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Bahk S, Ahsan N, An J, Kim SH, Ramadany Z, Hong JC, Thelen JJ, Chung WS. Identification of mitogen-activated protein kinases substrates in Arabidopsis using kinase client assay. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2326238. [PMID: 38493505 PMCID: PMC10950278 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2326238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades are essential signal transduction components that control a variety of cellular responses in all eukaryotes. MPKs convert extracellular stimuli into cellular responses by the phosphorylation of downstream substrates. Although MPK cascades are predicted to be very complex, only limited numbers of MPK substrates have been identified in plants. Here, we used the kinase client (KiC) assay to identify novel substrates of MPK3 and MPK6. Recombinant MPK3 or MPK6 were tested against a large synthetic peptide library representing in vivo phosphorylation sites, and phosphorylated peptides were identified by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. From this screen, we identified 23 and 21 putative client peptides of MPK3 and MPK6, respectively. To verify the phosphorylation of putative client peptides, we performed in vitro kinase assay with recombinant fusion proteins of isolated client peptides. We found that 13 and 9 recombinant proteins were phosphorylated by MPK3 and MPK6. Among them, 11 proteins were proven to be the novel substrates of two MPKs. This study suggests that the KiC assay is a useful method to identify new substrates of MPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwa Bahk
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nagib Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Mass Spectrometry, Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Jonguk An
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ho Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Zakiyah Ramadany
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jay J. Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Woo Sik Chung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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2
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Ahsan N, Kataya ARA, Rao RSP, Swatek KN, Wilson RS, Meyer LJ, Tovar-Mendez A, Stevenson S, Maszkowska J, Dobrowolska G, Yao Q, Xu D, Thelen JJ. Decoding Arabidopsis thaliana CPK/SnRK Superfamily Kinase Client Signaling Networks Using Peptide Library and Mass Spectrometry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1481. [PMID: 38891291 PMCID: PMC11174488 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Members of the calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK/CPK) and SNF-related protein kinase (SnRK) superfamilies are commonly found in plants and some protists. Our knowledge of client specificity of the members of this superfamily is fragmentary. As this family is represented by over 30 members in Arabidopsis thaliana, the identification of kinase-specific and overlapping client relationships is crucial to our understanding the nuances of this large family of kinases as directed towards signal transduction pathways. Herein, we used the kinase client (KiC) assay-a relative, quantitative, high-throughput mass spectrometry-based in vitro phosphorylation assay-to identify and characterize potential CPK/SnRK targets of Arabidopsis. Eight CPKs (1, 3, 6, 8, 17, 24, 28, and 32), four SnRKs (subclass 1 and 2), and PPCK1 and PPCK2 were screened against a synthetic peptide library that contains 2095 peptides and 2661 known phosphorylation sites. A total of 625 in vitro phosphorylation sites corresponding to 203 non-redundant proteins were identified. The most promiscuous kinase, CPK17, had 105 candidate target proteins, many of which had already been discovered. Sequence analysis of the identified phosphopeptides revealed four motifs: LxRxxS, RxxSxxR, RxxS, and LxxxxS, that were significantly enriched among CPK/SnRK clients. The results provide insight into both CPK- and SnRK-specific and overlapping signaling network architectures and recapitulate many known in vivo relationships validating this large-scale approach towards discovering kinase targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagib Ahsan
- Division of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry, Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Amr R. A. Kataya
- Division of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - R. Shyama Prasad Rao
- Division of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru 575018, India
| | - Kirby N. Swatek
- Division of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Rashaun S. Wilson
- Division of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Arvinas, Inc., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Louis J. Meyer
- Division of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bayer Crop Science, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA
| | - Alejandro Tovar-Mendez
- Division of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Elemental Enzymes, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Severin Stevenson
- Division of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Justyna Maszkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (G.D.)
| | - Grazyna Dobrowolska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (G.D.)
