1
|
Li JC, Huang ST, Feng F, Wang LJ, Chen TT, Li M, Liu LP. Relationship between low molecular weight heparin calcium therapy and prognosis in severe acute kidney injury in sepsis: Mendelian randomized analysis and retrospective study. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1389354. [PMID: 38915464 PMCID: PMC11194406 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1389354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) poses an independent risk for mortality due to the absence of highly sensitive biomarkers and a specific treatment plan. Objective Investigate the association between low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) calcium therapy and prognosis in critically ill SA-AKI patients, and assess the causal relationship through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods A single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional study included 90 SA-AKI patients and 30 septic patients without acute kidney injury (AKI) from the intensive care unit (ICU) of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University. SA-AKI patients were categorized into control or LMWH groups based on LMWH calcium usage. Primary outcome was renal function recovery, with secondary outcomes including 28-day mortality, ICU stay length, number of renal replacement therapy (RRT) recipients, and 90-day survival. MR and related sensitivity analyses explored causal effects. Results The combination of heparin-binding protein (HBP), heparanase (HPA), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) demonstrated high diagnostic value for SA-AKI. MR analysis suggested a potential causal link between gene-predicted HBP and AKI (OR: 1.369, 95%CI: 1.040-1.801, p = 0.024). In the retrospective study, LMWH-treated patients exhibited improved renal function, reduced levels of HPA, HBP, Syndecan-1, and inflammation, along with enhanced immune function compared to controls. However, LMWH did not impact 28-day mortality, 90-day survival, or ICU stay length. Conclusion LMWH could enhance renal function in SA-AKI patients. MR analysis supports this causal link, underscoring the need for further validation in randomized controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Chun Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shi-Tao Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fei Feng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lin-Jun Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Department of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li X, Pan X, Bai J, Chen Y, Lai Z, Chen Q, Ma F, Dong Y. Small-molecule α-lipoic acid targets ELK1 to balance human neutrophil and erythrocyte differentiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:100. [PMID: 38589882 PMCID: PMC11003016 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythroid and myeloid differentiation disorders are commonly occurred in leukemia. Given that the relationship between erythroid and myeloid lineages is still unclear. To find the co-regulators in erythroid and myeloid differentiation might help to find new target for therapy of myeloid leukemia. In hematopoiesis, ALA (alpha lipoic acid) is reported to inhibit neutrophil lineage determination by targeting transcription factor ELK1 in granulocyte-monocyte progenitors via splicing factor SF3B1. However, further exploration is needed to determine whether ELK1 is a common regulatory factor for erythroid and myeloid differentiation. METHODS In vitro culture of isolated CD34+, CMPs (common myeloid progenitors) and CD34+ CD371- HSPCs (hematopoietic stem progenitor cells) were performed to assay the differentiation potential of monocytes, neutrophils, and erythrocytes. Overexpression lentivirus of long isoform (L-ELK1) or the short isoform (S-ELK1) of ELK1 transduced CD34+ HSPCs were transplanted into NSG mice to assay the human lymphocyte and myeloid differentiation differences 3 months after transplantation. Knocking down of SRSF11, which was high expressed in CD371+GMPs (granulocyte-monocyte progenitors), upregulated by ALA and binding to ELK1-RNA splicing site, was performed to analyze the function in erythroid differentiation derived from CD34+ CD123mid CD38+ CD371- HPCs (hematopoietic progenitor cells). RNA sequencing of L-ELK1 and S-ELK1 overexpressed CD34+ CD123mid CD38+ CD371- HPCs were performed to assay the signals changed by ELK1. RESULTS Here, we presented new evidence that ALA promoted erythroid differentiation by targeting the transcription factor ELK1 in CD34+ CD371- hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs). Overexpression of either the long isoform (L-ELK1) or the short isoform (S-ELK1) of ELK1 inhibited erythroid-cell differentiation, but knockdown of ELK1 did not affect erythroid-cell differentiation. RNAseq analysis of CD34+ CD123mid CD38+ CD371- HPCs showed that L-ELK1 upregulated the expression of genes related to neutrophil activity, phosphorylation, and hypoxia signals, while S-ELK1 mainly regulated hypoxia-related signals. However, most of the genes that were upregulated by L-ELK1 were only moderately upregulated by S-ELK1, which might be due to a lack of serum response factor interaction and regulation domains in S-ELK1 compared to L-ELK1. In summary, the differentiation of neutrophils and erythrocytes might need to rely on the dose of L-ELK1 and S-ELK1 to achieve precise regulation via RNA splicing signals at early lineage commitment. CONCLUSIONS ALA and ELK1 are found to regulate both human granulopoiesis and erythropoiesis via RNA spliceosome, and ALA-ELK1 signal might be the target of human leukemia therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Xindu Road 783, Chengdu, 610500, China
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Pan
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Ju Bai
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Yijin Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | | | - Qiang Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China.
| | - Yong Dong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Xindu Road 783, Chengdu, 610500, China.
