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Xu T, Huangfu B, He X, Huang K. Exosomes as mediators of signal transmitters in biotoxins toxicity: a comprehensive review. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:27. [PMID: 38693223 PMCID: PMC11062979 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Small membranes known as exosomes surround them and are released by several cell types both in vitro and in vivo. These membranes are packed with a variety of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and non-coding RNA (ncRNA). As a source of biological nanomaterials, exosomes play a role in information and substance transmission between cells and have been identified as a general method of facilitating communication during interactions between the body, target organs, and toxins.. In order to understand the changes and mechanism of the composition and level of exosomes after biotoxin infection, this review focuses on current findings on the exosomes and highlights their novel uses in the toxicity mechanism. Exosomes are mainly used as a delivery carrier or mediated by receptors, and play an immune role after the toxin enters the body. This review expounds on the importance of exosomes in the toxicological mechanism of biotoxins and provides new insights for further diagnosis of toxic biomarkers, detoxification, and treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bingxin Huangfu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100083, China.
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2
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Li JC, Wang LJ, Feng F, Chen TT, Shi WG, Liu LP. Role of heparanase in sepsis‑related acute kidney injury (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:379. [PMID: 37456170 PMCID: PMC10347300 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-related acute kidney injury (S-AKI) is a common and significant complication of sepsis in critically ill patients, which can often only be treated with antibiotics and medications that reduce S-AKI symptoms. The precise mechanism underlying the onset of S-AKI is still unclear, thus hindering the development of new strategies for its treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the pathogenesis of S-AKI to identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets for its early diagnosis and treatment. Heparanase (HPA), the only known enzyme that cleaves the side chain of heparan sulfate, has been widely studied in relation to tumor metabolism, procoagulant activity, angiogenesis, inflammation and sepsis. It has been reported that HPA plays an important role in the progression of S-AKI. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of the function of HPA in S-AKI and to summarize its underlying molecular mechanisms, including mediating inflammatory response, immune response, autophagy and exosome biogenesis. It is anticipated that emerging discoveries about HPA in S-AKI will support HPA as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target to combat S-AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Chun Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Jun Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Fei Feng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Gui Shi
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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3
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Oshchepkova A, Zenkova M, Vlassov V. Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Nucleic Acid Delivery: Loading Strategies and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087287. [PMID: 37108446 PMCID: PMC10139028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released into the extracellular milieu by cells of various origins. They contain different biological cargoes, protecting them from degradation by environmental factors. There is an opinion that EVs have a number of advantages over synthetic carriers, creating new opportunities for drug delivery. In this review, we discuss the ability of EVs to function as carriers for therapeutic nucleic acids (tNAs), challenges associated with the use of such carriers in vivo, and various strategies for tNA loading into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Oshchepkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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4
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Huang G, Zhao Q, Li W, Jiao J, Zhao X, Feng D, Tang W. Exosomes: A new option for osteoporosis treatment. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32402. [PMID: 36595975 PMCID: PMC9803424 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass and destruction of bone microarchitecture, leading to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. However, the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of this disease remain unclear. Extracellular vesicles, structures originating from the plasma membrane and ranging from 30 nm to 5 µm in diameter, play an important role in intercellular communication in the bone microenvironment. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that deliver cargo molecules, including endogenous proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. These cargo molecules are encapsulated in a lipid bilayer and internalized by target cells through receptor-ligand interactions or lipid membrane fusion. With the advancement of exosome research, exosome therapy for osteoporosis is fast becoming a research hotspot for researchers. This review aims to discuss the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. In addition, emerging diagnostic and therapeutic properties of exosomes are described to highlight the potential role of exosomes in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijiang Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, China
| | - Qianhao Zhao
- Kunming Children’s Hospital, Kunming City, China
| | - Wenhu Li
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, China
| | | | - Xin Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, China
| | - Dan Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, China
| | - Wei Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Tang, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China (e-mail: )
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5
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Therapeutic Strategy of Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126480. [PMID: 35742923 PMCID: PMC9224400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer membrane particles that play critical roles in intracellular communication through EV-encapsulated informative content, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent stem cells with self-renewal ability derived from bone marrow, fat, umbilical cord, menstruation blood, pulp, etc., which they use to induce tissue regeneration by their direct recruitment into injured tissues, including the heart, liver, lung, kidney, etc., or secreting factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor or insulin-like growth factor. Recently, MSC-derived EVs have been shown to have regenerative effects against various diseases, partially due to the post-transcriptional regulation of target genes by miRNAs. Furthermore, EVs have garnered attention as novel drug delivery systems, because they can specially encapsulate various target molecules. In this review, we summarize the regenerative effects and molecular mechanisms of MSC-derived EVs.
