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Li Y, Chen Y, Li X, Wu J, Pan JY, Cai RX, Yang RY, Wang XD. RNA sequencing screening of differentially expressed genes after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1583-1593. [PMID: 31089057 PMCID: PMC6557110 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.255994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for a therapeutic schedule for spinal cord injury, it is necessary to understand key genes and their corresponding regulatory networks involved in the spinal cord injury process. However, ad hoc selection and analysis of one or two genes cannot fully reveal the complex molecular biological mechanisms of spinal cord injury. The emergence of second-generation sequencing technology (RNA sequencing) has provided a better method. In this study, RNA sequencing technology was used to analyze differentially expressed genes at different time points after spinal cord injury in rat models established by contusion of the eighth thoracic segment. The numbers of genes that changed significantly were 944, 1362 and 1421 at 1, 4 and 7 days after spinal cord injury respectively. After gene ontology analysis and temporal expression analysis of the differentially expressed genes, C5ar1, Socs3 and CCL6 genes were then selected and identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay. The mRNA expression trends of C5ar1, Socs3 and CCL6 genes were consistent with the RNA sequencing results. Further verification and analysis of C5ar1 indicate that the level of protein expression of C5ar1 was consistent with its nucleic acid level after spinal cord injury. C5ar1 was mainly expressed in neurons and astrocytes. Finally, the gene Itgb2, which may be related to C5ar1, was found by Chilibot database and literature search. Immunofluorescence histochemical results showed that the expression of Itgb2 was highly consistent with that of C5ar1. Itgb2 was expressed in astrocytes. RNA sequencing technology can screen differentially expressed genes at different time points after spinal cord injury. Through analysis and verification, genes strongly associated with spinal cord injury can be screened. This can provide experimental data for further determining the molecular mechanism of spinal cord injury, and also provide possible targets for the treatment of spinal cord injury. This study was approved ethically by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Jiangsu Province, China (approval No. 2018-0306-001) on March 6, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou; Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-Ying Pan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ri-Xin Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ri-Yun Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Ayer RE, Ostrowski RP, Sugawara T, Ma Q, Jafarian N, Tang J, Zhang JH. Statin-induced T-lymphocyte modulation and neuroprotection following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2013; 115:259-66. [PMID: 22890678 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1192-5_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins influence immune system activities through mechanisms independent of their lipid-lowering properties. T cells can be subdivided based on cytokine secretion patterns into two subsets: T-helper cells type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2). Independent laboratory studies have shown statins to be potent inducers of a Th2 switch in immune cell response and be neuroprotective in several models of central nervous system (CNS) disease. This study was the first to evaluate the immune modulating effects of statins in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS Simvastatin was administered to rats intraperitoneally in two dosages (1 and 20 mg/kg) 30 min after the induction of SAH using endovascular perforation. Neurological scores were assessed 24 h later. Animals were then sacrificed, and samples of cortex and brain stem were tested for expression of the T-regulatory cell cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF) β1, as well as interleukin (IL) 1β, a proinflammatory cytokine associated with Th1 immune responses. The presence of TGF-β1 secreting T cells was evaluated with the use of brain slices. RESULTS SAH significantly impaired neurological function in all SAH groups (treated and untreated) versus sham. Animals treated with high-dose simvastatin had less neurological impairment than both untreated and low-dose groups. Cortical and brain-stem levels of TGF-β1 were significantly elevated following SAH in the high-dose group. IL-1β was significantly elevated following the induction of SAH but was inhibited by high-dose simvastatin. Double-labeled fluorescent immunohistochemical data demonstrated the presence of lymphocytes in the subarachnoid and perivascular spaces following SAH. Expression of TGF-β1 by lymphocytes was markedly increased following treatment with high-dose simvastatin. CONCLUSION The present study elucidated the potential role of a Th2 immune switch in statin provided neuroprotection following SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ayer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Hayakawa K, Miyamoto N, Seo JH, Pham LDD, Kim KW, Lo EH, Arai K. High-mobility group box 1 from reactive astrocytes enhances the accumulation of endothelial progenitor cells in damaged white matter. J Neurochem 2012; 125:273-80. [PMID: 23227954 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was initially described as a damage-associated-molecular-pattern (DAMP) mediator that worsens acute brain injury after stroke. But, recent findings suggest that HMGB1 can play a surprisingly beneficial role during stroke recovery by promoting endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) function