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Li Q, Hu H, Tan X, Wang J, Mei R, Jiang F, Ling Y, Li X. Effects of Storage in an Active and Spontaneous Controlled O 2/CO 2 Atmosphere on Volatile Flavor Components and the Microbiome of Truffles. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:9331-9347. [PMID: 38434872 PMCID: PMC10905597 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the potential to improve the storage quality and prolong the shelf life of truffles by storing them in a modified atmosphere fresh-keeping box with sealed gas components of Active Modified Atmosphere Packaging (AMAP, 40% O2 + 60% CO2) at 4 °C. During the storage period, a total of 63 volatile components in 10 categories were detected, with aldehydes being the most abundant and the relative content of ethers being the highest. The relative odor activity value and principal component analysis revealed that isovaleraldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-octen-3-one, and dimethyl sulfide were the characteristic flavor components of fresh truffles. However, 3-methylthiopropionaldehyde and (E, E)-2,4-nonadienal were the components that caused the deterioration of truffle flavor and could potentially serve as markers of truffle decay characteristics. 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing showed that Leuconostoc and Lactococcus were dominant in the truffle samples stored for 14 days, but the abundance of putrefactive pathogenic bacteria showed an increasing trend in the truffle samples stored for 28 days. During the whole storage period, the common fungi detected in the different treatment groups were Candida and Aspergillus. The relative abundance of the former decreased, while the relative abundance of the latter decreased initially and then increased. The correlation between volatile components and the microbial flora was further analyzed, which indicated that Lactococcus and Lactobacillus had the same contributions to the same flavor, while Pseudomonas and Glutamicibacter had the opposite contributions to the same flavor. The results provide a reference for the storage and preservation of truffles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- School of Food and Biological
Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- School of Food and Biological
Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Xingyi Tan
- School of Food and Biological
Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Jianhui Wang
- School of Food and Biological
Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Ruhuai Mei
- School of Food and Biological
Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Fangguo Jiang
- School of Food and Biological
Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Yunkun Ling
- School of Food and Biological
Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Food and Biological
Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
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Bucci A, Monaco P, Naclerio G. Tuber magnatum Picco: the challenge to identify ascoma-associated bacteria as markers for geographic traceability. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1142214. [PMID: 37260692 PMCID: PMC10227511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1142214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
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Arenas F, López-García Á, Berná LM, Morte A, Navarro-Ródenas A. Desert truffle mycorrhizosphere harbors organic acid releasing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, essentially during the truffle fruiting season. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:193-202. [PMID: 35043240 PMCID: PMC8907101 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01067-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Desert truffle is becoming a new crop in semiarid areas. Climatic parameters and the presence of microorganisms influence the host plant physiology and alter desert truffle production. Desert truffle plants present a typical summer deciduous plant phenology divided into four stages: summer dormancy, autumn bud break, winter photosynthetic activity, and spring fruiting. We hypothesize that the bacterial community associated with desert truffle plants will show a seasonal trend linked to their plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) traits. This information will provide us with a better understanding about its potential role in this symbiosis and possible management implementations. Bacteria were isolated from root-adhering soil at the four described seasons. A total of 417 isolated bacteria were phenotypically and biochemically characterized and gathered by molecular analysis into 68 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). They were further characterized for PGPR traits such as indole acetic acid production, siderophore production, calcium phosphate solubilization, and ACCD (1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxilatedeaminase) activity. These PGPR traits were used to infer functional PGPR diversity and cultivable bacterial OTU composition at different phenological moments. The different seasons induced shifts in the OTU composition linked to their PGPR traits. Summer was the phenological stage with the lowest microbial diversity and PGPR functions, whereas spring was the most active one. Among the PGPR traits analyzed, P-solubilizing rhizobacteria were harbored in the mycorrhizosphere during desert truffle fruiting in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Arenas
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR "Campus Mare Nostrum", Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Álvaro López-García
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-CSIC, Calle Prof. Albareda, 18008, Granada, Spain
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (IISTA), Av. del Mediterráneo, 18006, Granada, S/N, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Berná
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR "Campus Mare Nostrum", Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asunción Morte
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR "Campus Mare Nostrum", Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navarro-Ródenas
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR "Campus Mare Nostrum", Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Liu D, Herrera M, Zhang P, He X, Perez-Moreno J, Chater CCC, Yu F. Truffle species strongly shape their surrounding soil mycobiota in a Pinus armandii forest. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:6303-6314. [PMID: 34652507 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Truffles contribute to crucial soil systems dynamics, being involved in plentiful ecological functions important for ecosystems. Despite this, the interactions between truffles and their surrounding mycobiome remain unknown. Here, we investigate soil mycobiome differences between two truffle species, Tuber indicum (Ti) and Tuber pseudohimalayense (Tp), and their relative influence on surrounding soil mycobiota. Using traditional chemical analysis and ITS Illumina sequencing, we compared soil nutrients and the mycobiota, respectively, in soil, gleba, and peridium of the two truffle species inhabiting the same Pinus armandii forest in southwestern China. Tp soil was more acidic (pH 6.42) and had a higher nutrient content (total C, N content) than Ti soil (pH 6.62). Fungal richness and diversity of fruiting bodies (ascomata) and surrounding soils were significantly higher in Tp than in Ti. Truffle species recruited unique soil mycobiota around their ascomata: in Ti soil, fungal taxa, including Suillus, Alternaria, Phacidium, Mycosphaerella, Halokirschsteiniothelia, and Pseudogymnoascus, were abundant, while in Tp soil species of Melanophyllum, Inocybe, Rhizopogon, Rhacidium, and Lecanicillium showed higher abundances. Three dissimilarity tests, including adonis, anosim, and MRPP, showed that differences in fungal community structure between the two truffle species and their surrounding soils were stronger in Tp than in Ti, and these differences extended to truffle tissues (peridium and gleba). Redundancy analysis (RDA) further demonstrated that correlations between soil fungal taxa and soil properties changed from negative (Tp) to positive (Ti) and shifted from a moisture-driven (Tp) to a total N-driven (Ti) relationship. Overall, our results shed light on the influence that truffles have on their surrounding soil mycobiome. However, further studies are required on a broader range of truffle species in different soil conditions in order to determine causal relationships between truffles and their soil mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Kunming Institute Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingsong Road 21#, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Mariana Herrera
- Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Kunming Institute Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingsong Road 21#, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Kunming Institute Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingsong Road 21#, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinhua He
- Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Kunming Institute Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingsong Road 21#, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.,Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jesús Perez-Moreno
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Microbiología, Edafología, 56230, Montecillo, Texcoco, Mexico
| | | | - Fuqiang Yu
- Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Kunming Institute Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingsong Road 21#, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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Monaco P, Bucci A, Naclerio G, Mello A. Heterogeneity of the white truffle Tuber magnatum in a limited geographic area of Central-Southern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:591-599. [PMID: 33943006 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molise region (Central-Southern Italy) is one of the Italian richest areas of truffles and contributes significantly to the national production of the precious Tuber magnatum. Nevertheless, Molise truffle has received little scientific attention. Accordingly, in the present study, two T. magnatum populations collected in two different sites of Molise region were characterised from a morphological, genetic and microbiological point of view. A considerable variability between and within the two analysed groups emerged, suggesting an interesting heterogeneity of Molise white truffle populations. Ascocarps of the two groups significantly differed in size and maturation degree, although no linear correlation between weight and maturity was found. Genetic investigations focused on the Sequence-Characterised Amplified Region SCAR A21-inf. Three haplotypes, randomly distributed within the two truffle groups regardless of their collection sites, were detected. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing provided an overview of the composition of the ascocarp-associated bacterial communities. A predominance of α-Proteobacteria was observed, with Bradyrhizobium among the main genera. However, some truffles showed unusual microbial profiles, with Pedobacter, Polaromonas and other bacterial genera as dominant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Monaco
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, Pesche (IS), 86090, Italy
| | - Antonio Bucci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, Pesche (IS), 86090, Italy
| | - Gino Naclerio
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, Pesche (IS), 86090, Italy
| | - Antonietta Mello
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Turin Unit, National Research Council, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, Turin, 10125, Italy
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Truffle Microbiome Is Driven by Fruit Body Compartmentalization Rather than Soils Conditioned by Different Host Trees. mSphere 2021; 6:e0003921. [PMID: 34378984 PMCID: PMC8386477 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00039-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffles are among the most expensive edible mushrooms; their value is worth billions of U.S. dollars annually in international markets. They establish ectomycorrhizal symbiotic relationships with diverse host tree roots and produce hypogeous ascomata. Their whole life cycle is closely related to their associated microbiome. However, whether truffle-associated compartments or host tree rhizospheres are the vital driver for truffle ascomata microbiome is unclear. To identify and compare fungal and bacterial communities in four truffle-associated compartments (Tuber indicum: bulk soil, adhering soil to peridium, peridium, and gleba) from three host trees, we sequenced their ITS (fungal) and 16S (bacterial) ribosomal DNA using the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput platform. We further applied the amplicon data to analyze the core microbiome and microbial ecological networks. Tuber indicum microbiome composition was strongly driven by its associated compartments rather than by their symbiotic host trees. Truffle microbiome was bacteria dominated, and its bacterial community formed a substantially more complex interacting network compared to that of the fungal community. The core fungal community changed from Basidiomycota dominated (bulk soil) to Rozellomycota dominated (interphase soil); the core bacterial community shifted from Bacteroidetes to Proteobacteria dominance from truffle peridium to gleba tissue. Especially, at the truffle and soil interphase, the niche-based selection of truffle microbiome was verified by (i) a clear exclusion of four bacterial phyla (Rokubacteria, Nitrospirae, Chloroflexi, and Planctomycetes) in gleba; (ii) a significant decrease in alpha-diversity (as revealed by Chao 1, Shannon, and Simpson indices); and (iii) the complexity of the network substantially decreased from bulk soil to soil-truffle interphase and further to the peridium and gleba. The network analysis of microbiome showed that the microbial positive interactions were higher in truffle tissues than in both bulk soil and peridium-adhering soil and that Cupriavidus, Bradyrhizobium, Aminobacter, and Mesorhizobium spp. were the keystone network hubs in the truffle gleba. This study provides insights into the factors that drive the truffle microbiome dynamics and the recruitment and function of the microbiome components. IMPORTANCE Currently, the factors that drive the microbiome associated with truffles, the most highly prized fungi in the world, are largely unknown. We demonstrate for the first time here that truffle microbiome composition is strongly driven by associated compartments rather than by symbiotic host trees. The truffle microbiome was bacteria dominated, and its bacterial community formed a substantially more complex (with the higher numbers of nodes, links, and modules) interacting network compared to that of the fungal community. Network analysis showed a higher number of positive microbial interactions with each other in truffle tissues than in both bulk soil and peridium-adhering soil. For the first time, the fungal community structure associated with truffles using high-throughput sequencing, microbial networks, and keystone species analyses is presented. This study provides novel insights into the factors that drive the truffle microbiome dynamics and the recruitment and function of the microbiome components, showing that they are more complex than previously thought.
