1
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Todhunter ME, Miyano M, Carlson EG, Hinz S, LaBarge MA. Sustained postconfluent culture of human mammary epithelial cells enriches for luminal and c-Kit+ subtypes. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:6. [PMID: 36653787 PMCID: PMC9847146 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A challenge in human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) culture is sustaining the representation of competing luminal, myoepithelial, and progenitor lineages over time. As cells replicate in culture, myoepithelial cells come to dominate the composition of the culture with serial passaging. This drift in composition presents a challenge for studying luminal and progenitor cells, which are prospective cells of origin for most breast cancer subtypes. METHODS We demonstrate the use of postconfluent culture on HMECs. Postconfluent culture entails culturing HMECs for 2-5 weeks without passaging but maintaining frequent feedings in low-stress M87A culture medium. In contrast, standard HMEC culture entails enzymatic subculturing every 3-5 days to maintain subconfluent density. RESULTS When compared to standard HMEC culture, postconfluent culture yields increased proportions of luminal cells and c-Kit+ progenitor cells. Postconfluent cultures develop a distinct multilayered morphology with individual cells showing decreased physical deformability as compared to cells in standard culture. Gene expression analysis of postconfluent cells shows increased expression of lineage-specific markers and extracellular matrix components. CONCLUSIONS Postconfluent culture is a novel, useful strategy for altering the lineage composition of HMECs, by increasing the proportional representation of luminal and progenitor cells. We speculate that postconfluent culture creates a microenvironment with cellular composition closer to the physiological state and eases the isolation of scarce cell subtypes. As such, postconfluent culture is a valuable tool for researchers using HMECs for breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Todhunter
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Masaru Miyano
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Eric G. Carlson
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010 USA ,grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Stefan Hinz
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Mark A. LaBarge
- grid.410425.60000 0004 0421 8357Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
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2
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Valentine H, Aiken W, Morrison B, Zhao Z, Fowle H, Wasserman JS, Thompson E, Chin W, Young M, Clarke S, Gibbs D, Harrison S, McLaughlin W, Kwok T, Jin F, Campbell KS, Horvath A, Thompson R, Lee NH, Zhou Y, Graña X, Ragin C, Badal S. Expanding the prostate cancer cell line repertoire with ACRJ-PC28, an AR-negative neuroendocrine cell line derived from an African-Caribbean patient. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:1355-1371. [PMID: 36643868 PMCID: PMC9836004 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cell lines from diverse backgrounds are important to addressing disparities in prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality rates among Black men. ACRJ-PC28 was developed from a transrectal needle biopsy and established via inactivation of the CDKN2A locus and simultaneous expression of human telomerase. Characterization assays included growth curve analysis, immunoblots, IHC, 3D cultures, immunofluorescence imaging, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, WGS, and RNA-Seq. ACRJ-PC28 has been passaged more than 40 times in vitro over 10 months with a doubling time of 45 hours. STR profiling confirmed the novelty and human origin of the cell line. RNA-Seq confirmed the expression of prostate specific genes alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) and NKX3.1 and Neuroendocrine specific markers synaptophysin (SYP) and enolase 2 (ENO2) and IHC confirmed the presence of AMACR. Immunoblots indicated the cell line is of basal-luminal type; expresses p53 and pRB and is AR negative. WGS confirmed the absence of exonic mutations and the presence of intronic variants that appear to not affect function of AR, p53, and pRB. RNA-Seq data revealed numerous TP53 and RB1 mRNA splice variants and the lack of AR mRNA expression. This is consistent with retention of p53 function in response to DNA damage and pRB function in response to contact inhibition. Soft agar anchorage-independent analysis indicated that the cells are transformed, confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA) where ACRJ-PC28 cells cluster alongside other PCa tumor tissues, yet was distinct. The novel methodology described should advance prostate cell line development, addressing the disparity in PCa among Black men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henkel Valentine
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - William Aiken
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Section of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Belinda Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Section of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ziran Zhao
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Holly Fowle
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason S. Wasserman
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elon Thompson
- Department of Urology Kingston Public Hospital, North Street, Kingston
| | - Warren Chin
- Department of Urology Kingston Public Hospital, North Street, Kingston
| | - Mark Young
- Department of Urology Kingston Public Hospital, North Street, Kingston
| | - Shannique Clarke
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - Denise Gibbs
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sharon Harrison
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wayne McLaughlin
- CARIGEN, Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Tim Kwok
- Cell Culture Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fang Jin
- Cell Culture Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kerry S. Campbell
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program and Cell Culture Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anelia Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Rory Thompson
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Norman H. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, GW Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yan Zhou
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xavier Graña
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Camille Ragin
