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Han J, Mu Y, Huang J. Preserving genome integrity: The vital role of SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases. CELL INSIGHT 2023; 2:100128. [PMID: 38047137 PMCID: PMC10692494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Various post-translational modifications (PTMs) collaboratively fine-tune protein activities. SUMO-targeted ubiquitin E3 ligases (STUbLs) emerge as specialized enzymes that recognize SUMO-modified substrates through SUMO-interaction motifs and subsequently ubiquitinate them via the RING domain, thereby bridging the SUMO and ubiquitin signaling pathways. STUbLs participate in a wide array of molecular processes, including cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, replication, and mitosis, operating under both normal conditions and in response to challenges such as genotoxic stress. Their ability to catalyze various types of ubiquitin chains results in diverse proteolytic and non-proteolytic outcomes for target substrates. Importantly, STUbLs are strategically positioned in close proximity to SUMO proteases and deubiquitinases (DUBs), ensuring precise and dynamic control over their target proteins. In this review, we provide insights into the unique properties and indispensable roles of STUbLs, with a particular emphasis on their significance in preserving genome integrity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Han
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhua Mu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis & Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Gonzalez-Santamarta M, Ceccato L, Carvalho AS, Rain JC, Matthiesen R, Rodriguez MS. Isolation and Mass Spectrometry Identification of K48 and K63 Ubiquitin Proteome Using Chain-Specific Nanobodies. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2602:125-136. [PMID: 36446971 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2859-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitylation is an essential mechanism regulating almost all cellular functions in eukaryotes. The understanding of the role of distinct ubiquitin chains in different cellular processes is essential to identify biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis but also to open new therapeutic possibilities. The high complexity of ubiquitin chains complicates this analysis, and multiple strategies have been developed over the last decades. Here, we report a protocol for the isolation and identification of K48 and K63 ubiquitin chains using chain-specific nanobodies associated to mass spectrometry. Different steps were optimized to increase the purification yield and reduce the binding on nonspecific proteins. The resulting protocol allows the enrichment of ubiquitin chain-specific targets from mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gonzalez-Santamarta
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) - UPR 8241 CNRS, and UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurie Ceccato
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) - UPR 8241 CNRS, and UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ana Sofia Carvalho
- Computational and Experimental Biology Group, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Rune Matthiesen
- Computational and Experimental Biology Group, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel S Rodriguez
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) - UPR 8241 CNRS, and UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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Recasens-Zorzo C, Gâtel P, Brockly F, Bossis G. A Microbead-Based Flow Cytometry Assay to Assess the Activity of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Conjugating Enzymes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2602:65-79. [PMID: 36446967 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2859-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The peptidic posttranslational modifiers of the ubiquitin (Ub) family (ubiquitin-like, UbLs) are conjugated to thousands of proteins to modify their function and fate. Dysregulation of their conjugation/deconjugation pathways is associated with a variety of pathological disorders. However, the techniques currently available to monitor the levels of target modification by UbLs as well as the activity of UbL-conjugating enzymes are limited and generally not quantitative. Here, we describe a microbead-based flow cytometry assay to accurately quantify UbL conjugation activity. It measures the capacity of UbL-conjugating enzymes, either purified or present in cell extracts, to transfer their respective UbL onto target substrates immobilized on color-coded microbeads. Although this protocol describes its use to study protein modification by Ub, SUMO-1 to SUMO-3, and NEDD8, this assay may be applicable to investigating conjugation of any other UbLs. It should therefore prove a precious tool for both screening UbL-conjugating enzymes inhibitors and following UbL pathway dysregulations in both physiological and pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Recasens-Zorzo
- IGMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gâtel
- IGMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Brockly
- IGMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Bossis
- IGMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
