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Saha M, Dittami SM, Chan CX, Raina JB, Stock W, Ghaderiardakani F, Valathuparambil Baby John AM, Corr S, Schleyer G, Todd J, Cardini U, Bengtsson MM, Prado S, Skillings D, Sonnenschein EC, Engelen AH, Wang G, Wichard T, Brodie J, Leblanc C, Egan S. Progress and future directions for seaweed holobiont research. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39137959 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
In the marine environment, seaweeds (i.e. marine macroalgae) provide a wide range of ecological services and economic benefits. Like land plants, seaweeds do not provide these services in isolation, rather they rely on their associated microbial communities, which together with the host form the seaweed holobiont. However, there is a poor understanding of the mechanisms shaping these complex seaweed-microbe interactions, and of the evolutionary processes underlying these interactions. Here, we identify the current research challenges and opportunities in the field of seaweed holobiont biology. We argue that identifying the key microbial partners, knowing how they are recruited, and understanding their specific function and their relevance across all seaweed life history stages are among the knowledge gaps that are particularly important to address, especially in the context of the environmental challenges threatening seaweeds. We further discuss future approaches to study seaweed holobionts, and how we can apply the holobiont concept to natural or engineered seaweed ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahasweta Saha
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Simon M Dittami
- CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M, UMR 8227), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Cheong Xin Chan
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Jean-Baptiste Raina
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Willem Stock
- Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 Sterre S8, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Fatemeh Ghaderiardakani
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | | | - Shauna Corr
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Guy Schleyer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Jonathan Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ulisse Cardini
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology (EMI), Genoa Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn - National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Genoa, 16126, Italy
| | - Mia M Bengtsson
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, Greifswald, 17489, Germany
| | - Soizic Prado
- National Museum of Natural History, Unit Molecules of Communication and Adaptation of Microorganisms (UMR 7245), Paris, France
| | - Derek Skillings
- Department of Philosophy, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Eva C Sonnenschein
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | - Gaoge Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Thomas Wichard
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Juliet Brodie
- Natural History Museum, Research, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M, UMR 8227), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Suhelen Egan
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation (CMSI), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Yoshinaga N, Miyamoto T, Goto M, Tanaka A, Numata K. Phenylboronic Acid-Functionalized Micelles Dual-Targeting Boronic Acid Transporter and Polysaccharides for siRNA Delivery into Brown Algae. JACS AU 2024; 4:1385-1395. [PMID: 38665671 PMCID: PMC11040673 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Brown algae play essential roles ecologically, practically, and evolutionarily because they maintain coastal areas, capture carbon dioxide, and produce valuable chemicals such as therapeutic drugs. To unlock their full potential, understanding the unique molecular biology of brown algae is imperative. Genetic engineering tools that regulate homeostasis in brown algae are essential for determining their biological mechanisms in detail. However, few methodologies have been developed to control gene expression due to the robust structural barriers of brown algae. To address this issue, we designed peptide-based, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-loaded micelles decorated with phenylboronic acid (PBA) ligands. The PBA ligands facilitated the cellular uptake of the micelles into a model brown alga, Ectocarpus siliculosus (E. Siliculosus), through chemical interaction with polysaccharides in the cell wall and biological recognition by boronic acid transporters on the plasma membrane. The micelles, featuring "kill two birds with one stone" ligands, effectively induced gene silencing related to auxin biosynthesis. As a result, the growth of E. siliculosus was temporarily inhibited without persistent genome editing. This study demonstrated the potential for exploring the characteristics of brown algae through a simple yet effective approach and presented a feasible system for delivering siRNA in brown algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Yoshinaga
- Biomacromolecule
Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable
Resource Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Institute
for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka-shi, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan
| | - Takaaki Miyamoto
- Biomacromolecule
Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable
Resource Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mami Goto
- Biomacromolecule
Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable
Resource Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsuko Tanaka
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Biomacromolecule
Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable
Resource Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Institute
for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka-shi, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan
- Department
of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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3
