1
|
Ma Y. OCT4‑positive circulating tumor cells may predict a poor prognosis in patients with metastatic castration‑resistant prostate cancer treated with abiraterone plus prednisone therapy. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:452. [PMID: 37720669 PMCID: PMC10502952 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are key factors associated with tumor metastasis and drug resistance in cancer. The present prospective study aimed to investigate the prevalence of OCT4-positive (OCT4+) CTCs and the potential association with the clinical features and survival of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with abiraterone + prednisone. In total, 70 patients with mCRPC treated with abiraterone + prednisone were enrolled in the present study and peripheral blood samples were collected prior to treatment initiation to determine CTC count via a Canpatrol system. RNA in situ hybridization was performed for OCT4+ CTC quantification. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was detected by automatic biochemical analyzer (AU54000, OLYMPUS). Results demonstrated that 34 (48.6%), 21 (30.0%) and 15 (21.4%) patients harbored OCT4+ (CTC+/OCT4+) or OCT4-negative CTCs (CTC+/OCT4-) or were CTC-negative (CTC-), respectively. Notably, CTC+/OCT4+ occurrence was associated with visceral metastasis and high levels of LDH. In addition, radiographic progression-free survival [rPFS; median, 15.0, 95% confidence interval (CI), 9.6-20.4 vs. not reached vs. median, 29.5, 95% CI, 18.6-40.4 months; P=0.001] and overall survival (OS) were significantly decreased (median, 27.3, 95% CI, 20.1-34.5 vs. not reached vs. not reached; P=0.016) in CTC+/OCT4+ compared with CTC+/OCT4- and CTC- patients. Subsequently, the adjustment was performed by multivariate Cox regression models, which revealed that CTC+/OCT4+ (vs. CTC+/OCT4- or CTC-) was independently associated with decreased rPFS [hazard ratio (HR), 3.833; P<0.001] and OS (HR, 3.938; P=0.008). In conclusion, OCT4+ CTCs were highly prevalent in patients with mCRPC and associated with visceral metastasis and increased levels of LDH. Thus, the presence of OCT4+ CTCs may serve as an independent prognostic factor for patients with mCRPC treated with abiraterone + prednisone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ma
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Songjiang District Sijing Hospital, Shanghai 201601, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Couto-Cunha A, Jerónimo C, Henrique R. Circulating Tumor Cells as Biomarkers for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Ready for Prime Time? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010287. [PMID: 36612281 PMCID: PMC9818240 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is among the 15 most common cancers worldwide, with rising incidence. In most cases, this is a silent disease until it reaches advance stages, demanding new effective biomarkers in all domains, from detection to post-therapy monitoring. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have the potential to provide minimally invasive information to guide assessment of the disease's aggressiveness and therapeutic strategy, representing a special pool of neoplastic cells which bear metastatic potential. In some tumor models, CTCs' enumeration has been associated with prognosis, but there is a largely unexplored potential for clinical applicability encompassing screening, diagnosis, early detection of metastases, prognosis, response to therapy and monitoring. Nonetheless, lack of standardization and high cost hinder the translation into clinical practice. Thus, new methods for collection and analysis (genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic and metabolomic) are needed to ascertain the role of CTC as a RCC biomarker. Herein, we provide a critical overview of the most recently published data on the role and clinical potential of CTCs in RCC, addressing their biology and the molecular characterization of this remarkable set of tumor cells. Furthermore, we highlight the existing and emerging techniques for CTC enrichment and detection, exploring clinical applications in RCC. Notwithstanding the notable progress in recent years, the use of CTCs in a routine clinical scenario of RCC patients requires further research and technological development, enabling multimodal analysis to take advantage of the wealth of information they provide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Couto-Cunha
- Integrated Master in Medicine, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology & Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group—Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre Raquel Seruca (P.CCC Raquel Seruca), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology & Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group—Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre Raquel Seruca (P.CCC Raquel Seruca), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Strategies for Isolating and Propagating Circulating Tumor Cells in Men with Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020497. [PMID: 35204587 PMCID: PMC8870963 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Selecting a well-suited method for isolating/characterizing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is challenging. Evaluating sensitive and specific markers for prostate cancer (PCa)-specific CTC identification and analysis is crucial. We used the CellCollector EpCAM-functionalized system (CC-EpCAM) and evaluated and developed a PCa-functionalized version (CC-PCa); we then compared CTC isolation techniques that exploit the physical and biological properties of CTCs. We established two cohorts of metastatic PCa patients (mPCa; 15 in cohort 1 and 10 in cohort 2). CTC cultivation experiments were conducted with two capturing methods (Ficoll and