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Helmecke T, Hahn D, Matzke N, Ferdinand L, Franke L, Kühn S, Fischer G, Werner C, Maitz MF. Inflammation-Controlled Anti-Inflammatory Hydrogels. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206412. [PMID: 36581490 PMCID: PMC9982591 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While autoregulative adaptation is a common feature of living tissues, only a few feedback-controlled adaptive biomaterials are available so far. This paper herein reports a new polymer hydrogel platform designed to release anti-inflammatory molecules in response to the inflammatory activation of human blood. In this system, anti-inflammatory peptide drugs, targeting either the complement cascade, a complement receptor, or cyclophilin A, are conjugated to the hydrogel by a peptide sequence that is cleaved by elastase released from activated granulocytes. As a proof of concept, the adaptive drug delivery from the gel triggered by activated granulocytes and the effect of the released drug on the respective inflammatory pathways are demonstrated. Adjusting the gel functionalization degree is shown to allow for tuning the drug release profiles to effective doses within a micromolar range. Feedback-controlled delivery of covalently conjugated drugs from a hydrogel matrix is concluded to provide valuable safety features suitable to equip medical devices with highly active anti-inflammatory agents without suppressing the general immunosurveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Helmecke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research DresdenInstitute of Biofunctional Polymer MaterialsHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Dominik Hahn
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research DresdenInstitute of Biofunctional Polymer MaterialsHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Nadine Matzke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research DresdenInstitute of Biofunctional Polymer MaterialsHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Lisa Ferdinand
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research DresdenInstitute of Biofunctional Polymer MaterialsHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Lars Franke
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences37077GöttingenGermany
| | - Sebastian Kühn
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research DresdenInstitute of Biofunctional Polymer MaterialsHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Gunter Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences37077GöttingenGermany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research DresdenInstitute of Biofunctional Polymer MaterialsHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
- Technische Universität DresdenCluster of Excellence Physics of LifeCenter for Regenerative Therapies Dresden and Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryFetscherstraße 10501307DresdenGermany
| | - Manfred F. Maitz
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research DresdenInstitute of Biofunctional Polymer MaterialsHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Inflammation-mediated matrix remodeling of extracellular matrix-mimicking biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Acta Biomater 2022; 151:106-117. [PMID: 35970482 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking biomaterials are considered effective tissue-engineered scaffolds for regenerative medicine because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity. ECM-mimicking biomaterials preserve natural microstructures and matrix-related bioactive components and undergo continuous matrix remodeling upon transplantation. The interaction between host immune cells and transplanted ECM-mimicking biomaterials has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Transplantation of biomaterials may initiate injuries and early pro-inflammation reactions characterized by infiltration of neutrophils and M1 macrophages. Pro-inflammation reactions may lead to degradation of the transplanted biomaterial and drive the matrix into a fetal-like state. ECM degradation leads to the release of matrix-related bioactive components that act as signals for cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In late stages, pro-inflammatory cells fade away, and anti-inflammatory cells emerge, which involves macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype and leukocyte activation to T helper 2 (Th2) cells. These anti-inflammatory cells interact with each other to facilitate matrix deposition and tissue reconstruction. Deposited ECM molecules serve as vital components of the mature tissue and influence tissue homeostasis. However, dysregulation of matrix remodeling results in several pathological conditions, such as aggressive inflammation, difficult healing, and non-functional fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of inflammatory responses in matrix remodeling after transplantation of ECM-mimicking biomaterials. Additionally, we discuss the intrinsic linkages between matrix remodeling and tissue regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking biomaterials are effectively used as scaffolds in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, dysregulation of matrix remodeling can cause various pathological conditions. Here, the review describes the characteristics of inflammatory responses in matrix remodeling after transplantation of ECM-mimicking biomaterials. Additionally, we discuss the intrinsic linkages between matrix remodeling and tissue regeneration. We believe that understanding host immune responses to matrix remodeling of transplanted biomaterials is important for directing effective tissue regeneration of ECM-mimicking biomaterials. Considering the close relationship between immune response and matrix remodeling results, we highlight the need for studies of the effects of clinical characteristics on matrix remodeling of transplanted biomaterials.