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De Saeger J, Coulembier Vandelannoote E, Lee H, Park J, Blomme J. Genome editing in macroalgae: advances and challenges. Front Genome Ed 2024; 6:1380682. [PMID: 38516199 PMCID: PMC10955705 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2024.1380682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This minireview examines the current state and challenges of genome editing in macroalgae. Despite the ecological and economic significance of this group of organisms, genome editing has seen limited applications. While CRISPR functionality has been established in two brown (Ectocarpus species 7 and Saccharina japonica) and one green seaweed (Ulva prolifera), these studies are limited to proof-of-concept demonstrations. All studies also (co)-targeted ADENINE PHOSPHORIBOSYL TRANSFERASE to enrich for mutants, due to the relatively low editing efficiencies. To advance the field, there should be a focus on advancing auxiliary technologies, particularly stable transformation, so that novel editing reagents can be screened for their efficiency. More work is also needed on understanding DNA repair in these organisms, as this is tightly linked with the editing outcomes. Developing efficient genome editing tools for macroalgae will unlock the ability to characterize their genes, which is largely uncharted terrain. Moreover, given their economic importance, genome editing will also impact breeding campaigns to develop strains that have better yields, produce more commercially valuable compounds, and show improved resilience to the impacts of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Saeger
- Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Emma Coulembier Vandelannoote
- Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hojun Lee
- Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihae Park
- Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonas Blomme
- Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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Godfroy O, Zheng M, Yao H, Henschen A, Peters AF, Scornet D, Colin S, Ronchi P, Hipp K, Nagasato C, Motomura T, Cock JM, Coelho SM. The baseless mutant links protein phosphatase 2A with basal cell identity in the brown alga Ectocarpus. Development 2023; 150:dev201283. [PMID: 36786333 PMCID: PMC10112911 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The first mitotic division of the initial cell is a key event in all multicellular organisms and is associated with the establishment of major developmental axes and cell fates. The brown alga Ectocarpus has a haploid-diploid life cycle that involves the development of two multicellular generations: the sporophyte and the gametophyte. Each generation deploys a distinct developmental programme autonomously from an initial cell, the first cell division of which sets up the future body pattern. Here, we show that mutations in the BASELESS (BAS) gene result in multiple cellular defects during the first cell division and subsequent failure to produce basal structures during both generations. BAS encodes a type B″ regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and transcriptomic analysis identified potential effector genes that may be involved in determining basal cell fate. The bas mutant phenotype is very similar to that observed in distag (dis) mutants, which lack a functional Tubulin-binding co-factor Cd1 (TBCCd1) protein, indicating that TBCCd1 and PP2A are two essential components of the cellular machinery that regulates the first cell division and mediates basal cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Godfroy
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Haiqin Yao
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Agnes Henschen
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Delphine Scornet
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Sebastien Colin
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Hipp
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chikako Nagasato
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan
| | - Taizo Motomura
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan
| | - J. Mark Cock
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Susana M. Coelho
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Goecke F, Gómez Garreta A, Martín-Martín R, Rull Lluch J, Skjermo J, Ergon Å. Nuclear DNA Content Variation in Different Life Cycle Stages of Sugar Kelp, Saccharina latissima. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:706-721. [PMID: 35882688 PMCID: PMC9385784 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ploidy variants can be utilized to increase yield, introduce sterility, and modify specific traits with an economic impact. Despite economic importance of Saccharina species, their nuclear DNA content in different cell types and life stages remain unclear. The present research was initiated to determine the nuclear DNA content and intraindividual variation at different life cycle stages of the Laminarialean kelp Saccharina latissima. Nuclear DNA content in embryonic and mature sporophytes, released and unreleased zoospores, female, and male gametophytes from Sør-Trøndelag county in Norway were estimated by image analysis using the DNA-localizing fluorochrome DAPI and chicken's red blood cells as a standard. DNA content of a total of 6905 DAPI-stained nuclei was estimated. This is the first study of nuclear DNA content which covered the life cycle of kelp. The lowest level of DNA content (1C) was observed in zoospores with an average of 0.76 pg. Male and female single spore gametophyte cultures presented higher average DNA content, more than double that of zoospores, suggesting the presence of polyteny. Female gametophyte nuclei were slightly larger and more variable in size than those of male gametophytes. The DNA content observed in embryonic sporophytes and in meristoderm cells from older sporophytes (1.51 pg) was 2C as expected and in the range of previously published studies of sporophytes of S. latissima. Mature sporophytes showed intra-plant variation with DNA content values ranging from 2-16C. The main difference was between meristoderm cells (mostly 2C) and cortical and medullary cells (2-16C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Goecke
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Amelia Gómez Garreta
