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Advanced Microscopy for Liver and Gut Ultrastructural Pathology in Patients with MVID and PFIC Caused by MYO5B Mutations. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10091901. [PMID: 33924896 PMCID: PMC8125609 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the actin motor protein myosinVb (myo5b) cause aberrant apical cargo transport and the congenital enteropathy microvillus inclusion disease (MVID). Recently, missense mutations in myo5b were also associated with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (MYO5B-PFIC). Here, we thoroughly characterized the ultrastructural and immuno-cytochemical phenotype of hepatocytes and duodenal enterocytes from a unique case of an adult MYO5B-PFIC patient who showed constant hepatopathy but only periodic enteric symptoms. Selected data from two other patients supported the findings. Advanced methods such as cryo-fixation, freeze-substitution, immuno-gold labeling, electron tomography and immuno-fluorescence microscopy complemented the standard procedures. Liver biopsies showed mislocalization of Rab11 and bile canalicular membrane proteins. Rab11-positive vesicles clustered around bile canaliculi and resembled subapical clusters of aberrant recycling endosomes in enterocytes from MVID patients. The adult patient studied in detail showed a severe, MVID-specific enterocyte phenotype, despite only a mild clinical intestinal presentation. This included mislocalization of numerous proteins essential for apical cargo transport and morphological alterations. We characterized the heterogeneous population of large catabolic organelles regarding their complex ultrastructure and differential distribution of autophagic and lysosomal marker proteins. Finally, we generated duodenal organoids/enteroids from biopsies that recapitulated all MVID hallmarks, demonstrating the potential of this disease model for personalized medicine.
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Webster P, Saito K, Cortez J, Ramirez C, Baum MM. Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 3 Is Located on Microvilli of Vaginal Epithelial Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20882-20889. [PMID: 32875223 PMCID: PMC7450627 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transporters are specialized integral membrane proteins, which mediate the passage of virtually all molecules through cell membranes. They are expressed in a broad range of human and animal tissues and play important roles in both normal and disease states. For these reasons, they are evaluated when developing and testing drugs. Two major families of drug transporters, the adenosine 5'-triphosphate-binding cassette and solute carrier transporters (SLC), have critical roles in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs. The SLC family contains known nucleoside transporters and therefore are important when nucleoside analogs are used as drugs to prevent or treat viral infections. In this study, we wanted to determine if it was possible to locate one member of the SLC family, the human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (CNT3) in human vaginal epithelial cells. The CNT3 protein has important roles in drug delivery, subsequent drug tissue distribution, and, hence, efficacy. Vaginal epithelial cells, taken from two human volunteers (one Caucasian and one African American), were labeled for light and electron microscopy, with a commercial antibody to a cytoplasmic domain of CNT3, the protein product of the SLC28A3 gene. Fluorescent secondary antibodies or protein A-gold were used to detect antibody binding. By electron microscopy, gold particle binding was quantified to determine labeling specificity. By light microscopy, positive labeling with anti-CNT3 antibodies was detected on human vaginal epithelial cells, but specificity to any intracellular structure was not easily determined, most likely a result of specimen preparation. Electron microscopy revealed that the CNT3 transporter protein was present predominantly on microvilli located on one side of some human vaginal epithelial cells. Quantification confirmed specific anti-CNT3 labeling over human vaginal epithelial cell microvilli. The CNT3 protein, present in the microvilli of human vaginal epithelial cells, may have a role in redistributing nucleoside homologues delivered to the vaginal tract. Transporter proteins such as CNT3 could shuttle nucleosides and their analogs through the vaginal epithelium to immune cells located in lower cell layers. Outer layers of cells, which are eventually shed from the epithelium, may remove accumulated nucleoside drug analogs from the vaginal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Webster
- Oak
Crest Institute of Science, 132 W. Chestnut Avenue, Monrovia, California 91016, United States
| | - Kaori Saito
- Oak
Crest Institute of Science, 132 W. Chestnut Avenue, Monrovia, California 91016, United States
| | - John Cortez
- Oak
Crest Institute of Science, 132 W. Chestnut Avenue, Monrovia, California 91016, United States
| | - Christina Ramirez
- Los
Angeles (UCLA) Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, 16-035 Center for
Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, United States
| | - Marc M. Baum
- Oak
Crest Institute of Science, 132 W. Chestnut Avenue, Monrovia, California 91016, United States
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Flechsler J, Heimerl T, Pickl C, Rachel R, Stierhof YD, Klingl A. 2D and 3D immunogold localization on (epoxy) ultrathin sections with and without osmium tetroxide. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:691-705. [PMID: 32057162 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For nearly 50 years immunogold labeling on ultrathin sections has been successfully used for protein localization in laboratories worldwide. In theory and in practice, this method has undergone continual improvement over time. In this study, we carefully analyzed circulating protocols for postembedding labeling to find out if they are still valid under modern laboratory conditions, and in addition, we tested unconventional protocols. For this, we investigated immunolabeling of Epon-embedded cells, immunolabeling of cells treated with osmium, and the binding behavior of differently sized gold particles. Here we show that (in contrast to widespread belief) immunolabeling of Epon-embedded cells and of cells treated with osmium tetroxide is actually working. Furthermore, we established a "speed protocol" for immunolabeling by reducing antibody incubation times. Finally, we present our results on three-dimensional immunogold labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Flechsler
- Plant Development and Electron Microscopy, Department of Biology I, Munchen, Germany
| | - Thomas Heimerl
- LOEWE Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Pickl
- Plant Development and Electron Microscopy, Department of Biology I, Munchen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Rachel
- Institute of Microbiology and Centre for Electron Microscopy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - York-Dieter Stierhof
- Microscopy, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Plant Development and Electron Microscopy, Department of Biology I, Munchen, Germany