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Simone Badal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corresponding Author: Simone Ann Marie Badal, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies. Phone: 876-325-7366; Fax: 876-977-9285; E-mail:
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3
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Huttala O, Loreth D, Staff S, Tanner M, Wikman H, Ylikomi T. Decellularized In Vitro Capillaries for Studies of Metastatic Tendency and Selection of Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020271. [PMID: 35203480 PMCID: PMC8869401 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascularization plays an important role in the microenvironment of the tumor. Therefore, it should be a key element to be considered in the development of in vitro cancer assays. In this study, we decellularized in vitro capillaries to remove genetic material and optimized the medium used to increase the robustness and versatility of applications. The growth pattern and drug responses of cancer cell lines and patient-derived primary cells were studied on decellularized capillaries. Interestingly, two distinct growth patterns were seen when cancer cells were grown on decellularized capillaries: “network” and “cluster”. Network formation correlated with the metastatic properties of the cells and cluster formation was observed in non-metastatic cells. Drug responses of patient-derived cells correlated better with clinical findings when cells were cultured on decellularized capillaries compared with those cultured on plastic. Decellularized capillaries provide a novel method for cancer cell culture applications. It bridges the gap between complex 3D culture methods and traditional 2D culture methods by providing the ease and robustness of 2D culture as well as an in vivo-like microenvironment and scaffolding for 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Huttala
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.S.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-401909721
| | - Desiree Loreth
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Synnöve Staff
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna Tanner
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Harriet Wikman
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Timo Ylikomi
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.S.); (M.T.)
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4
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Sluka P, Pezaro C, Wardan H, Sengupta S, Davis ID. Identification of novel oncogenic events occurring early in prostate carcinogenesis using purified autologous malignant and non-malignant prostate epithelial cells. BJU Int 2020; 123 Suppl 5:27-35. [PMID: 30712320 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To interrogate enriched prostate cancer cells and autologous non-malignant prostate epithelial cells from men with localized prostate cancer, in order to identify early oncogenic pathways. PATIENTS AND METHODS We collected malignant and matched non-malignant prostatectomy samples from men with adenocarcinoma involving two or more contiguous areas in only one lobe of the prostate. Tissue samples from both lobes were subjected to digestion and single-cell suspensions were prepared. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive cells from cancerous and contralateral non-malignant (control) samples were isolated using magnetic beads, ensuring uniform populations were obtained for each donor. Unbiased RNA sequencing analysis was used to measure gene expression and for detection of transcribed mutations or splice variants that were over- or under-represented in malignant prostate epithelial cells relative to autologous control prostate epithelial cells. RESULTS From five patient samples we identified 17 genes that were altered in prostate cancer epithelial cells, with 82% of genes being downregulated. Three genes, TDRD1, ANGTL4, and CLDN3, were consistently upregulated in malignant tissue. Malignant cells from three of the five patients showed evidence of upregulated ERG signalling, however, only one of these contained a TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement. We did not identify mutations, gene rearrangements, or splice variants that were consistent amongst the patients. CONCLUSIONS Events occurring early in prostate cancer oncogenesis in these samples were characterized by a predominant downregulation of gene expression along with upregulation of TDRD1, ANGTL4 and CLDN3. No consistent mutations or splice variants were observed, but upregulation of ERG signalling was seen both in the presence and absence of the classic TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Sluka
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Carmel Pezaro
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Eastern Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Hady Wardan
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Shomik Sengupta
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Urology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Ian D Davis
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Eastern Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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5
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Hepburn AC, Sims CHC, Buskin A, Heer R. Engineering Prostate Cancer from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-New Opportunities to Develop Preclinical Tools in Prostate and Prostate Cancer Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E905. [PMID: 32019175 PMCID: PMC7036761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key issues hampering the development of effective treatments for prostate cancer is the lack of suitable, tractable, and patient-specific in vitro models that accurately recapitulate this disease. In this review, we address the challenges of using primary cultures and patient-derived xenografts to study prostate cancer. We describe emerging approaches using primary prostate epithelial cells and prostate organoids and their genetic manipulation for disease modelling. Furthermore, the use of human prostate-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is highlighted as a promising complimentary approach. Finally, we discuss the manipulation of iPSCs to generate 'avatars' for drug disease testing. Specifically, we describe how a conceptual advance through the creation of living biobanks of "genetically engineered cancers" that contain patient-specific driver mutations hold promise for personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia C. Hepburn
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (C.H.C.S.); (A.B.)
