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Mujica MI, Silva-Flores P, Bueno CG, Duchicela J. Integrating perspectives in developing mycorrhizal trait databases: a call for inclusive and collaborative continental efforts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1436-1440. [PMID: 38594221 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Global assessments of mycorrhizal symbiosis present large sampling gaps in rich biodiversity regions. Filling these gaps is necessary to build large-scale, unbiased mycorrhizal databases to obtain reliable analyses and prevent misleading generalizations. Underrepresented regions in mycorrhizal research are mainly in Africa, Asia, and South America. Despite the high biodiversity and endemism in these regions, many groups of organisms remain understudied, especially mycorrhizal fungi. In this Viewpoint, we emphasize the importance of inclusive and collaborative continental efforts in integrating perspectives for comprehensive trait database development and propose a conceptual framework that can help build large mycorrhizal databases in underrepresented regions. Based on the four Vs of big data (volume, variety, veracity, and velocity), we identify the main challenges of constructing a large mycorrhizal dataset and propose solutions for each challenge. We share our collaborative methodology, which involves employing open calls and working groups to engage all mycorrhizal researchers in the region to build a South American Mycorrhizal Database. By fostering interdisciplinary collaborations and embracing a continental-scale approach, we can create robust mycorrhizal trait databases that provide valuable insights into the evolution, ecology, and functioning of mycorrhizal associations, reducing the geographical biases that are so common in large-scale ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Mujica
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patricia Silva-Flores
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, 3480112, Talca, Chile
| | - C Guillermo Bueno
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC (Spanish Research Council), 22700, Jaca, Huesca, Spain
| | - Jessica Duchicela
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, 171103, Ecuador
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Arévalo-Granda V, Hickey-Darquea A, Prado-Vivar B, Zapata S, Duchicela J, van ‘t Hof P. Exploring the mycobiome and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with the rizosphere of the genus Inga in the pristine Ecuadorian Amazon. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1086194. [PMID: 37746118 PMCID: PMC10512398 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1086194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the composition of the mycobiome in the rhizosphere of Inga seedlings in two different but neighboring forest ecosystems in the undisturbed tropical Amazon rainforest at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station in Ecuador. In terra firme plots, which were situated higher up and therefore typically outside of the influence of river floods, and in várzea plots, the lower part of the forest located near the riverbanks and therefore seasonally flooded, tree seedlings of the genus Inga were randomly collected and measured, and the rhizosphere soils surrounding the root systems was collected. Members of the Fabaceae family and the genus Inga were highly abundant in both forest ecosystems. Inga sp. seedlings collected in terra firme showed a lower shoot to root ratio compared to seedlings that were collected in várzea, suggesting that Inga seedlings which germinated in várzea soils could invest more resources in vegetative growth with shorter roots. Results of the physical-chemical properties of soil samples indicated higher proportions of N, Mo, and V in terra firme soils, whereas várzea soils present higher concentrations of all other macro- and micronutrients, which confirmed the nutrient deposition effect of seasonal flooding by the nearby river. ITS metabarcoding was used to explore the mycobiome associated with roots of the genus Inga. Bioinformatic analysis was performed using Qiime 2 to calculate the alpha and beta diversity, species taxonomy and the differential abundance of fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The fungal community represented 75% of the total ITS ASVs, and although present in all samples, the subphylum Glomeromycotina represented 1.42% of all ITS ASVs with annotations to 13 distinct families, including Glomeraceae (72,23%), Gigasporaceae (0,57%), Acaulosporaceae (0,49%). AMF spores of these three AMF families were morphologically identified by microscopy. Results of this study indicate that AMF surround the rhizosphere of Inga seedlings in relatively low proportions compared to other fungal groups but present in both terra firme and várzea Neotropical ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Arévalo-Granda
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences - COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
- Institute of Microbiology, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Aileen Hickey-Darquea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences - COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Belén Prado-Vivar
- Institute of Microbiology, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sonia Zapata
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences - COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
- Institute of Microbiology, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
- Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences - COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jéssica Duchicela
- Department of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Pieter van ‘t Hof
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences - COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
- Institute of Microbiology, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
- Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences - COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
