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Behl T, Kaur I, Kumar A, Mehta V, Zengin G, Arora S. Gene Therapy in the Management of Parkinson's Disease: Potential of GDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 20:207-222. [PMID: 32811394 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200817164051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The limitations of conventional treatment therapies in Parkinson's disorder, a common neurodegenerative disorder, lead to the development of an alternative gene therapy approach. Multiple treatment options targeting dopaminergic neuronal regeneration, production of enzymes linked with dopamine synthesis, subthalamic nucleus neurons, regulation of astrocytes and microglial cells and potentiating neurotrophic factors, were established. Viral vector-based dopamine delivery, prodrug approaches, fetal ventral mesencephalon tissue transplantation and dopamine synthesizing enzyme encoding gene delivery are significant therapies evidently supported by numerous trials. The review primarily elaborates on the significant role of glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor in alleviating motor symptoms and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects of GDNF were established via preclinical and clinical study outcomes. The binding of GDNF family ligands with associated receptors leads to the formation of a receptor-ligand complex activating Ret receptor of tyrosine kinase family, which is only expressed in dopaminergic neurons, playing an important role in Parkinson's disease, via its association with the essential protein encoded genes. Furthermore, the review establishes delivery aspects, like ventricular delivery of recombinant GDNF, intraparenchymal and intraputaminal delivery using infusion catheters. The review highlights problems and challenges of GDNF delivery, and essential measures to overcome them, like gene therapy combinations, optimization of delivery vectors, newer targeting devices, motor symptoms curbing focused ultrasound techniques, modifications in patient selection criteria and development of novel delivery strategies based on liposomes and encapsulated cells, to promote safe and effective delivery of neurotrophic factor and establishment of routine treatment therapy for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | | | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
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Chen E, Paré JF, Wichmann T, Smith Y. Sub-synaptic localization of Ca v3.1 T-type calcium channels in the thalamus of normal and parkinsonian monkeys. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:735-748. [PMID: 27255751 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
T-type calcium channels (Cav3) are key mediators of thalamic bursting activity, but also regulate single cells excitability, dendritic integration, synaptic strength and transmitter release. These functions are strongly influenced by the subcellular and subsynaptic localization of Cav3 channels along the somatodendritic domain of thalamic cells. In Parkinson's disease, T-type calcium channels dysfunction in the basal ganglia-receiving thalamic nuclei likely contributes to pathological thalamic bursting activity. In this study, we analyzed the cellular, subcellular, and subsynaptic localization of the Cav3.1 channel in the ventral anterior (VA) and centromedian/parafascicular (CM/Pf) thalamic nuclei, the main thalamic targets of basal ganglia output, in normal and parkinsonian monkeys. All thalamic nuclei displayed strong Cav3.1 neuropil immunoreactivity, although the intensity of immunolabeling in CM/Pf was significantly lower than in VA. Ultrastructurally, 70-80 % of the Cav3.1-immunoreactive structures were dendritic shafts. Using immunogold labeling, Cav3.1 was commonly found perisynaptic to asymmetric and symmetric axo-dendritic synapses, suggesting a role of Cav3.1 in regulating excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Significant labeling was also found at non-synaptic sites along the plasma membrane of thalamic neurons. There was no difference in the overall pattern and intensity of immunostaining between normal and parkinsonian monkeys, suggesting that the increased rebound bursting in the parkinsonian state is not driven by changes in Cav3.1 expression. Thus, T-type calcium channels are located to subserve neuronal bursting, but also regulate glutamatergic and non-glutamatergic transmission along the whole somatodendritic domain of basal ganglia-receiving neurons of the primate thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdong Chen
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Paré