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6
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Extracellular Vesicles as Novel Drug-Delivery Systems through Intracellular Communications. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060550. [PMID: 35736256 PMCID: PMC9230693 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since it has been reported that extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry cargo using cell-to-cell comminication according to various in vivo situations, they are exprected to be applied as new drug-delivery systems (DDSs). In addition, non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), have attracted much attention as potential biomarkers in the encapsulated extracellular-vesicle (EV) form. EVs are bilayer-based lipids with heterogeneous populations of varying sizes and compositions. The EV-mediated transport of contents, which includes proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, has attracted attention as a DDS through intracellular communication. Many reports have been made on the development of methods for introducing molecules into EVs and efficient methods for introducing them into target vesicles. In this review, we outline the possible molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs in exosomes participate in the post-transcriptional regulation of signaling pathways via cell–cell communication as novel DDSs, especially small EVs.
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7
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Ginini L, Billan S, Fridman E, Gil Z. Insight into Extracellular Vesicle-Cell Communication: From Cell Recognition to Intracellular Fate. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091375. [PMID: 35563681 PMCID: PMC9101098 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogamous lipid bilayer-enclosed membranous structures secreted by cells. They are comprised of apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes, and carry a range of nucleic acids and proteins that are necessary for cell-to-cell communication via interaction on the cells surface. They initiate intracellular signaling pathways or the transference of cargo molecules, which elicit pleiotropic responses in recipient cells in physiological processes, as well as pathological processes, such as cancer. It is therefore important to understand the molecular means by which EVs are taken up into cells. Accordingly, this review summarizes the underlying mechanisms involved in EV targeting and uptake. The primary method of entry by EVs appears to be endocytosis, where clathrin-mediated, caveolae-dependent, macropinocytotic, phagocytotic, and lipid raft-mediated uptake have been variously described as being prevalent. EV uptake mechanisms may depend on proteins and lipids found on the surfaces of both vesicles and target cells. As EVs have been shown to contribute to cancer growth and progression, further exploration and targeting of the gateways utilized by EVs to internalize into tumor cells may assist in the prevention or deceleration of cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ginini
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel; (L.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Salem Billan
- Head and Neck Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
- Medical Oncology and Radiation Therapy Program, Oncology Section, Rambam Health Care Campus, HaAliya HaShniya Street 8, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Eran Fridman
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel; (L.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Ziv Gil
- Head and Neck Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4-854-2480
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8
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Shi H, Wang M, Sun Y, Yang D, Xu W, Qian H. Exosomes: Emerging Cell-Free Based Therapeutics in Dermatologic Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:736022. [PMID: 34722517 PMCID: PMC8553038 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.736022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles released by multiple cell types. These bioactive vesicles are gradually becoming a leading star in intercellular communication involving in various pathological and physiological process. Exosomes convey specific and bioactive transporting cargos, including lipids, nucleic acids and proteins which can be reflective of their parent cells, rendering them attractive in cell-free therapeutics. Numerous findings have confirmed the crucial role of exosomes in restraining scars, burning, senescence and wound recovery. Moreover, the biology research of exosomes in cutting-edge studies are emerging, allowing for the development of particular guidelines and quality control methodology, which favor their possible application in the future. In this review, we discussed therapeutic potential of exosomes in different relevant mode of dermatologic diseases, as well as the various molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, given the advantages of favorable biocompatibility and transporting capacity, the bioengineering modification of exosomes is also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yaoxiang Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Dakai Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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9
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Zhao L, Ye Y, Gu L, Jian Z, Stary CM, Xiong X. Extracellular vesicle-derived miRNA as a novel regulatory system for bi-directional communication in gut-brain-microbiota axis. J Transl Med 2021; 19:202. [PMID: 33975607 PMCID: PMC8111782 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain-microbiota axis (GBMAx) coordinates bidirectional communication between the gut and brain, and is increasingly recognized as playing a central role in physiology and disease. MicroRNAs are important intracellular components secreted by extracellular vesicles (EVs), which act as vital mediators of intercellular and interspecies communication. This review will present current advances in EV-derived microRNAs and their potential functional link with GBMAx. We propose that EV-derived microRNAs comprise a novel regulatory system for GBMAx, and a potential novel therapeutic target for modifying GBMAx in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Creed M Stary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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10
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Qiu Y, Li P, Zhang Z, Wu M. Insights Into Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs Sorting Mechanism and Clinical Application. Front Oncol 2021; 11:664904. [PMID: 33987099 PMCID: PMC8111219 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.664904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are natural nanoscale bilayer phospholipid vesicles that can be secreted by almost all types of cells and are detected in almost all types of body fluids. Exosomes are effective mediators of cell–cell signaling communication because of their ability to carry and transfer a variety of bioactive molecules, including non-coding RNAs. Non-coding RNAs have also been found to exert strong effects on a variety of biological processes, including tumorigenesis. Many researchers have established that exosomes encapsulate bioactive non-coding RNAs that alter the biological phenotype of specific target cells in an autocrine or a paracrine manner. However, the mechanism by which the producer cells package non-coding RNAs into exosomes is not well understood. This review focuses on the current research on exosomal non-coding RNAs, including the biogenesis of exosomes, the possible mechanism of sorting non-coding RNAs, their biological functions, and their potential for clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qiu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peiyao Li