ScreenCell). The most sensitive detection rates and highest CTC counts were reached with the CC-PCa and ScreenCell system. Patients with ≥5 CTCs isolated with CC-EpCAM had an overall survival (OS) of 0.93 years, and patients with ≥5 CTCs isolated with CC-PCa had an OS of 1.5 years in cohort 1. Nevertheless, we observed the highest sensitivity and specificity for 24-month survival by the Ficoll with CD45 depletion and ScreenCell system with May-Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) staining. The EpCAM molecule is an essential factor related to OS for CTC isolation based on biological properties in mPCa patients. The best-suited CTC capture system is not limited to one characteristic of cells but adapted to downstream analysis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Identification of Atypical Circulating Tumor Cells with Prognostic Value in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040932. [PMID: 35205679 PMCID: PMC8869799 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study we have isolated and analyzed atypical cells found in the blood of metastatic breast cancer patients using a micro-filtration technic. This technic, being very easy to implement, was also extremely useful for studying circulating tumors cells’ (CTCs) heterogeneity in cancer patients. We highlighted three subsets of CTCs, with different independent unfavorable prognostic values for progression-free and overall survival. We demonstrated that these cells can further be analyzed by immunofluorescence to narrow their molecular profiles and identify specific characteristics. Moreover, we identified a subset of CTCs, for which positivity might be a useful stratification tool to select patients more susceptible to benefit from early clinical trials testing novel therapeutics, which frequently enroll late-stage, already heavily pre-treated and thus poor-responder patients. Abstract Circulating tumor cells have a strong potential as a quasi-non-invasive tool for setting up a precision medicine strategy for cancer patients. Using a second-generation “filtration-based” technology to isolate CTCs, the Screencell™ technology (Sarcelles, France), we performed a large and simultaneous analysis of all atypical circulating tumor cells (aCTCs) isolated from the blood of metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients. We correlated their presence with clinicopathological and survival data. We included 91 mBC patients from the PERMED-01 study. The median number of aCTCs was 8.3 per mL of blood. Three subsets of aCTCs, absent from controls, were observed in patients: single (s-aCTCs), circulating tumor micro-emboli (CTM), and giant-aCTCs (g-aCTCs). The presence of g-aCTCs was associated with shorter progression free survival and overall survival. This study highlights the heterogeneity of aCTCs in mBC patients both at the cytomorphological and molecular levels. In addition, it suggests the usefulness of the g-aCTC subset as a prognostic factor and a potential stratification tool to treat late-stage mBC patients and improve their chances of benefiting from early clinical trials.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu J, Zhu H, Gao F, Wang R, Hu K. Circulating Tumor Cells: A Promising Biomarker in the Management of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:724150. [PMID: 34778039 PMCID: PMC8588829 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.724150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy that arises from the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynx, and its prognosis is relatively favorable. The 5-year overall survival rate in patients with locally advanced NPC currently exceeds 80%, but the development of individualized diagnosis and treatment at the molecular level is relatively lacking. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is the generic term for tumor cells that are present in the peripheral blood circulation. As a new biomarker with good clinical application prospects, the detection of CTCs has the advantages of being non-invasive, simple, and repeatable. By capturing and detecting CTCs in peripheral blood and monitoring the dynamic variation of its type and quantity, we can assess the biological characteristics of tumor in a timely manner and evaluate the therapeutic effect and prognosis of patients in advance, which will help to develop individualized treatments of tumors. The primary purposes of this review were the clinical application of CTCs in tumor stage determination, treatment efficacy evaluation, and prognosis prediction of NPC. In addition, we estimated the correlation between Epstein-Barr virus infection and CTCs and analyzed the difference in karyotypes and specific markers expressed on CTCs. We believe that our study will provide new insights and biomarkers for the individualized treatment of patients with NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huijun Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Feifei Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Yantian District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rensheng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhong Y, Ma T, Qiao T, Hu H, Li Z, Luo K, Wang Y, Tang Q, Wang G, Huang R, Wang X. Role of Phenotypes of Circulating Tumor Cells in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:7077-7085. [PMID: 34531685 PMCID: PMC8439983 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s316544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and their subpopulations and colorectal cancer (CRC). To explore the application of CTCs' numbers and positive rates in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC, and to assess the effect of surgery on CTCs numbers and positivity. METHODS We identified CTCs using the CanPatrol technique after enrollment. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 74 CRC patients before anti-tumor treatment. CTCs can be divided into the following three phenotypes: epithelial CTCs (E-CTCs) (EpCAM+, Vimentin-), mesenchymal CTCs (M-CTCs) (EpCAM-, Vimentin+), and mixed CTCs (E/M-CTCs) (EpCAM+, Vimentin+). CTCs and the proportion of subtypes were statistically compared with clinicopathological characteristics. RESULTS The positive rate of M-CTCs was significantly higher in patients with tumor size ≥5 cm (85.7% vs 49.1%, P = 0.004) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) >5 ng/mL (83.3% vs 51.0% p = 0.024). Moreover, the T stage (T1 0, T2 33.3%, T3 59.4%, T4 100%, p < 0.0005) and TNM stage (stage I 11.8%, stage II 79.2%, stage III 64.3%, stage IV 100%, p < 0.0005) were correlated with the positive rate of M-CTCs. We also found that the proportion of M-CTCs was correlated with the T stage (p < 0.0005) and TNM stage (p=0.0200), but not with the N stage (p=0.6889). In survival analysis, M-CTCs >1 were found associated with worse disease-free survival (p=0.007). After treatment, the number and proportion of CTCs and M-CTCs were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION The positive rate of M-CTCs was associated with tumor size, T stage, TNM stage, vascular invasion, and CEA. As the disease progressed, the proportion of M-CTCs gradually increased, and the survival performance was worse in patients with a high positive rate of M-CTCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Qiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanqing Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengliang Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kangjia Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuliuming Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingchao Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiyu Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xishan Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Beijing, 100021, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Emerging nanomedicine-based therapeutics for hematogenous metastatic cascade inhibition: Interfering with the crosstalk between "seed and soil". Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2286-2305. [PMID: 34522588 PMCID: PMC8424221 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable progresses in cancer treatment, tumor metastasis is still a thorny issue, which leads to majority of cancer-related deaths. In hematogenous metastasis, the concept of “seed and soil” suggests that the crosstalk between cancer cells (seeds) and premetastatic niche (soil) facilitates tumor metastasis. Considerable efforts have been dedicated to inhibit the tumor metastatic cascade, which is a highly complicated process involving various pathways and biological events. Nonetheless, satisfactory therapeutic outcomes are rarely observed, since it is a great challenge to thwart this multi-phase process. Recent advances in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have shown great potential in the field of anti-metastasis, especially compared with conventional treatment methods, which are limited by serious side effects and poor efficacy. In this review, we summarized various factors involved in each phase of the metastatic cascade ranging from the metastasis initiation to colonization. Then we reviewed current approaches of targeting these factors to stifle the metastatic cascade, including modulating primary tumor microenvironment, targeting circulating tumor cells, regulating premetastatic niche and eliminating established metastasis. Additionally, we highlighted the multi-phase targeted drug delivery systems, which hold a better chance to inhibit metastasis. Besides, we demonstrated the limitation and future perspectives of nanomedicine-based anti-metastasis strategies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jimenez-García MP, Lucena-Cacace A, Otero-Albiol D, Carnero A. Regulation of sarcomagenesis by the empty spiracles homeobox genes EMX1 and EMX2. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:515. [PMID: 34016958 PMCID: PMC8137939 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The EMX (Empty Spiracles Homeobox) genes EMX1 and EMX2 are two homeodomain gene members of the EMX family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, during brain development and neural crest migration. They play a role in the specification of positional identity, the proliferation of neural stem cells, and the differentiation of certain neuronal cell phenotypes. In general, they act as transcription factors in early embryogenesis and neuroembryogenesis from metazoans to higher vertebrates. The EMX1 and EMX2's potential as tumor suppressor genes has been suggested in some cancers. Our work showed that EMX1/EMX2 act as tumor suppressors in sarcomas by repressing the activity of stem cell regulatory genes (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYC, NANOG, NES, and PROM1). EMX protein downregulation, therefore, induced the malignance and stemness of cells both in vitro and in vivo. In murine knockout (KO) models lacking Emx genes, 3MC-induced sarcomas were more aggressive and infiltrative, had a greater capacity for tumor self-renewal, and had higher stem cell gene expression and nestin expression than those in wild-type models. These results showing that EMX genes acted as stemness regulators were reproduced in different subtypes of sarcoma. Therefore, it is possible that the EMX genes could have a generalized behavior regulating proliferation of neural crest-derived progenitors. Together, these results indicate that the EMX1 and EMX2 genes negatively regulate these tumor-altering populations or cancer stem cells, acting as tumor suppressors in sarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pedro Jimenez-García
- grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ,CIBER de Cancer, IS Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Lucena-Cacace