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da Silva KJG, Fernandes JAL, Magurno F, Leandro LBA, Goto BT, Theodoro RC. Phylogenetic Review of Acaulospora (Diversisporales, Glomeromycota) and the Homoplasic Nature of Its Ornamentations. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090892. [PMID: 36135617 PMCID: PMC9502532 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Acaulospora has undergone many updates since it was first described; however, there are some missing pieces in the phylogenetic relationships among Acaulospora species. The present review aimed to: (i) understand the evolutionary meaning of their different spore wall ornamentations; (ii) define the best molecular marker for phylogenetic inferences, (iii) address some specific issues concerning the polyphyletic nature of Acaulospora lacunosa and Acaulospora scrobiculata, and the inclusion of Kuklospora species; and (iv) update the global geographical distribution of Acaulospora species. As such, the wall ornamentation of previously described Acaulospora species was reviewed and phylogenetic analyses were carried out based on ITS and SSU-ITS-LSU (nrDNA). Moreover, the already available type material of A. sporocarpia was inspected. According to the data obtained, temperate and tropical zones are the richest in Acaulospora species. We also confirmed that A. sporocarpia does not belong to Acaulospora. Furthermore, our phylogeny supported the monophyly of Acaulospora genus, including the Kuklospora species, K. colombiana and K. kentinensis. The nrDNA phylogeny presented the best resolution and revealed the homoplasic nature of many ornamentations in Acaulospora species, pointing out their unfeasible phylogenetic signal. This review reinforces the urgency of more molecular markers, in addition to the nrDNA sequences, for the definition of a multi-locus phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kássia J. G. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Centro de Biociências, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
- Centro de Biociências, Campus Central, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Franco Magurno
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Larissa B. A. Leandro
- Centro de Biociências, Campus Central, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, RN, Brazil
| | - Bruno T. Goto
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, RN, Brazil
| | - Raquel C. Theodoro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, RN, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12994-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Ambrosino ML, Velázquez MS, Ontivero E, Cabello MN, Lugo MA. Communities of Glomeromycota in the Argentine Arid Diagonal: An Approach from Their Ecological Role in Grassland Management and Use. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12994-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cofré N, Marro N, Grilli G, Soteras F. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Agroecosystems of East-Central Argentina: Two Agricultural Practices Effects on Taxonomic Groups. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12994-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Marín C, Godoy R, Rubio J. Gaps in South American Mycorrhizal Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function Research. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12994-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Native and Exotic Woodland from Patagonian Andes: Anthropic Impacts and Mycorrhizas. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12994-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dos Passos JH, Maia LC, de Assis DMA, da Silva JA, Oehl F, da Silva IR. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community Structure in the Rhizosphere of Three Plant Species of Crystalline and Sedimentary Areas in the Brazilian Dry Forest. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:104-121. [PMID: 32761501 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian dry forest (Caatinga) is located in one of the world's largest tropical semiarid regions, and it occurs on two large geological environments named the crystalline and sedimentary basins. In order to determine the structure and the main drivers of the composition of communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the Caatinga, we collected soil samples from the rhizosphere of Jatropha mollissima, J. mutabilis, and Mimosa tenuiflora, species that occur in crystalline and sedimentary areas. Ninety-six AMF taxa were identified from soils collected directly in the field and trap cultures. Acaulospora, Glomus, and Rhizoglomus represented almost 49% of the taxon richness. The composition of the AMF communities differed between the crystalline and sedimentary areas and between the rhizospheres of the three plant species. Coarse sand, total sand, natural clay, calcium, soil particles density, flocculation, pH, and base saturation were the principal edaphic variables related to the distribution of these organisms. We registered nine and 17 AMF species classified as indicators, for the geological environments and plant species, respectively. Glomerospores of Glomerales predominated in crystalline basins, whereas glomerospores of Gigasporales prevailed in sedimentary areas; among the plant species, lower number of glomerospores of Archaeosporales and Glomerales was recorded in the rhizosphere of J. mollissima. The results show that the AMF community composition is shaped by geological environments and plant hosts. In addition, soil characteristics, mainly physical attributes, significantly influence the structure of Glomeromycota communities occurring in areas of the Brazilian semiarid.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Hilton Dos Passos
- Programa de Pós-Graduacao em Biologia de Fungos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, PE, 50740-600, Brazil
| | - Leonor Costa Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduacao em Biologia de Fungos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, PE, 50740-600, Brazil
| | - Daniele Magna Azevedo de Assis
- Programa de Pós-Graduacao em Biologia de Fungos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, PE, 50740-600, Brazil.