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Gonzalez-Santamarta M, Bouvier C, Rodriguez MS, Xolalpa W. Ubiquitin-chains dynamics and its role regulating crucial cellular processes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:155-170. [PMID: 34895814 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The proteome adapts to multiple situations occurring along the life of the cell. To face these continuous changes, the cell uses posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to control the localization, association with multiple partners, stability, and activity of protein targets. One of the most dynamic protein involved in PTMs is Ubiquitin (Ub). Together with other members of the same family, known as Ubiquitin-like (UbL) proteins, Ub rebuilds the architecture of a protein in a few minutes to change its properties in a very efficient way. This capacity of Ub and UbL is in part due to their potential to form complex architectures when attached to target proteins or when forming Ub chains. The highly dynamic formation and remodeling of Ub chains is regulated by the action of conjugating and deconjugating enzymes that determine, in due time, the correct chain architecture for a particular cellular function. Chain remodeling occurs in response to physiologic stimuli but also in pathologic situations. Here, we illustrate well-documented cases of chain remodeling during DNA repair, activation of the NF-κB pathway and autophagy, as examples of this dynamic regulation. The crucial role of enzymes and cofactors regulating chain remodeling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gonzalez-Santamarta
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) - UPR 8241 CNRS, and UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Corentin Bouvier
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) - UPR 8241 CNRS, and UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Manuel S Rodriguez
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) - UPR 8241 CNRS, and UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Wendy Xolalpa
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Gomarasca M, Lombardi G, Maroni P. SUMOylation and NEDDylation in Primary and Metastatic Cancers to Bone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:889002. [PMID: 35465332 PMCID: PMC9020829 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.889002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications comprise series of enzymatically-driven chemical modifications, virtually involving the entire cell proteome, that affect the fate of a target protein and, in turn, cell activity. Different classes of modifications can be established ranging from phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, methylation, lipidation and their inverse reactions. Among these, SUMOylation and NEDDylation are ubiquitin-like multi-enzymatic processes that determine the bound of SUMOs and NEDD8 labels, respectively, on defined amino acidic residues of a specific protein and regulate protein function. As fate-determinants of several effectors and mediators, SUMOylation and NEDDylation play relevant roles in many aspects of tumor cell biology. Bone represents a preferential site of metastasis for solid tumors (e.g., breast and prostate cancers) and the primary site of primitive tumors (e.g., osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma). Deregulation of SUMOylation and NEDDylation affects different aspects of neoplastic transformation and evolution such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, adaptation to hypoxia, expression and action of tumor suppressors and oncogenic mediators, and drug resistance. Thereby, they represent potential therapeutic targets. This narrative review aims at describing the involvement and regulation of SUMOylation and NEDDylation in tumor biology, with a specific focus on primary and secondary bone tumors, and to summarize and highlight their potentiality in diagnostics and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gomarasca
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Polska
- *Correspondence: Giovanni Lombardi,
| | - Paola Maroni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
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Non-proteolytic ubiquitylation in cellular signaling and human disease. Commun Biol 2022; 5:114. [PMID: 35136173 PMCID: PMC8826416 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins that frequently targets substrates for proteasomal degradation. However it can also result in non-proteolytic events which play important functions in cellular processes such as intracellular signaling, membrane trafficking, DNA repair and cell cycle. Emerging evidence demonstrates that dysfunction of non-proteolytic ubiquitylation is associated with the development of multiple human diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and the latest concepts on how non-proteolytic ubiquitylation pathways are involved in cellular signaling and in disease-mediating processes. Our review, may advance our understanding of the non-degradative ubiquitylation process. Evanthia Pangou and co-authors review recent insights into the important roles of non-proteolytic ubiquitylation in cellular signaling as well as in physiology and disease.
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Abstract
SUMOylation dynamically conjugates SUMO molecules to the lysine residue of a substrate protein, which depends on the physiological state of the cell and the attached SUMO isoforms. A prominent role of SUMOylation in molecular pathways is to govern the cellular death process. Herein, we summarize the association between SUMOylation modification events and four types of cellular death processes: apoptosis, autophagy, senescence and pyroptosis. SUMOylation positively or negatively regulates a certain cellular death pattern depending on specific conditions including the attached SUMO isoforms, disease types, substrate proteins and cell context. Moreover, we also discuss the possible role of SUMOylation in ferroptosis and propose a potential role of the SUMOylated GPX4 in the regulation of ferroptosis. Mapping the exact SUMOylation network with cellular death contributes to develop novel SUMOylation-targeting disease therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Song YQ, Wu C, Wu KJ, Han QB, Miao XM, Ma DL, Leung CH. Ubiquitination Regulators Discovered by Virtual Screening for the Treatment of Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665646. [PMID: 34055799 PMCID: PMC8149734 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system oversees cellular protein degradation in order to regulate various critical processes, such as cell cycle control and DNA repair. Ubiquitination can serve as a marker for mutation, chemical damage, transcriptional or translational errors, and heat-induced denaturation. However, aberrant ubiquitination and degradation of tumor suppressor proteins may result in the growth and metastasis of cancer. Hence, targeting the ubiquitination cascade reaction has become a potential strategy for treating malignant diseases. Meanwhile, computer-aided methods have become widely accepted as fast and efficient techniques for early stage drug discovery. This review summarizes ubiquitination regulators that have been discovered via virtual screening and their applications for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Chun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ke-Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Quan-Bin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xiang-Min Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