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniel Otero-Albiol
- grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ,CIBER de Cancer, IS Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ,CIBER de Cancer, IS Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Agnoletto C, Caruso C, Garofalo C. Heterogeneous Circulating Tumor Cells in Sarcoma: Implication for Clinical Practice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092189. [PMID: 34063272 PMCID: PMC8124844 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present review is aimed to discuss the relevance of assaying for the presence and isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with sarcoma. Just a few studies have been performed to detect and enumerate viable CTCs in sarcoma and a majority of them still represent proof-of-concept studies, while more frequently tumor cells have been detected in the circulation by using the PCR-based method. Nevertheless, recent advances in technologies allowed detection of epithelial–mesenchymal transitioned CTCs from patients with mesenchymal malignancies, despite results being mostly preliminary. The possibility to identify CTCs holds a great promise for both applications of liquid biopsy in sarcoma for precision medicine, and for research purposes to pinpoint the mechanism of the metastatic process through the characterization of tumor mesenchymal cells. Coherently, clinical trials in sarcoma have been designed accordingly to detect CTCs, for diagnosis, identification of novel therapeutic targets and resistance mechanisms of systemic therapies, and patient stratification. Abstract Bone and soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) represent a group of heterogeneous rare malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin, with a poor prognosis. Due to their low incidence, only a few studies have been reported addressing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in sarcoma, despite the well-documented relevance for applications of liquid biopsy in precision medicine. In the present review, the most recent data relative to the detection and isolation of viable and intact CTCs in these tumors will be reviewed, and the heterogeneity in CTCs will be discussed. The relevance of epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity and stemness in defining the phenotypic and functional properties of these rare cells in sarcoma will be highlighted. Of note, the existence of dynamic epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related processes in sarcoma tumors has only recently been related to their clinical aggressiveness. Also, the presence of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-positive CTC in sarcoma has been weakly correlated with poor outcome and disease progression, thus proving the existence of both epithelial and mesenchymal CTC in sarcoma. The advancement in technologies for capturing and enumerating all diverse CTCs phenotype originating from these mesenchymal tumors are presented, and results provide a promising basis for clinical application of CTC detection in sarcoma.
Collapse
|
10
|
Nordgård O, Brendsdal Forthun R, Lapin M, Grønberg BH, Kalland KH, Kopperud RK, Thomsen LCV, Tjensvoll K, Gilje B, Gjertsen BT, Hovland R. Liquid Biopsies in Solid Cancers: Implementation in a Nordic Healthcare System. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081861. [PMID: 33924696 PMCID: PMC8069797 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We here review liquid biopsy methods and their use in the diagnostics and treatment of patients with solid cancers. More specifically, circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and their current and future clinical applications are considered. Important factors for further integration of liquid biopsy methods in clinical practice are discussed, with a special focus on a Nordic Healthcare system. Abstract Liquid biopsies have emerged as a potential new diagnostic tool, providing detailed information relevant for characterization and treatment of solid cancers. We here present an overview of current evidence supporting the clinical relevance of liquid biopsy assessments. We also discuss the implementation of liquid biopsies in clinical studies and their current and future clinical role, with a special reference to the Nordic healthcare systems. Our considerations are restricted to the most established liquid biopsy specimens: circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and circulating tumor cells (CTC). Both ctDNA and CTCs have been used for prognostic stratification, treatment choices, and treatment monitoring in solid cancers. Several recent publications also support the role of ctDNA in early cancer detection. ctDNA seems to provide more robust clinically relevant information in general, whereas CTCs have the potential to answer more basic questions related to cancer biology and metastasis. Epidermal growth factor receptor-directed treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer represents a clinical setting where ctDNA already has entered the clinic. The role of liquid biopsies in treatment decisions, standardization of methods, diagnostic performance and the need for further research, as well as cost and regulatory issues were identified as factors that influence further integration in the clinic. In conclusion, substantial evidence supports the clinical utility of liquid biopsies in cancer diagnostics, but further research is still required for a more general application in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oddmund Nordgård
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway; (M.L.); (K.T.); (B.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Rakel Brendsdal Forthun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (R.B.F.); (R.H.)