| | - Qiuming Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jay J. Thelen
- Division of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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3
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Jorge GL, Kim D, Xu C, Cho SH, Su L, Xu D, Bartley LE, Stacey G, Thelen JJ. Unveiling orphan receptor-like kinases in plants: novel client discovery using high-confidence library predictions in the Kinase-Client (KiC) assay. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1372361. [PMID: 38633461 PMCID: PMC11021772 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1372361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Plants are remarkable in their ability to adapt to changing environments, with receptor-like kinases (RLKs) playing a pivotal role in perceiving and transmitting environmental cues into cellular responses. Despite extensive research on RLKs from the plant kingdom, the function and activity of many kinases, i.e., their substrates or "clients", remain uncharted. To validate a novel client prediction workflow and learn more about an important RLK, this study focuses on P2K1 (DORN1), which acts as a receptor for extracellular ATP (eATP), playing a crucial role in plant stress resistance and immunity. We designed a Kinase-Client (KiC) assay library of 225 synthetic peptides, incorporating previously identified P2K phosphorylated peptides and novel predictions from a deep-learning phosphorylation site prediction model (MUsite) and a trained hidden Markov model (HMM) based tool, HMMER. Screening the library against purified P2K1 cytosolic domain (CD), we identified 46 putative substrates, including 34 novel clients, 27 of which may be novel peptides, not previously identified experimentally. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis among phosphopeptide candidates revealed proteins associated with important biological processes in metabolism, structure development, and response to stress, as well as molecular functions of kinase activity, catalytic activity, and transferase activity. We offer selection criteria for efficient further in vivo experiments to confirm these discoveries. This approach not only expands our knowledge of P2K1's substrates and functions but also highlights effective prediction algorithms for identifying additional potential substrates. Overall, the results support use of the KiC assay as a valuable tool in unraveling the complexities of plant phosphorylation and provide a foundation for predicting the phosphorylation landscape of plant species based on peptide library results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Lemes Jorge
- Division of Biochemistry, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Daewon Kim
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sung-Hwan Cho
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Lingtao Su
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Laura E. Bartley
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jay J. Thelen
- Division of Biochemistry, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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4
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Kilburn R, Fedosejevs ET, Mehta D, Soleimani F, Ghahremani M, Monaghan J, Thelen JJ, Uhrig RG, Snedden WA, Plaxton WC. Substrate profiling of the Arabidopsis Ca 2+-dependent protein kinase AtCPK4 and its Ricinus communis ortholog RcCDPK1. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 331:111675. [PMID: 36931565 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
AtCPK4 and AtCPK11 are Arabidopsis thaliana Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) paralogs that have been reported to positively regulate abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction by phosphorylating ABA-responsive transcription factor-4 (AtABF4). By contrast, RcCDPK1, their closest Ricinus communis ortholog, participates in the control of anaplerotic carbon flux in developing castor oil seeds by catalyzing inhibitory phosphorylation of bacterial-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase at Ser451. LC-MS/MS revealed that AtCPK4 and RcCDPK1 transphosphorylated several common, conserved residues of AtABF4 and its castor ortholog, TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RESPONSIBLE FOR ABA REGULATON. Arabidopsis atcpk4/atcpk11 mutants displayed an ABA-insensitive phenotype that corroborated the involvement of AtCPK4/11 in ABA signaling. A kinase-client assay was employed to identify additional AtCPK4/RcCDPK1 targets. Both CDPKs were separately incubated with a library of 2095 peptides representative of Arabidopsis protein phosphosites; five overlapping targets were identified including PLANT INTRACELLULAR RAS-GROUP-RELATED LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT PROTEIN-9 (AtPIRL9) and the E3-ubiquitin ligase ARABIDOPSIS TOXICOS EN LEVADURA 6 (AtATL6). AtPIRL9 and AtATL6 residues phosphorylated by AtCPK4/RcCDPK1 conformed to a CDPK recognition motif that was conserved amongst their respective orthologs. Collectively, this study provides evidence for novel AtCPK4/RcCDPK1 substrates, which may help to expand regulatory networks linked to Ca2+- and ABA-signaling, immune responses, and central carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kilburn
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Eric T Fedosejevs
- Department of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Devang Mehta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Faranak Soleimani
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Mina Ghahremani
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Jacqueline Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - R Glen Uhrig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Wayne A Snedden
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - William C Plaxton
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.