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, China National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zuping Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Ding J, Wang J, Chen J. Exosomes as therapeutic vehicles in liver diseases. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:735. [PMID: 33987433 PMCID: PMC8106083 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of various liver diseases have progressed greatly over the years, but clinical outcomes are still not satisfying. New research on the mechanisms and application thereof may effectuate positive changes. Exosomes are membrane-derived nanovesicles ranging in size from 40 to 160 nm and are released by a diversity of cells. They contain a variety of cargo, including lipids, proteins, coding RNAs, and noncoding RNAs. Recent studies have recognized exosomes as intercellular communication agents, which play important roles in physiological or biological processes in acute or chronic liver disorders by horizontal transferring of genetic bioinformation from donor cells to neighboring or distal target cells. In the hope that exosomes can potentially be used as vehicles for clinical intervention, this review aims to focus on the roles of exosomes and their cargo in the field of various liver disorders, including virus-related liver diseases, alcoholic liver diseases (ALD), nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and liver cancer. In addition, many studies have indicated that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes or engineered MSC-derived exosomes can also exert hepatoprotection, antioxidation, or enhance drug sensitivity on corresponding liver diseases with the advantage of low immunogenicity and high biocompatibility. Overall, exosomes are expected to serve as an important therapeutic tool for various liver diseases. However, there are still many problems that need to be resolved by further research and a greater body of evidence before exosomes are ready for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ju Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD, Piperigkou Z, Manou D, Passi A, Skandalis SS, Vynios DH, Orian-Rousseau V, Ricard-Blum S, Schmelzer CEH, Duca L, Durbeej M, Afratis NA, Troeberg L, Franchi M, Masola V, Onisto M. A guide to the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix. FEBS J 2021; 288:6850-6912. [PMID: 33605520 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic 3-dimensional network of macromolecules that provides structural support for the cells and tissues. Accumulated knowledge clearly demonstrated over the last decade that ECM plays key regulatory roles since it orchestrates cell signaling, functions, properties and morphology. Extracellularly secreted as well as cell-bound factors are among the major members of the ECM family. Proteins/glycoproteins, such as collagens, elastin, laminins and tenascins, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, and their cell receptors such as CD44 and integrins, responsible for cell adhesion, comprise a well-organized functional network with significant roles in health and disease. On the other hand, enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases and specific glycosidases including heparanase and hyaluronidases contribute to matrix remodeling and affect human health. Several cell processes and functions, among them cell proliferation and survival, migration, differentiation, autophagy, angiogenesis, and immunity regulation are affected by certain matrix components. Structural alterations have been also well associated with disease progression. This guide on the composition and functions of the ECM gives a broad overview of the matrisome, the major ECM macromolecules, and their interaction networks within the ECM and with the cell surface, summarizes their main structural features and their roles in tissue organization and cell functions, and emphasizes the importance of specific ECM constituents in disease development and progression as well as the advances in molecular targeting of ECM to design new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitra Manou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Demitrios H Vynios
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Véronique Orian-Rousseau
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems- Functional Molecular Systems, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University of Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Christian E H Schmelzer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2: Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France
| | - Madeleine Durbeej
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit of Muscle Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos A Afratis
- Department Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich, UK
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Study, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Onisto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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13
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Faria-Ramos I, Poças J, Marques C, Santos-Antunes J, Macedo G, Reis CA, Magalhães A. Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans: (Un)Expected Allies in Cancer Clinical Management. Biomolecules 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 33494442 PMCID: PMC7911160 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era when cancer glycobiology research is exponentially growing, we are witnessing a progressive translation of the major scientific findings to the clinical practice with the overarching aim of improving cancer patients' management. Many mechanistic cell biology studies have demonstrated that heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans are key molecules responsible for several molecular and biochemical processes, impacting extracellular matrix properties and cellular functions. HS can interact with a myriad of different ligands, and therefore, hold a pleiotropic role in regulating the activity of important cellular receptors and downstream signalling pathways. The aberrant expression of HS glycan chains in tumours determines main malignant features, such as cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we devote particular attention to HS biological activities, its expression profile and modulation in cancer. Moreover, we highlight HS clinical potential to improve both diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, either as HS-based biomarkers or as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Faria-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Poças
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Santos-Antunes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Macedo
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Hermanowicz JM, Kwiatkowska I, Pawlak D. Important players in carcinogenesis as potential targets in cancer therapy: an update. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3078-3101. [PMID: 32850012 PMCID: PMC7429179 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer is a problem that has accompanied mankind for years. The growing number of cases, emerging drug resistance, and the need to reduce the serious side effects of pharmacotherapy are forcing scientists to better understand the complex mechanisms responsible for the initiation, promotion, and progression of the disease. This paper discusses the modulation of the particular stages of carcinogenesis by selected physiological factors, including: acetylcholine (ACh), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), aquaporins (AQPs), insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2), and exosomes. Understanding their role may contribute to the development of more effective and safer therapies based on new binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Magdalena Hermanowicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Iwona Kwiatkowska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza, Bialystok, Poland
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