Collapse
|
5
|
Histone H4 induces heparan sulfate degradation by activating heparanase in chlorine gas-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Res 2022; 23:14. [PMID: 35073921 PMCID: PMC8785471 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-01932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heparan sulfate (HS) degradation mediates pulmonary endothelial hyper-permeability and acute pulmonary edema during acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The aim of this study was to examine whether histone H4 induced HS degradation by activating heparanase (HPSE) in chlorine gas (Cl2)-induced ARDS. Methods Acute lung injury was induced by Cl2 exposure or histone H4 injection in C57BL/6 mice. Histone H4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma was measured by ELISA. HS degradation was measured by immunostaining, ELISA, and flow cytometry. HPSE mRNA and protein were measured by real-time qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively, at preset timepoints. The HPSE inhibitor OGT2115 and specific siRNAs were used to study the role of HPSE during HS degradation caused by Cl2 exposure or histone H4 challenge. Blocking antibodies against TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, or TLR6 were used in vitro to investigate which signaling pathway was involved. The transcriptional regulation of HPSE was studied vis-à-vis NF-κB, which was assessed by nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and phosphorylation of I-κBα protein. Results Histone H4 in BALF and plasma increased evidently after Cl2 inhalation. Cl2 exposure or histone H4 challenge caused obvious acute lung injury in mice, and the pulmonary glycocalyx was degraded evidently as observed from endothelial HS staining and measurement of plasma HS fragments. Pretreatment with OGT2115, an HPSE inhibitor, relieved the acute lung injury and HS degradation caused by Cl2 exposure or histone H4 challenge. Targeted knockdown of HPSE by RNA interference (RNAi) significantly inhibited histone H4 induced HS degradation in HPMECs, as measured by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. By inducing phosphorylation of I-κB α and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, histone H4 directly promoted mRNA transcription and protein expression of HPSE in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, a blocking antibody against TLR4 markedly inhibited both activation of NF-κB and expression of HPSE induced by histone H4. Conclusions Histone H4 is a major pro-inflammatory mediator in Cl2-induced ARDS in mice, and induces HS degradation by activating HPSE via TLRs- and NF-κB-signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
6
|
Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD, Piperigkou Z, Manou D, Passi A, Skandalis SS, Vynios DH, Orian-Rousseau V, Ricard-Blum S, Schmelzer CEH, Duca L, Durbeej M, Afratis NA, Troeberg L, Franchi M, Masola V, Onisto M. A guide to the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix. FEBS J 2021; 288:6850-6912. [PMID: 33605520 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic 3-dimensional network of macromolecules that provides structural support for the cells and tissues. Accumulated knowledge clearly demonstrated over the last decade that ECM plays key regulatory roles since it orchestrates cell signaling, functions, properties and morphology. Extracellularly secreted as well as cell-bound factors are among the major members of the ECM family. Proteins/glycoproteins, such as collagens, elastin, laminins and tenascins, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, and their cell receptors such as CD44 and integrins, responsible for cell adhesion, comprise a well-organized functional network with significant roles in health and disease. On the other hand, enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases and specific glycosidases including heparanase and hyaluronidases contribute to matrix remodeling and affect human health. Several cell processes and functions, among them cell proliferation and survival, migration, differentiation, autophagy, angiogenesis, and immunity regulation are affected by certain matrix components. Structural alterations have been also well associated with disease progression. This guide on the composition and functions of the ECM gives a broad overview of the matrisome, the major ECM macromolecules, and their interaction networks within the ECM and with the cell surface, summarizes their main structural features and their roles in tissue organization and cell functions, and emphasizes the importance of specific ECM constituents in disease development and progression as well as the advances in molecular targeting of ECM to design new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitra Manou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Demitrios H Vynios
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Véronique Orian-Rousseau
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems- Functional Molecular Systems, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University of Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Christian E H Schmelzer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2: Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France
| | - Madeleine Durbeej
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit of Muscle Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos A Afratis
- Department Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich, UK
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Study, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Onisto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gopal S, Arokiasamy S, Pataki C, Whiteford JR, Couchman JR. Syndecan receptors: pericellular regulators in development and inflammatory disease. Open Biol 2021; 11:200377. [PMID: 33561383 PMCID: PMC8061687 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndecans are the major family of transmembrane proteoglycans, usually bearing multiple heparan sulfate chains. They are present on virtually all nucleated cells of vertebrates and are also present in invertebrates, indicative of a long evolutionary history. Genetic models in both vertebrates and invertebrates have shown that syndecans link to the actin cytoskeleton and can fine-tune cell adhesion, migration, junction formation, polarity and differentiation. Although often associated as co-receptors with other classes of receptors (e.g. integrins, growth factor and morphogen receptors), syndecans can nonetheless signal to the cytoplasm in discrete ways. Syndecan expression levels are upregulated in development, tissue repair and an array of human diseases, which has led to the increased appreciation that they may be important in pathogenesis not only as diagnostic or prognostic agents, but also as potential targets. Here, their functions in development and inflammatory diseases are summarized, including their potential roles as conduits for viral pathogen entry into cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gopal
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Samantha Arokiasamy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Csilla Pataki
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Biocentre 1.3.16, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - James R. Whiteford
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John R. Couchman
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Biocentre 1.3.16, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|