Hippo pathway. Hippo signaling restricts intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation by sequestering the transcription co-factor Yorkie (Yki) in the cytoplasm, a factor required for rapid ISC proliferation under injury-induced regeneration. Nonetheless, the mechanism of Hippo-mediated midgut homeostasis and whether canonical Hippo signaling is involved in ISC basal proliferation are less characterized. Here we identify Lola as a transcription factor acting downstream of Hippo signaling to restrict ISC proliferation in a Yki-independent manner. Not only that Lola interacts with and is stabilized by the Hippo signaling core kinase Warts (Wts), Lola rescues the enhanced ISC proliferation upon Wts depletion via suppressing Dref and SkpA expressions. Our findings reveal that Lola is a non-canonical Hippo signaling component in regulating midgut homeostasis, providing insights on the mechanism of tissue maintenance and intestinal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Margaret S Ho
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martínez-Corrales G, Cabrero P, Dow JAT, Terhzaz S, Davies SA. Novel roles for GATAe in growth, maintenance and proliferation of cell populations in the Drosophila renal tubule. Development 2019; 146:dev.178087. [PMID: 31036543 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The GATA family of transcription factors is implicated in numerous developmental and physiological processes in metazoans. In Drosophila melanogaster, five different GATA factor genes (pannier, serpent, grain, GATAd and GATAe) have been reported as essential in the development and identity of multiple tissues, including the midgut, heart and brain. Here, we present a novel role for GATAe in the function and homeostasis of the Drosophila renal (Malpighian) tubule. We demonstrate that reduced levels of GATAe gene expression in tubule principal cells induce uncontrolled cell proliferation, resulting in tumorous growth with associated altered expression of apoptotic and carcinogenic key genes. Furthermore, we uncover the involvement of GATAe in the maintenance of stellate cells and migration of renal and nephritic stem cells into the tubule. Our findings of GATAe as a potential master regulator in the events of growth control and cell survival required for the maintenance of the Drosophila renal tubule could provide new insights into the molecular pathways involved in the formation and maintenance of a functional tissue and kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Martínez-Corrales
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Pablo Cabrero
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Selim Terhzaz
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shireen-A Davies
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang L, Sloan MA, Ligoxygakis P. Intestinal NF-κB and STAT signalling is important for uptake and clearance in a Drosophila-Herpetomonas interaction model. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007931. [PMID: 30822306 PMCID: PMC6415867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipteran insects transmit serious diseases to humans, often in the form of trypanosomatid parasites. To accelerate research in more difficult contexts of dipteran-parasite relationships, we studied the interaction of the model dipteran Drosophila melanogaster and its natural trypanosomatid Herpetomonas muscarum. Parasite infection reduced fecundity but not lifespan in NF-κB/Relish-deficient flies. Gene expression analysis implicated the two NF-κB pathways Toll and Imd as well as STAT signalling. Tissue specific knock-down of key components of these pathways in enterocytes (ECs) and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) influenced initial numbers, infection dynamics and time of clearance. Herpetomonas triggered STAT activation and proliferation of ISCs. Loss of Relish suppressed ISCs, resulting in increased parasite numbers and delayed clearance. Conversely, overexpression of Relish increased ISCs and reduced uptake. Finally, loss of Toll signalling decreased EC numbers and enabled parasite persistence. This network of signalling may represent a general mechanism with which dipteran respond to trypanosomatids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Megan A. Sloan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pyo JH, Jeon HJ, Park JS, Lee JS, Chung HY, Yoo MA. Drosophila PEBP1 inhibits intestinal stem cell aging via suppression of ERK pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17980-17993. [PMID: 29719584 PMCID: PMC5915051 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is a high cellular turnover tissue largely dependent on the regenerative function of stem cell throughout life, and a signaling center for the health and viability of organisms. Therefore, better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of intestinal stem cell (ISC) regenerative potential is essential for the possible intervention of aging process and age-related diseases. Drosophila midgut is a well-established model system for studying the mechanisms underlying ISC regenerative potential during aging. Here, we report the requirement of Drosophila phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1 (PEBP1) in ISC regenerative potential. We showed that PEBP1 was strongly expressed in enterocytes (ECs) of guts and its decrease with age and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the downregulation of PEBP1 in ECs accelerates ISC aging, as evidenced by ISC hyper-proliferation, γH2AX accumulation, and centrosome amplification, and intestinal hyperplasia. The decrease in PEBP1 expression was associated with increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity in ECs. All these phenotypes by EC-specific depletion of PEBP1 were rescued by the concomitant inhibition of ERK signaling. Our findings evidence that the age-related downregulation of PEBP1 in ECs is a novel cause accelerating ISC aging and that PEBP1 is an EC-intrinsic suppressor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ERK signaling. Our study provides molecular insights into the tight regulation of EGFR/ERK signaling in niches for stem cell regenerative potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Pyo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Systems Biology (ISB), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jun Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Sun Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Systems Biology (ISB), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sun Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Hypoxia-Related Disease Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Yoo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Systems Biology (ISB), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wingless/Wnt Signaling in Intestinal Development, Homeostasis, Regeneration and Tumorigenesis: A Drosophila Perspective. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6020008. [PMID: 29615557 PMCID: PMC6026893 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway regulates intestinal stem cell maintenance and proliferation, whereas Wnt pathway hyperactivation, resulting primarily from the inactivation of the tumor suppressor Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), triggers the development of the vast majority of colorectal cancers. The Drosophila adult gut has recently emerged as a powerful model to elucidate the mechanisms by which Wingless/Wnt signaling regulates intestinal development, homeostasis, regeneration, and tumorigenesis. Herein, we review recent insights on the roles of Wnt signaling in Drosophila intestinal physiology and pathology.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Stem cells have emerged as a promising cell source to heal, replace or regenerate tissue and organs damaged by aging, injury or diseases. The intestinal epithelium is the most rapidly renewing tissue in our body, which is maintained by intestinal stem cells (ISCs), located at the bottom of the crypts. ISCs continuously replace lost or injured intestinal epithelial cells in organisms ranging from Drosophila to humans. The adult Drosophila midgut provides an excellent in vivo model system to study ISC behavior during stress, regeneration, aging and infection. There are several signaling pathways/genes have been identified to regulate ISCs self-renewal and differentiation during normal and pathological conditions. A significant number of genetic tools and markers have been developed in the last one decade to study Drosophila ISCs behavior. Here, we describe some of the markers and methods used to study ISCs behavior in adult midgut of Drosophila.