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA. .,Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Yang YC, Tai CH, Pan MK, Kuo CC. The T-type calcium channel as a new therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:747-55. [PMID: 24531801 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent movement disorder caused by degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) at the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been a new and effective treatment of PD. It is interesting how a neurological disorder caused by the deficiency of a specific chemical substance (i.e., dopamine) from one site could be so successfully treated by a pure physical maneuver (i.e., DBS) at another site. STN neurons could discharge in the single-spike or the burst modes. A significant increase in STN burst discharges has been unequivocally observed in dopamine-deprived conditions such as PD, and was recently shown to have a direct causal relation with parkinsonian symptoms. The occurrence of burst discharges in STN requires enough available T-type Ca(2+) currents, which could bring the relatively negative membrane potential to the threshold of firing Na(+) spikes. DBS, by injection of negative currents into the extracellular space, most likely would depolarize the STN neuron and then inactivate the T-type Ca(2+) channel. Burst discharges are thus decreased and parkinsonian locomotor deficits ameliorated. Conversely, injection of positive currents into STN itself could induce parkinsonian locomotor deficits in animals without dopaminergic lesions. Local application of T-type Ca(2+) channel blockers into STN would also dramatically decrease the burst discharges and improve parkinsonian locomotor symptoms. Notably, zonisamide, which could inhibit T-type Ca(2+) currents in STN, has been shown to benefit PD patients in a clinical trial. From the pathophysiological perspectives, PD can be viewed as a prototypical disorder of "brain arrhythmias". Modulation of relevant ion channels by physical or chemical maneuvers may be important therapeutic considerations for PD and other diseases related to deranged neural rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Tai CH, Yang YC, Pan MK, Huang CS, Kuo CC. Modulation of subthalamic T-type Ca(2+) channels remedies locomotor deficits in a rat model of Parkinson disease. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3289-305. [PMID: 21737877 DOI: 10.1172/jci46482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in neuronal burst activities in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a well-documented electrophysiological feature of Parkinson disease (PD). However, the causal relationship between subthalamic bursts and PD symptoms and the ionic mechanisms underlying the bursts remain to be established. Here, we have shown that T-type Ca(2+) channels are necessary for subthalamic burst firing and that pharmacological blockade of T-type Ca(2+) channels reduces motor deficits in a rat model of PD. Ni(2+), mibefradil, NNC 55-0396, and efonidipine, which inhibited T-type Ca(2+) currents in acutely dissociated STN neurons, but not Cd(2+) and nifedipine, which preferentially inhibited L-type or the other non–T-type Ca(2+) currents, effectively diminished burst activity in STN slices. Topical administration of inhibitors of T-type Ca(2+) channels decreased in vivo STN burst activity and dramatically reduced the locomotor deficits in a rat model of PD. Cd(2+) and nifedipine showed no such electrophysiological and behavioral effects. While low-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been considered ineffective in PD, we found that lengthening the duration of the low-frequency depolarizing pulse effectively improved behavioral measures of locomotion in the rat model of PD, presumably by decreasing the availability of T-type Ca(2+) channels. We therefore conclude that modulation of subthalamic T-type Ca(2+) currents and consequent burst discharges may provide new strategies for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hwei Tai
- Department of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kádár E, Lim LW, Carreras G, Genís D, Temel Y, Huguet G. High-frequency stimulation of the ventrolateral thalamus regulates gene expression in hippocampus, motor cortex and caudate–putamen. Brain Res 2011; 1391:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Intracranial self-stimulation to the lateral hypothalamus, a memory improving treatment, results in hippocampal changes in gene expression. Neuroscience 2009; 162:359-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
With an increase in the aging population, the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD), a disabling neurodegenerative disorder mainly affecting motor function, will inevitably present a challenge to an already overburdened healthcare system. Current medical and surgical therapies offer symptomatic relief but do not provide a cure. Experimental studies suggest that GDNF has the ability to protect degenerating dopamine neurons in PD as well as promote regeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. However, clinical trials of GDNF infusion to date remain inconclusive. This review will examine the experimental and clinical evidence of GDNF use in PD with particular focus on its potential as an effective therapy in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray Hong
- Cell Restoration Laboratory, Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology & Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University, Room 12H1, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
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