| | - Jailma Alves da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduacao em Biologia de Fungos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, PE, 50740-600, Brazil
| | - Fritz Oehl
- Agroscope, Competence Division for Plants and Plant Products, Ecotoxicology, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Iolanda Ramalho da Silva
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, 5200 N Lake Rd, CA, 95343, Merced, USA
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Rodrigues LA, da Silva DKA, Yano-Melo AM. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Assemblages in Conservation Unit of Atlantic Forest Areas Under Native Vegetation and Natural Regeneration. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:122-134. [PMID: 33410937 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in the dynamic of plant community in the south American Atlantic Rainforest biome. Even in protected areas, this biome is under several anthropic impacts, which can cause shifts in the soil microbiota, including AMF. This study aimed to determine the structure and composition of AMF community in areas of native Atlantic Forest and in natural regeneration and to identify which abiotic factors are influencing this community in these areas. Soil samples were collected at Monte Pascoal National and Historical Park, in Southern Bahia, in native and natural regeneration areas of Atlantic Forest in two seasons (rainy and dry). Greater number of glomerospores and richness and diversity of AMF were found in the area under regeneration, with differences between seasons being observed only for the number of glomerospores. Seventy-seven species of AMF were recorded, considering all areas and seasons, with Acaulospora and Glomus being the most representative genera. Greater abundance of species of the genera Acaulospora, Claroideoglomus, and Septoglomus was found in the regeneration area. The AMF community differed between the study areas, but not between seasons, with soil attributes (pH, K, Al, Mg, m, and clay) structuring factors for this difference in the AMF community. Atlantic Forest areas in natural regeneration and the soil edaphic factors provide changes in the structure and composition of the AMF community, increasing the richness and diversity of these fungi in conservation units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Araujo Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos, Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-600, Brazil
| | - Danielle Karla Alves da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Centro de Ciências Aplicadas e Educação, Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Av. Santa Elisabete, 160, Rio Tinto, PB, 58297-000, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Mayumi Yano-Melo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Campus de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Rodovia BR 407, Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho, s/n, "C1", Petrolina, PE, 56300-990, Brazil
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11
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Stürmer SL, Kemmelmeier K. The Glomeromycota in the Neotropics. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:553679. [PMID: 33510711 PMCID: PMC7835493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.553679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF—Glomeromycota) are a group of soil fungi with a widespread occurrence in terrestrial ecosystems where they play important roles that influence plant growth and ecosystem processes. The aim of this paper is to reveal AMF distribution in the Neotropics based on an extensive biogeography database with literature data from the last five decades. All four orders and 11 families were reported in the Neotropics. 221 species (69% of the total number of species for the phylum) were registered in the Neotropics pertaining to 37 genera. Acaulospora, Glomus, Scutellospora, and Funneliformis were the most speciose genera and represented by 47, 29, 15, and 13 species, respectively. Seventy-six species were originally described from Neotropics, which represents 24% of the total diversity of Glomeromycota. The most representative families were Gigasporaceae, Ambisporaceae, and Acaulosporaceae with 89%, 80%, and 79% of species within each family detected in the Neotropics, respectively. AMF were detected in 11 biomes and 52 ecological regions in 19 countries. Biomes with the largest number of species were Tropical and Subtropical Moist Forests (186 species), Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf forests (127 species), and Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands (124 species), and Jaccard’s similarity among them was 53–57%. Mean annual temperature and precipitation were not correlated with total AMF species richness. The Neotropics biomes shelter a large amount of the total diversity of Glomeromycota and studies of occurrence of these fungi should be encouraged considering their importance in maintaining terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Luiz Stürmer
- Laboratory of Mycorrhiza, Department of Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Karl Kemmelmeier
- Laboratory of Mycorrhiza, Department of Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, Brazil
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Ontivero RE, Voyron S, Allione LVR, Bianco P, Bianciotto V, Iriarte HJ, Lugo MA, Lumini E. Impact of land use history on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in arid soils of Argentinean farming fields. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:5869666. [PMID: 32648900 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a key soil functional group, with an important potential to increase crop productivity and sustainable agriculture including food security. However, there is clear evidence that land uses, crop rotations and soil features affect the AMF diversity and their community functioning in many agroecosystems. So far, the information related to AMF biodiversity in ecosystems like the Argentinean Puna, an arid high plateau where plants experience high abiotic stresses, is still scarce. In this work, we investigated morphological and molecular AMF diversity in soils of native corn, bean and native potato Andean crops, under a familiar land use, in Chaupi Rodeo (Jujuy, Argentina), without agrochemical supplements but with different histories of crop rotation. Our results showed that AMF morphological diversity was not only high and variable among the three different crop soils but also complemented by Illumina MiSeq data. The multivariate analyses highlighted that total fungal diversity is significantly affected by the preceding crop plants and the rotation histories, more than from the present crop species, while AMF communities are significantly affected by preceding crop only in combination with the effect of nitrogen and calcium soil concentration. This knowledge will give useful information on appropriate familiar farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Emanuel Ontivero
- Grupo de Micología, Diversidad e Interacciones Fúngicas (MICODIF), Área Ecología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Ejército de los Andes 950, D5700ANW San Luis, Argentina.,Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), UNSL, Almirante Brown 907, D5700ANW San Luis, Argentina
| | - Samuele Voyron
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR) and Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin (DiBIOS), Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Lucía V Risio Allione
- Grupo de Micología, Diversidad e Interacciones Fúngicas (MICODIF), Área Ecología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Ejército de los Andes 950, D5700ANW San Luis, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Dasonomía, Facultad de Ingeniería en Cs. Agropecuarias (FICA), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Ruta Provincial 55. D5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Paolo Bianco
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR) and Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin (DiBIOS), Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Bianciotto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR) and Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin (DiBIOS), Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Hebe J Iriarte
- Grupo de Micología, Diversidad e Interacciones Fúngicas (MICODIF), Área Ecología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Ejército de los Andes 950, D5700ANW San Luis, Argentina.,Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), UNSL, Almirante Brown 907, D5700ANW San Luis, Argentina
| | - Mónica A Lugo
- Grupo de Micología, Diversidad e Interacciones Fúngicas (MICODIF), Área Ecología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Ejército de los Andes 950, D5700ANW San Luis, Argentina.,Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), UNSL, Almirante Brown 907, D5700ANW San Luis, Argentina
| | - Erica Lumini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR) and Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin (DiBIOS), Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25, I-10125 Turin, Italy
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