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McFadden CS, Quattrini AM, Brugler MR, Cowman PF, Dueñas LF, Kitahara MV, Paz-García DA, Reimer JD, Rodríguez E. Phylogenomics, Origin, and Diversification of Anthozoans (Phylum Cnidaria). Syst Biol 2021; 70:635-647. [PMID: 33507310 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthozoan cnidarians (corals and sea anemones) include some of the world's most important foundation species, capable of building massive reef complexes that support entire ecosystems. Although previous molecular phylogenetic analyses have revealed widespread homoplasy of the morphological characters traditionally used to define orders and families of anthozoans, analyses using mitochondrial genes or rDNA have failed to resolve many key nodes in the phylogeny. With a fully resolved, time-calibrated phylogeny for 234 species constructed from hundreds of ultraconserved elements and exon loci, we explore the evolutionary origins of the major clades of Anthozoa and some of their salient morphological features. The phylogeny supports reciprocally monophyletic Hexacorallia and Octocorallia, with Ceriantharia as the earliest diverging hexacorals; two reciprocally monophyletic clades of Octocorallia; and monophyly of all hexacoral orders with the exception of the enigmatic sea anemone Relicanthus daphneae. Divergence dating analyses place Anthozoa in the Cryogenian to Tonian periods (648-894 Ma), older than has been suggested by previous studies. Ancestral state reconstructions indicate that the ancestral anthozoan was a solitary polyp that had bilateral symmetry and lacked a skeleton. Colonial growth forms and the ability to precipitate calcium carbonate evolved in the Ediacaran (578 Ma) and Cambrian (503 Ma) respectively; these hallmarks of reef-building species have subsequently arisen multiple times independently in different orders. Anthozoans formed associations with photosymbionts by the Devonian (383 Ma), and photosymbioses have been gained and lost repeatedly in all orders. Together, these results have profound implications for the interpretation of the Precambrian environment and the early evolution of metazoans.[Bilateral symmetry; coloniality; coral; early metazoans; exon capture; Hexacorallia; Octocorallia photosymbiosis; sea anemone; ultraconserved elements.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S McFadden
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, 1250 N. Dartmouth Ave., Claremont, CA 91711 USA
| | - Andrea M Quattrini
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, 1250 N. Dartmouth Ave., Claremont, CA 91711 USA.,Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Mercer R Brugler
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA.,Biological Sciences Department, NYC College of Technology, City University of New York, 285 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.,Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 801 Carteret Street, Beaufort, SC 29902, USA
| | - Peter F Cowman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.,Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Luisa F Dueñas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Carrera 30 No.45-03 Edificio 421, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Marcelo V Kitahara
- Department of Marine Science, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP 11070-100 Brazil.,Centre for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP 11612-109 Brazil
| | - David A Paz-García
- CONACyT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR). Laboratorio de Necton y Ecología de Arrecifes. Calle IPN 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096 La Paz, B.C.S., México
| | - James D Reimer
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Chemistry, and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.,Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Estefanía Rodríguez
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
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Veron S, Haevermans T, Govaerts R, Mouchet M, Pellens R. Distribution and relative age of endemism across islands worldwide. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11693. [PMID: 31406123 PMCID: PMC6690940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Islands have remarkable levels of endemism and contribute greatly to global biodiversity. Establishing the age of island endemics is important to gain insights into the processes that have shaped the biodiversity patterns of island biota. We investigated the relative age of monocots across islands worldwide, using different measures of phylogenetic endemism tested against null models. We compiled a species occurrence dataset across 4,306 islands, and identified 142 sites with neo-, paleo-, mixed and super-endemism. These sites were distributed across the world, although they tended to be more common at low latitudes. The most frequent types of endemism were mixed and super-endemism, which suggests that present-day island biodiversity has frequently been shaped by processes that took place at different points in times. We also identified the environmental factors that contributed most to different types of endemism; we found that latitude, habitat availability and climate stability had a significant impact on the persistence of ancient taxa and on recent diversification events. The islands identified here are irreplaceable both for the uniqueness and the evolutionary history of their flora, and because they are a source of "option values" and evolutionary potential. Therefore, our findings will help guide biodiversity conservation on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Veron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 51, 47 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR 7204) MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université - CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Haevermans
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 51, 47 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Maud Mouchet
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR 7204) MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université - CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Roseli Pellens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 51, 47 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
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Trewick SA, Pilkington S, Shepherd LD, Gibb GC, Morgan-Richards M. Closing the gap: Avian lineage splits at a young, narrow seaway imply a protracted history of mixed population response. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5752-5772. [PMID: 28805283 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary significance of spatial habitat gaps has been well recognized since Alfred Russel Wallace compared the faunas of Bali and Lombok. Gaps between islands influence population structuring of some species, and flightless birds are expected to show strong partitioning even where habitat gaps are narrow. We examined the population structure of the most numerous living flightless land bird in New Zealand, Weka (Gallirallus australis). We surveyed Weka and their feather lice in native and introduced populations using genetic data gathered from DNA sequences of mitochondrial genes and nuclear β-fibrinogen and five microsatellite loci. We found low genetic diversity among extant Weka population samples. Two genetic clusters were evident in the mtDNA from Weka and their lice, but partitioning at nuclear loci was less abrupt. Many formerly recognized subspecies/species were not supported; instead, we infer one subspecies for each of the two main New Zealand islands. Although currently range restricted, North Island Weka have higher mtDNA diversity than the more wide-ranging southern Weka. Mismatch and neutrality statistics indicate North Island Weka experienced rapid and recent population reduction, while South Island Weka display the signature of recent expansion. Similar haplotype data from a widespread flying relative of Weka and other New Zealand birds revealed instances of North Island-South Island partitioning associated with a narrow habitat gap (Cook Strait). However, contrasting patterns indicate priority effects and other ecological factors have a strong influence on spatial exchange at this scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve A Trewick
- Ecology Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Pilkington
- Ecology Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lara D Shepherd
- Te Papa Tongarewa Museum of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gillian C Gibb
- Ecology Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mary Morgan-Richards
- Ecology Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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