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Worth AN, Palmer VL, Schabla NM, Perry GA, Fraser-Philbin AN, Swanson PC. Receptor editing constrains development of phosphatidyl choline-specific B cells in V H12-transgenic mice. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110899. [PMID: 35705027 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
B1 B cells reactive to phosphatidyl choline (PtC) exhibit restricted immunoglobulin heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) combinations, exemplified by VH12/Vκ4/5H. Two checkpoints are thought to focus PtC+ B cell maturation in VH12-transgenic mice (VH12 mice): V-J rearrangements encoding a "permissive" LC capable of VH12 HC pairing are selected first, followed by positive selection based on PtC binding, often requiring LC receptor editing to salvage PtC- B cells and acquire PtC reactivity. However, evidence obtained from breeding VH12 mice to editing-defective dnRAG1 mice and analyzing LC sequences from PtC+ and PtC- B cell subsets instead suggests that receptor editing functions after initial positive selection to remove PtC+ B cells in VH12 mice. This offers a mechanism to constrain natural, polyreactive B cells to limit their frequency. Sequencing also reveals occasional in-frame hybrid LC genes, reminiscent of type 2 gene replacement, that, testing suggests, arise via a recombination-activating gene (RAG)-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Worth
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Victoria L Palmer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - N Max Schabla
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; Shoreline Biosciences, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Greg A Perry
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Anna N Fraser-Philbin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Patrick C Swanson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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Castellanos M, Verhey TB, Goldstein M, Chaconas G. The Putative Endonuclease Activity of MutL Is Required for the Segmental Gene Conversion Events That Drive Antigenic Variation of the Lyme Disease Spirochete. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:888494. [PMID: 35663861 PMCID: PMC9159922 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, encodes an elaborate antigenic variation system that promotes the ongoing variation of a major surface lipoprotein, VlsE. Changes in VlsE are continual and always one step ahead of the host acquired immune system, which requires 1–2 weeks to generate specific antibodies. By the time this happens, new VlsE variants have arisen that escape immunosurveillance, providing an avenue for persistent infection. This antigenic variation system is driven by segmental gene conversion events that transfer information from a series of silent cassettes (vls2-16) to the expression locus, vlsE. The molecular details of this process remain elusive. Recombinational switching at vlsE is RecA-independent and the only required factor identified to date is the RuvAB branch migrase. In this work we have used next generation long-read sequencing to analyze the effect of several DNA replication/recombination/repair gene disruptions on the frequency of gene conversions at vlsE and report a requirement for the mismatch repair protein MutL. Site directed mutagenesis of mutL suggests that the putative MutL endonuclease activity is required for recombinational switching at vlsE. This is the first report of an unexpected essential role for MutL in a bacterial recombination system and expands the known function of this protein as well as our knowledge of the details of the novel recombinational switching mechanism for vlsE variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mildred Castellanos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Theodore B. Verhey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Madeleine Goldstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - George Chaconas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: George Chaconas,
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Parray HA, Shukla S, Samal S, Shrivastava T, Ahmed S, Sharma C, Kumar R. Hybridoma technology a versatile method for isolation of monoclonal antibodies, its applicability across species, limitations, advancement and future perspectives. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106639. [PMID: 32473573 PMCID: PMC7255167 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The advancements in technology and manufacturing processes have allowed the development of new derivatives, biosimilar or advanced improved versions for approved antibodies each year for treatment regimen. There are more than 700 antibody-based molecules that are in different stages of phase I/II/ III clinical trials targeting new unique targets. To date, approximately more than 80 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved. A total of 7 novel antibody therapeutics had been granted the first approval either in the United States or European Union in the year 2019, representing approximately 20% of the total number of approved drugs. Most of these licenced mAbs or their derivatives are either of hybridoma origin or their improvised engineered versions. Even with the recent development of high throughput mAb generation technologies, hybridoma is the most favoured method due to its indigenous nature to preserve natural cognate antibody pairing information and preserves innate functions of immune cells. The recent advent of antibody engineering technology has superseded the species level barriers and has shown success in isolation of hybridoma across phylogenetically distinct species. This has led to the isolation of monoclonal antibodies against human targets that are conserved and non-immunogenic in the rodent. In this review, we have discussed in detail about hybridoma technology, its expansion towards different animal species, the importance of antibodies isolated from different animal sources that are useful in biological applications, advantages, and limitations. This review also summarizes the challenges and recent progress associated with hybridoma development, and how it has been overcome in these years to provide new insights for the isolation of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Ahmed Parray
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Shivangi Shukla
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Chandresh Sharma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
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Du L, Wang S, Zhu Y, Zhao H, Basit A, Yu X, Li Q, Sun X. Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region analysis in dairy goats. Immunobiology 2018; 223:599-607. [PMID: 30025710 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on the goat genome database, we have annotated the genomic organization of the goat immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region. The goat IgH locus is present on seven genome scaffolds, and contains ten VH, three DH and six JH segments. After the exclusion of three shorter segments, the VH genes were divided into two gene families based on sequence similarity. By analyzing the IgH cDNA sequences, we further identified that VH2 (54.2%), DH1 (61.7%) and JH1 (60.5%) segments were most frequently utilized in the expression of the immunoglobulin variable region, and that point mutations introduced by somatic hypermutation were the major mutation present in these expressed variable region. Compared with human and horses, DH-DH fusion occurred at a higher frequency in goat V(D)J recombination. These results provided variable insights into goat immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region genome loci and repertoire diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanjiao Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Haidong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Abdul Basit
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qingwang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiuzhu Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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