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Zhang Z, Kong J, De Mandal S, Li S, Zheng Z, Jin F, Xu X. An immune-responsive PGRP-S1 regulates the expression of antibacterial peptide genes in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 142:114-124. [PMID: 31593730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and triggers the innate immune system (IIS) against the microbial infection. Although PGRPs have been intensively studied in model insects, they remain uncharacterized in most of the non-model insects. Here, we cloned and characterized a full-length cDNA of PGRP, from P. xylostella (PxPGRP-S1), which encodes a protein of 239 amino acids with PGRP domain, Ami2 domain and transmembrane region. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the PxPGRP-S1 was closely related to the unigene of Plutella xylostella. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed that PxPGRP-S1 is mainly expressed in the fat body of the healthy larva. The expression of PxPGRP-S1 was significantly upregulated in the midgut at 24 h postinfection by Bacillus thuringiensis. Silencing of the PxPGRP-S1 expression by RNAi, significantly decrease the expression of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the 4th instar larvae of P. xylostella. Similarly injection of an anti-PxPGRP-S1 serum caused the low expression of the AMPs in P. xylostella. Additionally, PxPGRP-S1 depleted P. xylostella by oral administration of bacterial expressed dsRNA decreased the resistance against B. thuringiensis challenge, leads to high mortality. Together, our result indicates that PxPGRP-S1, served as a bacterial pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and triggers the expression of AMPs in P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhantao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinrong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Surajit De Mandal
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Metal-Tagging Transmission Electron Microscopy and Immunogold Labeling on Tokuyasu Cryosections to Image Influenza A Virus Ribonucleoprotein Transport and Packaging. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1836:281-301. [PMID: 30151579 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8678-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been instrumental for studying viral infections. In particular, methods for labeling macromolecules at the ultrastructural level, by integrating biochemistry, molecular biology, and morphology, have allowed to study the functions of viral macromolecular complexes within the cellular context. Here, we describe a strategy for imaging influenza virus ribonucleoproteins in infected cells with two complementary labeling methods, metal-tagging transmission electron microscopy or METTEM, a highly sensitive technique based on the use of a metal-binding protein as a clonable tag, and immunogold labeling on thawed cryosections, a very specific labeling method that allows to study the distribution of different proteins simultaneously. The combination of both labeling methods offers new possibilities for TEM analysis of viral components in cells.
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Weil MT, Ruhwedel T, Meschkat M, Sadowski B, Möbius W. Transmission Electron Microscopy of Oligodendrocytes and Myelin. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1936:343-375. [PMID: 30820909 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9072-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe protocols to study different aspects of oligodendrocytes and myelin using electron microscopy. First, we describe in detail how to prepare central nervous system tissue routinely by perfusion fixation of the animal and conventional embedding in Epon resin. Then, we explain how, with some modifications, chemically fixed tissue can be used for immunoelectron microscopy on cryosections. Chemical fixation and Epon embedding can also be applied to purified myelin to assess the quality of the preparation. Furthermore, we describe how cryopreparation by high-pressure freezing can be used to study the fine structure of myelin in nerve, brain, and spinal cord tissue. The differences in the structural appearance of oligodendrocytes and myelin between cryopreserved and conventionally processed samples are compared using representative images. Since primary cultured oligodendrocytes are used to study structure and function in vitro, we provide protocols for chemical fixation and Epon embedding of these cultures. Finally, we explain how the cytoskeleton of cultured oligodendrocytes can be visualized by using transmission electron microscopy on platinum-carbon replicas. In this chapter, we provide a wide range of protocols that can be applied to shed light on the different biological aspects of myelin and oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Theres Weil
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,AbbVie Deutschland GmbH and Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Meschkat
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Boguslawa Sadowski
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Göttingen, Germany. .,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
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Möbius W, Posthuma G. Sugar and ice: Immunoelectron microscopy using cryosections according to the Tokuyasu method. Tissue Cell 2018; 57:90-102. [PMID: 30201442 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the pioneering work of Kiyoteru Tokuyasu in the 70ths the use of thawed cryosections prepared according to the "Tokuyasu-method" for immunoelectron microscopy did not lose popularity. We owe this method a whole subcellular world described by discrete gold particles pointing at cargo, receptors and organelle markers on delicate images of the inner life of a cell. Here we explain the procedure of sample preparation, sectioning and immunolabeling in view of recent developments and the reasoning behind protocols including some historical perspective. Cryosections are prepared from chemically fixed and sucrose infiltrated samples and labeled with affinity probes and electron dense markers. These sections are ideal substrates for immunolabeling, since antigens are not exposed to organic solvent dehydration or masked by resin. Instead, the structures remain fully hydrated throughout the labeling procedure. Furthermore, target molecules inside dense intercellular structural elements, cells and organelles are accessible to antibodies from the section surface. For the validation of antibody specificity several approaches are recommended including knock-out tissue and reagent controls. Correlative light and electron microscopy strategies involving correlative probes are possible as well as correlation of live imaging with the underlying ultrastructure. By applying stereology, gold labeling can be quantified and evaluated for specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Möbius
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany; Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - George Posthuma
- Department of Cell Biology, Cell Microscopy Core, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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