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Liu D, Herrera M, Yu F, Pèrez-Moreno J. Provenances originate morphological and microbiome variation of Tuber pseudobrumale in southwestern China despite strong genetic consistency. Mycol Prog 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Perlińska-Lenart U, Piłsyk S, Gryz E, Turło J, Hilszczańska D, Kruszewska JS. Identification of bacteria and fungi inhabiting fruiting bodies of Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.). Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:2727-2738. [PMID: 32734321 PMCID: PMC7538415 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuber species may be regarded as complex microhabitats hosting diverse microorganisms inside their fruiting bodies. Here, we investigated the structure of microbial communities inhabiting the gleba of wild growing (in stands) T. aestivum, using Illumina sequencing and culture-based methods. The two methods used in combination allowed to extract more information on complex microbiota of Tuber aestivum gleba. Analysis of the V3-V4 region of 16S rDNA identified nine phyla of bacteria present in the gleba of T. aestivum ascomata, mostly Proteobacteria from the family Bradyrhizobiaceae. Our results ideally match the earlier data for other Tuber species where the family Bradyrhizobiaceae was the most represented. The ITS1 region of fungal rDNA represented six alien fungal species belonging to three phyla. To complement the metagenomic analysis, cultivable fungi and bacteria were obtained from the gleba of the same T. aestivum fruiting bodies. The identified fungi mostly belong to the phylum Basidiomycota and same to Ascomycota. Analysis of cultivable bacteria revealed that all the specimens were colonized by different strains of Bacillus. Fungal community inhabiting T. aestivum fruiting bodies was never shown before.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gryz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Turło
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Hilszczańska
- Department of Forest Ecology, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Poland.
| | - Joanna S Kruszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Splivallo R, Vahdatzadeh M, Maciá-Vicente JG, Molinier V, Peter M, Egli S, Uroz S, Paolocci F, Deveau A. Orchard Conditions and Fruiting Body Characteristics Drive the Microbiome of the Black Truffle Tuber aestivum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1437. [PMID: 31316485 PMCID: PMC6611097 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffle fungi are well known for their enticing aromas partially emitted by microbes colonizing truffle fruiting bodies. The identity and diversity of these microbes remain poorly investigated, because few studies have determined truffle-associated bacterial communities while considering only a small number of fruiting bodies. Hence, the factors driving the assembly of truffle microbiomes are yet to be elucidated. Here we investigated the bacterial community structure of more than 50 fruiting bodies of the black truffle Tuber aestivum in one French and one Swiss orchard using 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing. Bacterial communities from truffles collected in both orchards shared their main dominant taxa: while 60% of fruiting bodies were dominated by α-Proteobacteria, in some cases the β-Proteobacteria or the Sphingobacteriia classes were the most abundant, suggesting that specific factors (i.e., truffle maturation and soil properties) shape differently truffle-associated microbiomes. We further attempted to assess the influence in truffle microbiome variation of factors related to collection season, truffle mating type, degree of maturation, and location within the truffle orchards. These factors had differential effects between the two truffle orchards, with season being the strongest predictor of community variation in the French orchard, and spatial location in the Swiss one. Surprisingly, genotype and fruiting body maturation did not have a significant effect on microbial community composition. In summary, our results show, regardless of the geographical location considered, the existence of heterogeneous bacterial communities within T. aestivum fruiting bodies that are dominated by three bacterial classes. They also indicate that factors shaping microbial communities within truffle fruiting bodies differ across local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Splivallo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maryam Vahdatzadeh
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jose G Maciá-Vicente
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,UMR 5175 CEFE - CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Uroz
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA - Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Division of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Aurélie Deveau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA - Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
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