Collapse
|
11
|
The zinc finger protein CG12744 is essential for differentiation and regeneration after infection in the adult Drosophila midgut. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:225-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Intestinal FoxO signaling is required to survive oral infection in Drosophila. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:927-36. [PMID: 26627459 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is tailored to fight pathogens effectively while tolerating the indigenous microbiota. Impairments of this homeostatic interaction may contribute to the etiology of various diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the molecular architecture underlying this complex regulatory interaction is not well understood. Here, we show that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has a multilayered intestinal immune system that ensures strictly localized antimicrobial responses. Enterocytes, a major cell population of the intestine, produced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in a FoxO- but not NF-κB-dependent manner. Consequently, animals impaired in FoxO-mediated signaling had a significantly lowered resistance to intestinal infections; they were unable to increase the expression of AMP genes and males showed an increased bacterial load in response to an infection. Conventional innate immune signaling converging onto NF-κB activation was operative in only a few regions of the intestine, comprising the proventriculus, copper cells, and intestinal stem cells. Taken together, our results imply that danger-mediated as well as conventional innate immune signaling constitute modules that contribute to the fruit fly's intestinal immune system. We propose that this special architecture ensures localized and efficient antimicrobial responses against invasive pathogens while preserving the microbiota.
Collapse
|
13
|
Baechler BL, McKnight C, Pruchnicki PC, Biro NA, Reed BH. Hindsight/RREB-1 functions in both the specification and differentiation of stem cells in the adult midgut of Drosophila. Biol Open 2015; 5:1-10. [PMID: 26658272 PMCID: PMC4728307 DOI: 10.1242/bio.015636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult Drosophila midgut is established during the larval/pupal transition from undifferentiated cells known as adult midgut precursors (AMPs). Four fundamental cell types are found in the adult midgut epithelium: undifferentiated intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and their committed daughter cells, enteroblasts (EBs), plus enterocytes (ECs) and enteroendocrine cells (EEs). Using the Drosophila posterior midgut as a model, we have studied the function of the transcription factor Hindsight (Hnt)/RREB-1 and its relationship to the Notch and Egfr signaling pathways. We show that hnt is required for EC differentiation in the context of ISC-to-EC differentiation, but not in the context of AMP-to-EC differentiation. In addition, we show that hnt is required for the establishment of viable or functional ISCs. Overall, our studies introduce hnt as a key factor in the regulation of both the developing and the mature adult midgut. We suggest that the nature of these contextual differences can be explained through the interaction of hnt with multiple signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Baechler
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Cameron McKnight
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Porsha C Pruchnicki
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nicole A Biro
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Bruce H Reed
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Increased centrosome amplification in aged stem cells of the Drosophila midgut. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:961-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
15
|
Pyo JH, Park JS, Na HJ, Jeon HJ, Lee SH, Kim JG, Park SY, Jin YW, Kim YS, Yoo MA. Functional Modification of Drosophila Intestinal Stem Cells by Ionizing Radiation. Radiat Res 2014; 181:376-86. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13545.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Pyo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Korea
| | - Joung-Sun Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Na
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Korea
| | - Ho-Jun Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Korea
| | - Shin-Hae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Korea
| | - Joong-Gook Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Korea
| | - So-Young Park
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do 363–951, Korea
| | - Young-Woo Jin
- National Radiation Emergency Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 139–706, Korea; and
| | - Young-Shin Kim
- Research Institute of Genetic Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Yoo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model to study infections thanks to the power of its genetics and knowledge on its biology accumulated for over a century. While the systemic humoral immune response against invading microbes has been intensively studied in the past two decades, the study of intestinal infections is more recent. Here, we present the methods that are currently in use to probe various aspects of the host-pathogen interactions between Drosophila and ingested microbes, with an emphasis on the study of the midgut epithelium, which constitutes the major interface between the organism and the microbe-rich ingested food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Lestradet
