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Hoffman JM, Valencak TG. Sex differences and aging: Is there a role of brown adipose tissue? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 531:111310. [PMID: 33989715 PMCID: PMC8195864 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In every population across the world, women live significantly longer than men; however, the underlying physiological processes that drive these sex differences in age-specific mortality are largely unknown. Recently, the role of adipose tissue in aging and longevity has been a focus of biomedical research in both humans and rodent models. Specifically, brown adipose tissue, a thermoregulatory tissue originally thought to not exist past infancy in humans, has been shown to potentially play a role in health throughout the lifespan. Females have larger adult brown adipose depots that are not just larger in size but also more efficient in non-shivering thermogenesis. This improved functioning of the brown adipose tissue may potentially lead to improved female health, and we hypothesize that this advantage may be of even bigger significance in the older population. Here, we briefly review what is known about sex differences in aging and how sex differences in brown adipose tissue may be contributing to the female lifespan advantage. These questions have usually been addressed in large experimental studies in rodents as a translational model of human aging. Overall, we propose that a better understanding of the thermogenesis-metabolism nexus is necessary in biomedical research, and sex differences in these factors may contribute to the female longevity bias seen in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Hoffman
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., CH464, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Teresa G Valencak
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Bartke A, Hascup E, Hascup K, Masternak MM. Growth Hormone and Aging: New Findings. World J Mens Health 2021; 39:454-465. [PMID: 33663025 PMCID: PMC8255405 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex relationships between growth hormone (GH) signaling and mammalian aging continue to attract attention of many investigators. Recent results include evidence that the impact of GH on genome maintenance (DNA damage and repair) is drastically different in normal as compared to cancer cells, consistent with GH promoting aging and cancer progression. Impact of GH on DNA methylation was studied as a possible mechanism linking actions of GH during early life to the trajectory of aging. Animals with reduced or enhanced GH signaling and novel animals with adipocyte-specific deletion of GH receptors were used to elucidate the effects of GH on white and brown adipose tissue, including the impact of this hormone on lipolysis, fibrosis, and thermogenesis. Effects of GH on adipose tissue related to lipid and energy metabolism emerge as mechanistic links between GH, healthspan, and lifespan. Treatment of healthy men with a combination of GH, dehydroepiandrosterone, and metformin was reported to restore thymus function and reduce epigenetic age. Studies of human subjects with deficiency of GH or GH receptors and studies of mice with the same endocrine syndromes identified several phenotypic changes related (positively or negatively) to the previously reported predisposition to healthy aging. Results of these and other recent studies advance present understanding of the mechanisms by which GH influences aging and longevity and of the trade-offs involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
| | - Erin Hascup
- Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Kevin Hascup
- Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Michal M Masternak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) actions impact growth, metabolism, and body composition and have been associated with aging and longevity. Lack of GH results in slower growth, delayed maturation, and reduced body size and can lead to delayed aging, increased healthspan, and a remarkable extension of longevity. Adult body size, which is a GH-dependent trait, has a negative association with longevity in several mammalian species. Mechanistic links between GH and aging include evolutionarily conserved insulin/insulin-like growth factors and mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathways in accordance with long-suspected trade-offs between anabolic/growth processes and longevity. Height and the rate and regulation of GH secretion have been related to human aging, but longevity is not extended in humans with syndromes of GH deficiency or resistance. However, the risk of age-related chronic disease is reduced in individuals affected by these syndromes and various indices of increased healthspan have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge, P.O. Box 19628, Springfield, IL, 62794-9628, USA.
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Khodaverdi E, Delroba K, Mohammadpour F, Khameneh B, Sajadi Tabassi SA, Tafaghodi M, Kamali H, Hadizadeh F. In-vitro Release Evaluation of Growth Hormone from an Injectable In-Situ Forming Gel Using PCL-PEG-PCL Thermosensitive Triblock. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:174-183. [PMID: 31987020 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200120120105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An injectable long acting In-Situ Forming Gel (ISFG) of human Growth Hormone (hGH) was prepared by using triblock PCL-PEG-PCL (Mw 1500-1500-1500). Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP) of triblock using microwave was applied. METHODS The BCA protein assay Kit was used to determine the concentration of hGH in the in-vitro release medium. Finally, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) tests and Circular Dichroism (CD) spectrum were done to approve the stability of released hGH. The result of ROP demonstrated that the proportion of PCL to PEG accorded with the initial molar ratio of the monomers. The cross-section of the Surface Electron Microscopy (SEM) indicated the porous framework of the hydrogel could load the drug into its tridimensional matrixes structure. There is the low initial burst release of hGH from the supramolecular hydrogel. RESULTS The maximum in-vitro release of hGH was 71.2 % ± 1.5 that were due to hGH degrading after this time (21 days). The CD spectrum and SDS-PAGE results confirmed the stability of hGH during invitro release evaluation. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the sustained-release formulation using PCL-PEG-PCL can be applied to control the release of hGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Khodaverdi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Delroba
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadpour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahman Khameneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sayyed A Sajadi Tabassi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Kamali
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Valencak TG, Spenlingwimmer T, Nimphy R, Reinisch I, Hoffman JM, Prokesch A. Challenging a "Cushy" Life: Potential Roles of Thermogenesis and Adipose Tissue Adaptations in Delayed Aging of Ames and Snell Dwarf Mice. Metabolites 2020; 10:E176. [PMID: 32365727 PMCID: PMC7281452 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10050176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory mouse models with genetically altered growth hormone (GH) signaling and subsequent endocrine disruptions, have longer lifespans than control littermates. As such, these mice are commonly examined to determine the role of the somatotropic axis as it relates to healthspan and longevity in mammals. The two most prominent mouse mutants in this context are the genetically dwarf Ames and Snell models which have been studied extensively for over two decades. However, it has only been proposed recently that both white and brown adipose tissue depots may contribute to their delayed aging. Here we review the current state of the field and supplement it with recent data from our labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa G. Valencak
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria; (T.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Tanja Spenlingwimmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria; (T.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Ricarda Nimphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria; (T.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Isabel Reinisch
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Jessica M. Hoffman
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., CH464, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Andreas Prokesch
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.R.); (A.P.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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