and vascular remodeling in cortical gray matter. Here, we ask whether HMGB1 may also influence EPC responses in white matter injury. The standard lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) injection model was used to induce focal demyelination in the corpus callosum of mice. Immunostaining showed that within the focal white matter lesions, HMGB1 was up-regulated in GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes, along with the accumulation of Flk1/CD34-double-positive EPCs that expressed pro-recovery mediators such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Astrocyte-EPC signaling required the HMGB1 receptor RAGE as treatment with RAGE-neutralizing antibody significantly decreased EPC accumulation. Moreover, suppression of HMGB1 with siRNA in vivo significantly decreased EPC numbers in damaged white matter as well as proliferated endothelial cell numbers. Finally, in vitro cell culture systems confirmed that HMGB1 directly affected EPC function such as migration and tube formation. Taken together, our findings suggest that HMGB1 from reactive astrocytes may attract EPCs to promote recovery after white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Hayakawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nobukazu Miyamoto
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ji Hae Seo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,NeuroVascular Coordination Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Loc-Duyen D Pham
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- NeuroVascular Coordination Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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What sequences on high-field MR best depict temporal resolution of experimental ICH and edema formation in mice? J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:961461. [PMID: 22619500 PMCID: PMC3351132 DOI: 10.1155/2012/961461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pilot study to examine the use of T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted images for evaluating hematoma size and extent of edema in mouse brain at high field. METHODS Following collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage, nine mice were imaged at 4.7 T using T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted images for hematoma and edema quantitation on days 1, 3, 10, and 21 after surgery. Values were compared with morphometric analysis of cryosections at the time of final MR imaging. RESULTS For hematoma quantitation, the Spearman correlation coefficient (r) between T1 signal change and histology was 0.70 (P < 0.04) compared with r = 0.61 (P < 0.09) for T2*. The extent of perihematomal edema formation on cryosections was well reflected on T2 with r = 0.73 (P < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of our pilot study, MR imaging on 4.7 T appears to approximate the temporal changes in hematoma and edema sizes in murine ICH well, thus laying the groundwork for longitudinal studies on hematoma resorption and edema formation.
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Bodmer D, Vaughan KA, Zacharia BE, Hickman ZL, Connolly ES. The Molecular Mechanisms that Promote Edema After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 3:52-61. [PMID: 24323861 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating type of stroke with no effective therapies. Clinical advances in ICH treatment are limited by an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for secondary injury and poor outcome. Increasing evidence suggests that cerebral edema is a major contributor to secondary injury and poor outcome in ICH. ICH activates specific signaling pathways that promote edema and damage neuronal tissue. By increasing our understanding of these pathways, we may be able to target them pharmaceutically to reduce edema in ICH patients. In this review, we focus on three major signaling pathways that promote edema after ICH: (1) the coagulation cascade and thrombin, (2) the inflammatory response and matrix metalloproteinases, and (3) the complement cascade and hemoglobin toxicity. We will describe the experimental evidence that confirms these pathways promote edema in ICH, discuss potential targets for new therapies, and comment on important directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bodmer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Sansing LH, Harris TH, Kasner SE, Hunter CA, Kariko K. Neutrophil depletion diminishes monocyte infiltration and improves functional outcome after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 111:173-8. [PMID: 21725751 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to secondary injury and neuronal loss after intracerebral hemorrhage, but the role of individual immune populations in these processes is unclear. In a mouse model, the injection of autologous blood into the striatum was associated with an intense inflammatory cell infiltrate composed of neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Selective depletion of neutrophils resulted in decreased infiltration of monocytes and improved functional outcomes at day 3 post-hemorrhage. These findings indicate that neutrophil infiltration into the site of hemorrhage contributes to brain injury either by direct cellular damage or the recruitment of monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 3 W Gates, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Sykora M, Diedler J, Turcani P, Rupp A, Steiner T. Subacute perihematomal edema in intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with impaired blood pressure regulation. J Neurol Sci 2009; 284:108-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Revised: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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