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Kaur J, Prusty AK, Ravisankar N, Panwar AS, Shamim M, Walia SS, Chatterjee S, Pasha ML, Babu S, Jat ML, López-Ridaura S, Groot JCJ, Toorop RA, Barba-Escoto L, Noopur K, Kashyap P. Farm typology for planning targeted farming systems interventions for smallholders in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20978. [PMID: 34697331 PMCID: PMC8546020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to complexity of smallholder farms, many times technologies with great potential fail to achieve the desired impact in leveraging productivity and profitability of the farming community. In the Indo-Gangetic Plains there is an urgent need to understand the diversity of farm households, identifying the main drivers deciding their system thus, classifying them into homogenous groups. In the present study, the diversity of smallholder farms was assessed using crop, livestock and income related characteristics and associated farm mechanization. Using principal component analysis and cluster analysis for 252 farm households, 4 farm types were identified i.e. Type 1. Small Farm households with cereal-based cropping system and subsistence livestock (39%), Type 2. Small Farm households with diversified cropping system dominated by cereal and fodder crops with only cattle herd (9%), Type 3. Marginal Farm household with diversified cropping system dominated by cash crop and herd comprising of only cattle (39%), Type 4. Marginal Farm household with diversified cropping system dominated by cereal crops and herd dominated by small ruminants (12%). Based on the constraints identified for different components of farming systems, low-cost interventions were planned for each farm type. These interventions have resulted in 84.8-103.2 per cent increase in the income of the farm HH under study suggesting usefulness of typology-based intervention planning in increasing income of small farm holders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jashanjot Kaur
- grid.412577.20000 0001 2176 2352School of Organic Farming, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - A. K. Prusty
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research (ICAR-IIFSR), Modipuram, India
| | - N. Ravisankar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research (ICAR-IIFSR), Modipuram, India
| | - A. S. Panwar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research (ICAR-IIFSR), Modipuram, India
| | - M. Shamim
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research (ICAR-IIFSR), Modipuram, India
| | - S. S. Walia
- grid.412577.20000 0001 2176 2352School of Organic Farming, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - S. Chatterjee
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, WB 741 235 India
| | - M. L. Pasha
- grid.444440.40000 0004 4685 9566College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 030 India
| | - Subhash Babu
- grid.418196.30000 0001 2172 0814Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - M. L. Jat
- grid.512405.7International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
| | - Santiago López-Ridaura
- grid.433436.50000 0001 2289 885XInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El-Batan, Mexico
| | - Jeroen C. J. Groot
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roos Adelhart Toorop
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Barba-Escoto
- grid.433436.50000 0001 2289 885XInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El-Batan, Mexico
| | - Kohima Noopur
- grid.444476.10000 0004 1774 5009Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Poonam Kashyap
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research (ICAR-IIFSR), Modipuram, India
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Aryal JP, Sapkota TB, Krupnik TJ, Rahut DB, Jat ML, Stirling CM. Factors affecting farmers' use of organic and inorganic fertilizers in South Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51480-51496. [PMID: 33982263 PMCID: PMC8458167 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fertilizer, though one of the most essential inputs for increasing agricultural production, is a leading cause of nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture, contributing significantly to global warming. Therefore, understanding factors affecting farmers' use of fertilizers is crucial to develop strategies to improve its efficient use and to minimize its negative impacts. Using data from 2528 households across the Indo-Gangetic Plains in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, this study examines the factors affecting farmers' use of organic and inorganic fertilizers for the two most important cereal crops - rice and wheat. Together, these crops provide the bulk of calories consumed in the region. As nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the major source of global warming and other environmental effects, we also examine the factors contributing to its overuse. We applied multiple regression models to understand the factors influencing the use of inorganic fertilizer, Heckman models to understand the likelihood and intensity of organic fertilizer (manure) use, and a probit model to examine the over-use of N fertilizer. Our results indicate that various socio-economic and geographical factors influence the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers in rice and wheat. Across the study sites, N fertilizer over-use is the highest in Haryana (India) and the lowest in Nepal. Across all locations, farmers reported a decline in manure application, concomitant with a lack of awareness of the principles of appropriate fertilizer management that can limit environmental externalities. Educational programs highlighting measures to improving nutrient-use-efficiency and reducing the negative externalities of N fertilizer over-use are proposed to address these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetendra Prakash Aryal
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México-Veracruz, Km. 45, El Batán, Texcoco, Mexico.
| | - Tek Bahadur Sapkota
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México-Veracruz, Km. 45, El Batán, Texcoco, Mexico.
| | - Timothy J Krupnik
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dil Bahadur Rahut
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México-Veracruz, Km. 45, El Batán, Texcoco, Mexico.
- Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), Kasumigaseki Building, Level 8, 3 Chome-2-5 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda City, Tokyo, 100-6008, Japan.
| | - Mangi Lal Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Delhi, India
| | - Clare M Stirling
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México-Veracruz, Km. 45, El Batán, Texcoco, Mexico
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