| | - C. H. Cole Sims
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (C.H.C.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Adriana Buskin
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (C.H.C.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (C.H.C.S.); (A.B.)
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
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6
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Porter LH, Lawrence MG, Wang H, Clark AK, Bakshi A, Obinata D, Goode D, Papargiris M, Clouston D, Ryan A, Norden S, Corey E, Nelson PS, Isaacs JT, Grummet J, Kourambas J, Sandhu S, Murphy DG, Pook D, Frydenberg M, Taylor RA, Risbridger GP. Establishing a cryopreservation protocol for patient-derived xenografts of prostate cancer. Prostate 2019; 79:1326-1337. [PMID: 31212368 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serially transplantable patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are invaluable preclinical models for studying tumor biology and evaluating therapeutic agents. As these models are challenging to establish from prostate cancer specimens, the ability to preserve them through cryopreservation has several advantages for ongoing research. Despite this, there is still uncertainty about the ability to cryopreserve PDXs of prostate cancer. This study compared three different cryopreservation protocols to identify a method that can be used to reproducibly cryopreserve a diverse cohort of prostate cancer PDX models. METHODS One serially transplantable prostate cancer PDX from the Melbourne Urological Research Alliance cohort was used to compare three cryopreservation protocols: slow freezing in fetal calf serum (FCS) with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), FCS with 10% DMSO supplemented with the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 and vitrification. The efficiency of the slow freezing protocols was then assessed in 17 additional prostate cancer PDXs. Following cryopreservation, PDXs were re-established in host mice that were either intact and supplemented with testosterone or castrated. Graft take rate, tumor growth, histological features, and transcriptome profiles before and after cryopreservation were compared. RESULTS Slow freezing maintained the viability and histological features of prostate cancer PDXs, and the addition of a ROCK inhibitor increased their growth following cryopreservation. Using the slow freezing method, we re-established 100% of PDXs grown in either testosterone-supplemented or castrated host mice. Importantly, the long-term tumor growth rate and transcriptome profile were maintained following cryopreservation. CONCLUSION This study has identified a protocol to reliably cryopreserve and re-establish a diverse cohort of serially transplantable PDXs of prostate cancer. This study has the potential to significantly improve the practicality of maintaining PDX models. Cryopreservation may also increase the accessibility of these important resources and provide new opportunities for preclinical studies on a broader spectrum of prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Porter
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mitchell G Lawrence
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashlee K Clark
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daisuke Obinata
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Goode
- Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Papargiris
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Bioresource, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria Node, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Ryan
- TissuPath, Mount Waverley, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sam Norden
- TissuPath, Mount Waverley, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeremy Grummet
- Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Kourambas
- Department of Medicine, Monash Health, Casey Hospital, Berwick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Tissue Collection After Death (CASCADE) Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Pook
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Urology Associates, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Frank S, Nelson P, Vasioukhin V. Recent advances in prostate cancer research: large-scale genomic analyses reveal novel driver mutations and DNA repair defects. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30135717 PMCID: PMC6073096 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14499.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a disease of mutated and misregulated genes. However, primary prostate tumors have relatively few mutations, and only three genes (
ERG,
PTEN, and
SPOP) are recurrently mutated in more than 10% of primary tumors. On the other hand, metastatic castration-resistant tumors have more mutations, but, with the exception of the androgen receptor gene (
AR), no single gene is altered in more than half of tumors. Structural genomic rearrangements are common, including
ERG fusions, copy gains involving the
MYC locus, and copy losses containing
PTEN. Overall, instead of being associated with a single dominant driver event, prostate tumors display various combinations of modifications in oncogenes and tumor suppressors. This review takes a broad look at the recent advances in PCa research, including understanding the genetic alterations that drive the disease and how specific mutations can sensitize tumors to potential therapies. We begin with an overview of the genomic landscape of primary and metastatic PCa, enabled by recent large-scale sequencing efforts. Advances in three-dimensional cell culture techniques and mouse models for PCa are also discussed, and particular emphasis is placed on the benefits of patient-derived xenograft models. We also review research into understanding how ETS fusions (in particular,
TMPRSS2-ERG) and
SPOP mutations contribute to tumor initiation. Next, we examine the recent findings on the prevalence of germline DNA repair mutations in about 12% of patients with metastatic disease and their potential benefit from the use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and immune modulation. Lastly, we discuss the recent increased prevalence of AR-negative tumors (neuroendocrine and double-negative) and the current state of immunotherapy in PCa. AR remains the primary clinical target for PCa therapies; however, it does not act alone, and better understanding of supporting mutations may help guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Frank