- UPR9022 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 15, rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Houtz PL, Buchon N. Methods to assess intestinal stem cell activity in response to microbes in Drosophila melanogaster. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1213:171-82. [PMID: 25173382 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1453-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster presents itself as a powerful model for studying the somatic stem cells of the gut and how bacteria affect intestinal homeostasis. The Gal4/UAS/Gal80 (ts) system allows for temporally controlled expression of fluorescent proteins, RNAi knock-down, and other genetic constructs targeted to specific cell populations in the midgut. Similarly, FLP/FRT-mediated somatic recombinations in intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are utilized to visualize and analyze the clonal lineages of individual or populations of stem cells. Live imaging microscopy and immunofluorescence allow both qualitative and quantitative characterization of stem cell shape, proliferation, and differentiation. Here, we detail the use of these tools and techniques for studying gut performance during and following a bacterial infection in the adult fruit fly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Houtz
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 129 Garden Avenue, Comstock Hall, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bantam is essential for Drosophila intestinal stem cell proliferation in response to Hippo signaling. Dev Biol 2013; 385:211-9. [PMID: 24262985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila midgut has emerged as an attractive model system to study stem cell biology. Extensive studies have been carried out to investigate the mechanisms of how the signaling pathways integrate to regulate intestinal stem cells (ISCs), yet, whether the microRNAs are involved in ISC self-renewal and maintenance is unknown. Here we demonstrate that the bantam microRNA is expressed specifically at high levels in Drosophila midgut precursor cells (including ISCs and enteroblasts) and secretory enteroendocrine cells while at extremely low levels in enterocytes. Furthermore, overexpression of bantam microRNA results in increase of the division of the midgut precursor cells, whereas loss of bantam microRNA decreases their proliferation. The mechanical studies show that bantam microRNA is essential for the Hpo pathway induced cell-autonomous ISC self-renewal, while it is disposable for EGFR and Notch pathways mediated ISC proliferation. More interestingly, we find that bantam microRNA is not required for the Hpo pathway mediated non-cell-autonomous ISC proliferation, revealing a novel mechanism by which the Hpo signaling pathway specifies its transcriptional targets in specific tissue to exhibit its biological functions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Panayidou S, Apidianakis Y. Regenerative inflammation: lessons from Drosophila intestinal epithelium in health and disease. Pathogens 2013; 2:209-31. [PMID: 25437036 PMCID: PMC4235722 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens2020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation is widely recognized as a pivotal player in health and disease. Defined cytologically as the infiltration of leukocytes in the lamina propria layer of the intestine, it can damage the epithelium and, on a chronic basis, induce inflammatory bowel disease and potentially cancer. The current view thus dictates that blood cell infiltration is the instigator of intestinal inflammation and tumor-promoting inflammation. This is based partially on work in humans and mice showing that intestinal damage during microbially mediated inflammation activates phagocytic cells and lymphocytes that secrete inflammatory signals promoting tissue damage and tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, extensive parallel work in the Drosophila midgut shows that intestinal epithelium damage induces inflammatory signals and growth factors acting mainly in a paracrine manner to induce intestinal stem cell proliferation and tumor formation when genetically predisposed. This is accomplished without any apparent need to involve Drosophila hemocytes. Therefore, recent work on Drosophila host defense to infection by expanding its main focus on systemic immunity signaling pathways to include the study of organ homeostasis in health and disease shapes a new notion that epithelially emanating cytokines and growth factors can directly act on the intestinal stem cell niche to promote “regenerative inflammation” and potentially cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stavria Panayidou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus.
| | - Yiorgos Apidianakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Christofi T, Apidianakis Y. Ras-oncogenic Drosophila hindgut but not midgut cells use an inflammation-like program to disseminate to distant sites. Gut Microbes 2013; 4:54-9. [PMID: 23060054 PMCID: PMC3555887 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.22429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is habitable by a variety of microorganisms and it is often a tissue inflicted by inflammation. Much discussion is raised in recent years about the role of microbiota in intestinal inflammation, but their role in intestinal cancer remains unclear. Here we discuss and extent our work on Drosophila melanogaster models of tumorigenesis and tumor cell invasion upon intestinal infection. In Drosophila midgut bacteria that cause enterocyte damage induce intestinal stem cell proliferation, which is diverted toward aberrant stem cell expansion upon oncogene expression to induce dysplastic tumors. In the hindgut though, oncogenes synergize with the innate immune response-not the bacterially mediated damage-to induce tumor cell invasion and dissemination to distant sites. Interestingly, our novel gene expression analysis of Drosophila hemocyte-like cells suggests commonalities with oncogenic hindgut cells in the innate immune response and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 in response to bacterial infection.
Collapse
|