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5
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DeMarco AG, Hall MC. Phosphoproteomic Approaches for Identifying Phosphatase and Kinase Substrates. Molecules 2023; 28:3675. [PMID: 37175085 PMCID: PMC10180314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification controlled by the opposing activities of protein kinases and phosphatases, which regulate diverse biological processes in all kingdoms of life. One of the key challenges to a complete understanding of phosphoregulatory networks is the unambiguous identification of kinase and phosphatase substrates. Liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and associated phosphoproteomic tools enable global surveys of phosphoproteome changes in response to signaling events or perturbation of phosphoregulatory network components. Despite the power of LC-MS/MS, it is still challenging to directly link kinases and phosphatases to specific substrate phosphorylation sites in many experiments. Here, we survey common LC-MS/MS-based phosphoproteomic workflows for identifying protein kinase and phosphatase substrates, noting key advantages and limitations of each. We conclude by discussing the value of inducible degradation technologies coupled with phosphoproteomics as a new approach that overcomes some limitations of current methods for substrate identification of kinases, phosphatases, and other regulatory enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. DeMarco
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mark C. Hall
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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6
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Brauer EK, Ahsan N, Popescu GV, Thelen JJ, Popescu SC. Back From the Dead: The Atypical Kinase Activity of a Pseudokinase Regulator of Cation Fluxes During Inducible Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:931324. [PMID: 36035673 PMCID: PMC9403797 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.931324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pseudokinases are thought to lack phosphotransfer activity due to altered canonical catalytic residues within their kinase domain. However, a subset of pseudokinases maintain activity through atypical phosphotransfer mechanisms. The Arabidopsis ILK1 is a pseudokinase from the Raf-like MAP3K family and is the only known plant pseudokinase with confirmed protein kinase activity. ILK1 activity promotes disease resistance and molecular pattern-induced root growth inhibition through its stabilization of the HAK5 potassium transporter with the calmodulin-like protein CML9. ILK1 also has a kinase-independent function in salt stress suggesting that it interacts with additional proteins. We determined that members of the ILK subfamily are the sole pseudokinases within the Raf-like MAP3K family and identified 179 novel putative ILK1 protein interactors. We also identified 70 novel peptide targets for ILK1, the majority of which were phosphorylated in the presence of Mn2+ instead of Mg2+ in line with modifications in ILK1's DFG cofactor binding domain. Overall, the ILK1-targeted or interacting proteins included diverse protein types including transporters (HAK5, STP1), protein kinases (MEKK1, MEKK3), and a cytokinin receptor (AHK2). The expression of 31 genes encoding putative ILK1-interacting or phosphorylated proteins, including AHK2, were altered in the root and shoot in response to molecular patterns suggesting a role for these genes in immunity. We describe a potential role for ILK1 interactors in the context of cation-dependent immune signaling, highlighting the importance of K+ in MAMP responses. This work further supports the notion that ILK1 is an atypical kinase with an unusual cofactor dependence that may interact with multiple proteins in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Brauer
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nagib Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - George V. Popescu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jay J. Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sorina C. Popescu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, United States
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7
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Meyer NO, O'Donoghue AJ, Schulze-Gahmen U, Ravalin M, Moss SM, Winter MB, Knudsen GM, Craik CS. Multiplex Substrate Profiling by Mass Spectrometry for Kinases as a Method for Revealing Quantitative Substrate Motifs. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4550-4558. [PMID: 28322550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The more than 500 protein kinases comprising the human kinome catalyze hundreds of thousands of phosphorylation events to regulate a diversity of cellular functions; however, the extended substrate specificity is still unknown for many of these kinases. We report here a method for quantitatively describing kinase substrate specificity using an unbiased peptide library-based approach with direct measurement of phosphorylation by tandem liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) peptide sequencing (multiplex substrate profiling by mass spectrometry, MSP-MS). This method can be deployed with as low as 10 nM enzyme to determine activity against S/T/Y-containing peptides; additionally, label-free quantitation is used to ascertain catalytic efficiency values for individual peptide substrates in the multiplex assay. Using this approach we developed quantitative motifs for a selection of kinases from each branch of the kinome, with and without known substrates, highlighting the applicability of the method. The sensitivity of this approach is evidenced by its ability to detect phosphorylation events from nanogram quantities of immunoprecipitated material, which allows for wider applicability of this method. To increase the information content of the quantitative kinase motifs, a sublibrary approach was used to expand the testable sequence space within a peptide library of approximately 100 members for CDK1, CDK7, and CDK9. Kinetic analysis of the HIV-1 Tat (transactivator of transcription)-positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) interaction allowed for localization of the P-TEFb phosphorylation site as well as characterization of the stimulatory effect of Tat on P-TEFb catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole O Meyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ursula Schulze-Gahmen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew Ravalin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Steven M Moss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael B Winter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Giselle M Knudsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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8