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Valeri Vasioukhin
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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8
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Pidsley R, Lawrence MG, Zotenko E, Niranjan B, Statham A, Song J, Chabanon RM, Qu W, Wang H, Richards M, Nair SS, Armstrong NJ, Nim HT, Papargiris M, Balanathan P, French H, Peters T, Norden S, Ryan A, Pedersen J, Kench J, Daly RJ, Horvath LG, Stricker P, Frydenberg M, Taylor RA, Stirzaker C, Risbridger GP, Clark SJ. Enduring epigenetic landmarks define the cancer microenvironment. Genome Res 2018; 28:625-638. [PMID: 29650553 PMCID: PMC5932604 DOI: 10.1101/gr.229070.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The growth and progression of solid tumors involves dynamic cross-talk between cancer epithelium and the surrounding microenvironment. To date, molecular profiling has largely been restricted to the epithelial component of tumors; therefore, features underpinning the persistent protumorigenic phenotype of the tumor microenvironment are unknown. Using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, we show for the first time that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from localized prostate cancer display remarkably distinct and enduring genome-wide changes in DNA methylation, significantly at enhancers and promoters, compared to nonmalignant prostate fibroblasts (NPFs). Differentially methylated regions associated with changes in gene expression have cancer-related functions and accurately distinguish CAFs from NPFs. Remarkably, a subset of changes is shared with prostate cancer epithelial cells, revealing the new concept of tumor-specific epigenome modifications in the tumor and its microenvironment. The distinct methylome of CAFs provides a novel epigenetic hallmark of the cancer microenvironment and promises new biomarkers to improve interpretation of diagnostic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Pidsley
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mitchell G Lawrence
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program-Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Prostate Cancer Translational Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Elena Zotenko
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Birunthi Niranjan
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program-Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Aaron Statham
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jenny Song
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Roman M Chabanon
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Wenjia Qu
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Hong Wang
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program-Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michelle Richards
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program-Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Shalima S Nair
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Hieu T Nim
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program-Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Melissa Papargiris
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program-Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Preetika Balanathan
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program-Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hugh French
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Timothy Peters
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Sam Norden
- Tissupath Pathology, Mount Waverley, Victoria 3149, Australia
| | - Andrew Ryan
- Tissupath Pathology, Mount Waverley, Victoria 3149, Australia
| | - John Pedersen
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program-Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Tissupath Pathology, Mount Waverley, Victoria 3149, Australia
| | - James Kench
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Signalling Network Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Phillip Stricker
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Department of Urology, St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program-Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program-Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Physiology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Clare Stirzaker
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program-Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Prostate Cancer Translational Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Susan J Clark
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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9
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Drost J, Karthaus WR, Gao D, Driehuis E, Sawyers CL, Chen Y, Clevers H. Organoid culture systems for prostate epithelial and cancer tissue. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:347-58. [PMID: 26797458 PMCID: PMC4793718 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes a recently developed strategy to generate 3D prostate organoid cultures from healthy mouse and human prostate (either bulk or FAC-sorted single luminal and basal cells), metastatic prostate cancer lesions and circulating tumour cells. Organoids derived from healthy material contain the differentiated luminal and basal cell types, whereas organoids derived from prostate cancer tissue mimic the histology of the tumour. The stepwise establishment of these cultures and the fully defined serum-free conditioned medium that is required to sustain organoid growth are outlined. Organoids established using this protocol can be used to study many different aspects of prostate biology, including homeostasis, tumorigenesis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarno Drost
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter R Karthaus
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dong Gao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Else Driehuis
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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10