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia I Ciències de L'Alimentació, Institut de Recerca de La Biodiversitat (IRBio) & Centre de Documentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal (CeDocBiV), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Martín-Martín
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia I Ciències de L'Alimentació, Institut de Recerca de La Biodiversitat (IRBio) & Centre de Documentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal (CeDocBiV), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Rull Lluch
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia I Ciències de L'Alimentació, Institut de Recerca de La Biodiversitat (IRBio) & Centre de Documentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal (CeDocBiV), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorunn Skjermo
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industries, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åshild Ergon
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Paul S, Bravo Vázquez LA, Márquez Nafarrate M, Gutiérrez Reséndiz AI, Srivastava A, Sharma A. The regulatory activities of microRNAs in non-vascular plants: a mini review. PLANTA 2021; 254:57. [PMID: 34424349 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-mediated gene regulation in non-vascular plants is potentially involved in several unique biological functions, including biosynthesis of several highly valuable exclusive bioactive compounds, and those small RNAs could be manipulated for the overproduction of essential bioactive compounds in the future. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous, small (20-24 nucleotides), non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression through the miRNA-mediated mechanisms of either translational inhibition or messenger RNA (mRNA) cleavage. In the past years, studies have mainly focused on elucidating the roles of miRNAs in vascular plants as compared to non-vascular plants. However, non-vascular plant miRNAs have been predicted to be involved in a wide variety of specific biological mechanisms; nevertheless, some of them have been demonstrated explicitly, thus showing that the research field of this plant group owns a noteworthy potential to develop novel investigations oriented towards the functional characterization of these miRNAs. Furthermore, the insights into the roles of miRNAs in non-vascular plants might be of great importance for designing the miRNA-based genetically modified plants for valuable secondary metabolites, active compounds, and biofuels in the future. Therefore, in this current review, we provide an overview of the potential roles of miRNAs in different groups of non-vascular plants such as algae and bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Paul
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, CP 76130, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Luis Alberto Bravo Vázquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, CP 76130, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Marilyn Márquez Nafarrate
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada, No. 2501 Tecnologico, CP 64849, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Ana Isabel Gutiérrez Reséndiz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, CP 76130, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Aashish Srivastava
- Section of Bioinformatics, Clinical Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, CP 76130, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Abstract
Model organisms are extensively used in research as accessible and convenient systems for studying a particular area or question in biology. Traditionally, only a limited number of organisms have been studied in detail, but modern genomic tools are enabling researchers to extend beyond the set of classical model organisms to include novel species from less-studied phylogenetic groups. This review focuses on model species for an important group of multicellular organisms, the brown algae. The development of genetic and genomic tools for the filamentous brown alga Ectocarpus has led to it emerging as a general model system for this group, but additional models, such as Fucus or Dictyota dichotoma, remain of interest for specific biological questions. In addition, Saccharina japonica has emerged as a model system to directly address applied questions related to algal aquaculture. We discuss the past, present, and future of brown algal model organisms in relation to the opportunities and challenges in brown algal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Coelho
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 29680 Roscoff, France;
- Current affiliation: Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - J Mark Cock
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 29680 Roscoff, France;
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Kondratenko SI, Pasternak TP, Samovol OP, Mogilna OM, Sergienko OV. Modeling of asymmetric division of somatic cell in protoplasts culture of higher plants. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The key result of the work is the selection of factors for the cultivation of protoplasts of higher plants in vitro, which allowed induction of asymmetrical cell division during the first cell cycle phase. Gibberellin has been proved to be one of the main cofactors of asymmetric division of plant cells. The objects of research were plants of the following cultivars aseptically grown in hormone-free MS medium: tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), SR-1 line; Arabidopsis thaliana var. columbia (L.) Heynh; potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), Zarevo cultivar; cultivated white head cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata L.) of the following varieties: Kharkivska zymnia, Ukrainska osin, Yaroslavna, Lika, Lesya, Bilosnizhka, Dithmarscher Früher, Iyunskarannya; rape (Brassica napus L.) of Shpat cultivar; winter radish (Raphanus sativus L.) of Odessa-5 cultivar. In experiments with mesophilic and hypocotyl protoplasts of the above-mentioned plant species it has been proved that short-term osmotic stress within 16–18 hours being combined with subsequent introduction of high doses of gibberellin GK3 (1 mg/L) into the modified liquid nutrient media TM and SW led to the occurrence of pronounced morphological traits of cytodifferentiation already at the