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Yao Q, Xu D. Bioinformatics Analysis of Protein Phosphorylation in Plant Systems Biology Using P3DB. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1558:127-138. [PMID: 28150236 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6783-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most pervasive protein post-translational modification events in plant cells. It is involved in many plant biological processes, such as plant growth, organ development, and plant immunology, by regulating or switching signaling and metabolic pathways. High-throughput experimental methods like mass spectrometry can easily characterize hundreds to thousands of phosphorylation events in a single experiment. With the increasing volume of the data sets, Plant Protein Phosphorylation DataBase (P3DB, http://p3db.org ) provides a comprehensive, systematic, and interactive online platform to deposit, query, analyze, and visualize these phosphorylation events in many plant species. It stores the protein phosphorylation sites in the context of identified mass spectra, phosphopeptides, and phosphoproteins contributed from various plant proteome studies. In addition, P3DB associates these plant phosphorylation sites to protein physicochemical information in the protein charts and tertiary structures, while various protein annotations from hierarchical kinase phosphatase families, protein domains, and gene ontology are also added into the database. P3DB not only provides rich information, but also interconnects and provides visualization of the data in networks, in systems biology context. Currently, P3DB includes the KiC (Kinase Client) assay network, the protein-protein interaction network, the kinase-substrate network, the phosphatase-substrate network, and the protein domain co-occurrence network. All of these are available to query for and visualize existing phosphorylation events. Although P3DB only hosts experimentally identified phosphorylation data, it provides a plant phosphorylation prediction model for any unknown queries on the fly. P3DB is an entry point to the plant phosphorylation community to deposit and visualize any customized data sets within this systems biology framework. Nowadays, P3DB has become one of the major bioinformatics platforms of protein phosphorylation in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Yao
- Department of Computer Science and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Computer Science and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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9
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Jones DM, Murray CM, Ketelaar KJ, Thomas JJ, Villalobos JA, Wallace IS. The Emerging Role of Protein Phosphorylation as a Critical Regulatory Mechanism Controlling Cellulose Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:684. [PMID: 27252710 PMCID: PMC4877384 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are extracellular matrices that surround plant cells and critically influence basic cellular processes, such as cell division and expansion. Cellulose is a major constituent of plant cell walls, and this paracrystalline polysaccharide is synthesized at the plasma membrane by a large protein complex known as the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). Recent efforts have identified numerous protein components of the CSC, but relatively little is known about regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. Numerous phosphoproteomic surveys have identified phosphorylation events in CSC associated proteins, suggesting that protein phosphorylation may represent an important regulatory control of CSC activity. In this review, we discuss the composition and dynamics of the CSC in vivo, the catalog of CSC phosphorylation sites that have been identified, the function of experimentally examined phosphorylation events, and potential kinases responsible for these phosphorylation events. Additionally, we discuss future directions in cellulose synthase kinase identification and functional analyses of CSC phosphorylation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
| | - Christian M. Murray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
| | - KassaDee J. Ketelaar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
| | - Joseph J. Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
| | - Jose A. Villalobos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
| | - Ian S. Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
- *Correspondence: Ian S. Wallace,
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10
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Yao Q, Ge H, Wu S, Zhang N, Chen W, Xu C, Gao J, Thelen JJ, Xu D. P³DB 3.0: From plant phosphorylation sites to protein networks. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:D1206-13. [PMID: 24243849 PMCID: PMC3965113 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, the Plant Protein Phosphorylation Database (P3DB, http://p3db.org) has become one of the most significant in vivo data resources for studying plant phosphoproteomics. We have substantially updated P3DB with respect to format, new datasets and analytic tools. In the P3DB 3.0, there are altogether 47 923 phosphosites in 16 477 phosphoproteins curated across nine plant organisms from 32 studies, which have met our multiple quality standards for acquisition of in vivo phosphorylation site data. Centralized by these phosphorylation data, multiple related data and annotations are provided, including protein–protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology, protein tertiary structures, orthologous sequences, kinase/phosphatase classification and Kinase Client Assay (KiC Assay) data—all of which provides context for the phosphorylation event. In addition, P3DB 3.0 incorporates multiple network viewers for the above features, such as PPI network, kinase-substrate network, phosphatase-substrate network, and domain co-occurrence network to help study phosphorylation from a systems point of view. Furthermore, the new P3DB reflects a community-based design through which users can share datasets and automate data depository processes for publication purposes. Each of these new features supports the goal of making P3DB a comprehensive, systematic and interactive platform for phosphoproteomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Yao
- Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, MA 02453, USA, Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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11
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Ahsan N, Huang Y, Tovar-Mendez A, Swatek KN, Zhang J, Miernyk JA, Xu D, Thelen JJ. A versatile mass spectrometry-based method to both identify kinase client-relationships and characterize signaling network topology. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:937-48. [PMID: 23270405 PMCID: PMC3888875 DOI: 10.1021/pr3009995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While more than a thousand protein kinases (PK) have been identified in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, relatively little progress has been made toward identifying their individual client proteins. Herein we describe the use of a mass spectrometry-based in vitro phosphorylation strategy, termed Kinase Client assay (KiC assay), to study a targeted-aspect of signaling. A synthetic peptide library comprising 377 in vivo phosphorylation sequences from developing seed was screened using 71 recombinant A. thaliana PK. Among the initial results, we identified 23 proteins as putative clients of 17 PK. In one instance protein phosphatase inhibitor-2 (AtPPI-2) was phosphorylated at multiple-sites by three distinct PK, casein kinase1-like 10, AME3, and a Ser PK-like protein. To confirm this result, full-length recombinant AtPPI-2 was reconstituted with each of these PK. The results confirmed multiple distinct phosphorylation sites within this protein. Biochemical analyses indicate that AtPPI-2 inhibits type 1 protein phosphatase (TOPP) activity, and that the phosphorylated forms of AtPPI-2 are more potent inhibitors. Structural modeling revealed that phosphorylation of AtPPI-2 induces conformational changes that modulate TOPP binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagib Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Alejandro Tovar-Mendez
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Kirby N. Swatek
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Jingfen Zhang
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Ján A. Miernyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Jay J. Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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