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Frame FM, Pellacani D, Collins AT, Maitland NJ. Harvesting Human Prostate Tissue Material and Culturing Primary Prostate Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1443:181-201. [PMID: 27246341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3724-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to fully explore the biology of a complex solid tumor such as prostate cancer, it is desirable to work with patient tissue. Only by working with cells from a tissue can we take into account patient variability and tumor heterogeneity. Cell lines have long been regarded as the workhorse of cancer research and it could be argued that they are of most use when considered within a panel of cell lines, thus taking into account specified mutations and variations in phenotype between different cell lines. However, often very different results are obtained when comparing cell lines to primary cells cultured from tissue. It stands to reason that cells cultured from patient tissue represents a close-to-patient model that should and does produce clinically relevant data. This chapter aims to illustrate the methods of processing, storing and culturing cells from prostate tissue, with a description of potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Davide Pellacani
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anne T Collins
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Norman J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
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11
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Karthaus WR, Iaquinta PJ, Drost J, Gracanin A, van Boxtel R, Wongvipat J, Dowling CM, Gao D, Begthel H, Sachs N, Vries RGJ, Cuppen E, Chen Y, Sawyers CL, Clevers HC. Identification of multipotent luminal progenitor cells in human prostate organoid cultures. Cell 2014; 159:163-175. [PMID: 25201529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prostate gland consists of basal and luminal cells arranged as pseudostratified epithelium. In tissue recombination models, only basal cells reconstitute a complete prostate gland, yet murine lineage-tracing experiments show that luminal cells generate basal cells. It has remained challenging to address the molecular details of these transitions and whether they apply to humans, due to the lack of culture conditions that recapitulate prostate gland architecture. Here, we describe a 3D culture system that supports long-term expansion of primary mouse and human prostate organoids, composed of fully differentiated CK5+ basal and CK8+ luminal cells. Organoids are genetically stable, reconstitute prostate glands in recombination assays, and can be experimentally manipulated. Single human luminal and basal cells give rise to organoids, yet luminal-cell-derived organoids more closely resemble prostate glands. These data support a luminal multilineage progenitor cell model for prostate tissue and establish a robust, scalable system for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter R Karthaus
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Phillip J Iaquinta
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jarno Drost
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ana Gracanin
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ruben van Boxtel
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - John Wongvipat
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Catherine M Dowling
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dong Gao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Norman Sachs
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robert G J Vries
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Hans C Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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12
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Sievert KD, Stenzl A. Words of wisdom: re:: lineage analysis of basal epithelial cells reveals their unexpected plasticity and supports a cell-of-origin model for prostate cancer heterogeneity. Eur Urol 2014; 64:340-1. [PMID: 23830229 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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A bioengineered microenvironment to quantitatively measure the tumorigenic properties of cancer-associated fibroblasts in human prostate cancer. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4777-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Sampson N, Neuwirt H, Puhr M, Klocker H, Eder IE. In vitro model systems to study androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:R49-64. [PMID: 23447570 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common causes of male cancer-related death in Western nations. The cellular response to androgens is mediated via the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-inducible transcription factor whose dysregulation plays a key role during PCa development and progression following androgen deprivation therapy, the current mainstay systemic treatment for advanced PCa. Thus, a better understanding of AR signaling and new strategies to abrogate AR activity are essential for improved therapeutic intervention. Consequently, a large number of experimental cell culture models have been established to facilitate in vitro investigations into the role of AR signaling in PCa development and progression. These different model systems mimic distinct stages of this heterogeneous disease and exhibit differences with respect to AR expression/status and androgen responsiveness. Technological advances have facilitated the development of in vitro systems that more closely reflect the physiological setting, for example via the use of three-dimensional coculture to study the interaction of prostate epithelial cells with the stroma, endothelium, immune system and tissue matrix environment. This review provides an overview of the most commonly used in vitro cell models currently available to study AR signaling with particular focus on their use in addressing key questions relating to the development and progression of PCa. It is hoped that the continued development of in vitro models will provide more biologically relevant platforms for mechanistic studies, drug discovery and design ensuring a more rapid transfer of knowledge from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sampson
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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