initial stages of the development of mitotically active cells in a number of higher plants. Meanwhile, in all analyzed species, there was observed the division of the initial genetically homogeneous population of mitotically active cells into two types of asymmetric division: by the type of division of the mother cell into smaller daughter cells and by the type of the first asymmetric division of the zygotic embryo in planta. In this case, the first type of asymmetric division occurred during unusual cytomorphism of the mother cells: a pronounced heart-shaped form even before the first division, which is inherent in the morphology of somatic plant embryo in vitro at the heart-shaped stage. A particular study of the effect of osmotic stress influencing protoplasts of various cultivars of white cabbage, isolated from hypocotyls of 7–9 day etiolated seedlings, revealed quite a typical consistent pattern: the acquisition and maintenance of the axis of symmetry in growing microcolonies occurred without extra exogenous gibberellin (GK3), which was added to the nutrient medium earlier. While analyzing the effect of growth regulators on the formation of microcolonies with traits of structural organization, the conclusion was made regarding the commonality of the revealed morphogenetic reactions of cells within the culture of protoplasts of higher plants in vitro with similar reactions studied earlier on other plants, both in vitro and in planta. Modeling of asymmetric cell division in protoplast culture in vitro has become possible by carrying out a balanced selection of growth regulators as well as their coordinated application through time along with changes in osmotic pressure of a nutrient medium.
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Mikami K, Ito M, Taya K, Kishimoto I, Kobayashi T, Itabashi Y, Tanaka R. Parthenosporophytes of the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus exhibit sex-dependent differences in thermotolerance as well as fatty acid and sterol composition. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 137:188-195. [PMID: 29459067 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In the filamentous brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus, male and female sex is expressed during the haploid parthenosporophyte phase of the life cycle. Here, we found that male parthenosporophytes displayed thermotolerance whereas female specimens displayed severely reduced viability at 25 °C and 28 °C. Profiling of polyunsaturated fatty acids showed that n-3 and n-6 were the predominant species in male and female parthenosporophytes, respectively, and that the n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio was not affected by a temperature change. Both male and female parthenosporophytes contained the sterols fucosterol, cholesterol, and ergosterol, but these were present at higher levels at 10-25 °C in female specimens than in males. Thus, these fatty acids and sterols would be expected to make the membranes more rigid in the female compared to the male, which is opposite to the paradigm that increased rigidity confers thermotolerance. Our results suggest that the sex-dependent thermotolerance in E. siliculosus parthenosporophytes is not explained by the relationship between membrane fluidity and differences in fatty acids and sterol compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Mikami
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Pudong District, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Meiko Ito
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Gakuen-Kibanadai-nishi 1-1, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kensuke Taya
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Ikuya Kishimoto
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Yutaka Itabashi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Tanaka
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Gakuen-Kibanadai-nishi 1-1, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Bogaert KA, Beeckman T, De Clerck O. Photopolarization of Fucus zygotes is determined by time sensitive vectorial addition of environmental cues during axis amplification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:26. [PMID: 25691888 PMCID: PMC4315017 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fucoid zygotes have been extensively used to study cell polarization and asymmetrical cell division. Fertilized eggs are responsive to different environmental cues (e.g., light, gravity) for a long period before the polarity is fixed and the cells germinate accordingly. First, it is commonly believed that the direction and sense of the polarization vector are established simultaneously as indicated by the formation of an F-actin patch. Secondly, upon reorientation of the zygote, a new polar gradient is formed and it is assumed that the position of the future rhizoid pole is only influenced by the latter. Here we tested these two hypotheses investigating photopolarization in Fucus zygotes by reorienting zygotes 90° relative to a unilateral light source at different time points during the first cell cycle. We conclude that fixation of direction and sense of the polarization vector is indeed established simultaneously. However, the experiments yielded a distribution of polarization axes that cannot be explained if only the last environmental cue is supposed to determine the polarization axis. We conclude that our observations, together with published findings, can only be explained by assuming imprinting of the different polarization vectors and their integration as a vectorial sum at the moment of axis fixation. This way cells will average different serially perceived cues resulting in a polarization vector representative of the dynamic intertidal environment, instead of betting exclusively on the perceived vector at the moment of axis fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny A. Bogaert
- Research Group Phycology, Biology Department, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor BiotechnologieGhent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Research Group Phycology, Biology Department, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Olivier De Clerck, Research Group Phycology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium e-mail:
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