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Fuentes-Antrás J, Alcaraz-Sanabria AL, Morafraile EC, Noblejas-López MDM, Galán-Moya EM, Baliu-Pique M, López-Cade I, García-Barberán V, Pérez-Segura P, Manzano A, Pandiella A, Győrffy B, Ocaña A. Mapping of Genomic Vulnerabilities in the Post-Translational Ubiquitination, SUMOylation and Neddylation Machinery in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040833. [PMID: 33671201 PMCID: PMC7922122 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer is a major cause of death worldwide and remains incurable in advanced stages. The dysregulation of the post-translational machinery has been found to underlie tumorigenesis and drug resistance in preclinical models but has only recently led to early trials in cancer patients. We performed an in silico analysis of the most common genomic alterations occurring in ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like SUMOylation and neddylation using data from publicly available repositories and with the aim of identifying those with prognostic and predictive value and those exploitable for therapeutic intervention. Clinical and statistical criteria were used to sort out the best candidates and the results were validated in independent datasets. UBE2T, UBE2C, and BIRC5 amplifications predicted a worse survival and poor response to therapy across different intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer. Mutated USP9X and USP7 also conferred detrimental outcome. Leveraging these molecular vulnerabilities as biomarkers or drug targets could benefit breast cancer patients. Abstract The dysregulation of post-translational modifications (PTM) transversally impacts cancer hallmarks and constitutes an appealing vulnerability for drug development. In breast cancer there is growing preclinical evidence of the role of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like SUMO and Nedd8 peptide conjugation to the proteome in tumorigenesis and drug resistance, particularly through their interplay with estrogen receptor signaling and DNA repair. Herein we explored genomic alterations in these processes using RNA-seq and mutation data from TCGA and METABRIC datasets, and analyzed them using a bioinformatic pipeline in search of those with prognostic and predictive capability which could qualify as subjects of drug research. Amplification of UBE2T, UBE2C, and BIRC5 conferred a worse prognosis in luminal A/B and basal-like tumors, luminal A/B tumors, and luminal A tumors, respectively. Higher UBE2T expression levels were predictive of a lower rate of pathological complete response in triple negative breast cancer patients following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, whereas UBE2C and BIRC5 expression was higher in luminal A patients with tumor relapse within 5 years of endocrine therapy or chemotherapy. The transcriptomic signatures of USP9X and USP7 gene mutations also conferred worse prognosis in luminal A, HER2-enriched, and basal-like tumors, and in luminal A tumors, respectively. In conclusion, we identified and characterized the clinical value of a group of genomic alterations in ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and neddylation enzymes, with potential for drug development in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fuentes-Antrás
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.M.); (M.B.-P.); (P.P.-S.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.F.-A.); (A.O.)
| | - Ana Lucía Alcaraz-Sanabria
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Castilla-La Mancha University (CRIB-UCLM), 02008 Albacete, Spain; (A.L.A.-S.); (M.d.M.N.-L.); (E.M.G.-M.)
| | - Esther Cabañas Morafraile
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.M.); (M.B.-P.); (P.P.-S.); (A.M.)
| | - María del Mar Noblejas-López
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Castilla-La Mancha University (CRIB-UCLM), 02008 Albacete, Spain; (A.L.A.-S.); (M.d.M.N.-L.); (E.M.G.-M.)
| | - Eva María Galán-Moya
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Castilla-La Mancha University (CRIB-UCLM), 02008 Albacete, Spain; (A.L.A.-S.); (M.d.M.N.-L.); (E.M.G.-M.)
| | - Mariona Baliu-Pique
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.M.); (M.B.-P.); (P.P.-S.); (A.M.)
| | - Igor López-Cade
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISCC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (V.G.-B.)
| | - Vanesa García-Barberán
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISCC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (V.G.-B.)
| | - Pedro Pérez-Segura
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.M.); (M.B.-P.); (P.P.-S.); (A.M.)
| | - Aránzazu Manzano
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.M.); (M.B.-P.); (P.P.-S.); (A.M.)
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC-IBSAL) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary;
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
- TTK Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.M.); (M.B.-P.); (P.P.-S.); (A.M.)
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Castilla-La Mancha University (CRIB-UCLM), 02008 Albacete, Spain; (A.L.A.-S.); (M.d.M.N.-L.); (E.M.G.-M.)
- Correspondence: (J.F.-A.); (A.O.)
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