- Section of Cancer Genomics, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Morten Lapin
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway; (M.L.); (K.T.); (B.G.)
| | - Bjørn Henning Grønberg
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
- Department of Oncology, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karl Henning Kalland
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (K.H.K.); (R.K.K.); (L.C.V.T.); (B.T.G.)
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Reidun Kristin Kopperud
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (K.H.K.); (R.K.K.); (L.C.V.T.); (B.T.G.)
| | - Liv Cecilie Vestrheim Thomsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (K.H.K.); (R.K.K.); (L.C.V.T.); (B.T.G.)
| | - Kjersti Tjensvoll
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway; (M.L.); (K.T.); (B.G.)
| | - Bjørnar Gilje
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway; (M.L.); (K.T.); (B.G.)
| | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (K.H.K.); (R.K.K.); (L.C.V.T.); (B.T.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Randi Hovland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (R.B.F.); (R.H.)
- Section of Cancer Genomics, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou S, Wang L, Zhang W, Liu F, Zhang Y, Jiang B, Wang J, Yuan H. Circulating Tumor Cells Correlate With Prognosis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:1533033821990037. [PMID: 33641530 PMCID: PMC7924006 DOI: 10.1177/1533033821990037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To investigate the relationship of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the clinical characteristic parameters and prognosis in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: The retrospective clinical study included 95 patients with HNSCC who after surgery in Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between December 2015 and December 2016. All patients were followed up for survival until the end of June 2019. The CTCs detection was performed by negative enrichment (NE) immunofluorescence-in situ hybridization (im-FISH) of chromosome 8. Results: Patients with higher CTCs counts are associated with a worse prognosis with an area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.756 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.640-0.872, p = 0.001]. The CTCs-positive rate of HNSCC patients was 58.9% (56/95) by using the cut-point of 3. Both the chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis showed that the N stage and clinical stage were significantly associated with CTCs-positive in patients with HNSCC (p < 0.05). Further Non-parametric test analysis indicated that more CTCs counts were detected in late N and clinical stages patients (p < 0.001). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that CTCs-positive were correlated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (p < 0.001) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.001). Further, the CTCs-positive was an independent prognostic factor for PFS and OS according to the Cox multivariate regression analysis (p < 0.05). Conclusion: More CTCs were associated with N stage, clinical stage, poor prognosis in patients with HNSCC, which might be used as a prognostic biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, 56694Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, 56694Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, 56694Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, 56694Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, 56694Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, 56694Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - JiongYi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, 56694Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihua Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, 56694Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Werner S, Heidrich I, Pantel K. Clinical management and biology of tumor dormancy in breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 78:49-62. [PMID: 33582172 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical tumor dormancy is specified as an extended latency period between removal of the primary tumor and subsequent relapse in a cancer patient who has been clinically disease-free. In particular, patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer can undergo extended periods of more than five years before they relapse with overt metastatic disease. Recent studies have shown that minimal residual disease in breast cancer patients can be monitored by different liquid biopsy approaches like analysis of circulating tumor cells or cell-free tumor DNA. Even though the biological principles underlying tumor dormancy in breast cancer patients remain largely unknown, clinical observations and experimental studies have identified emerging mechanisms that control the state of tumor dormancy. In this review, we illustrate the latest discoveries on different molecular aspects that contribute to the control of tumor dormancy and distant metastatic relapse, then discuss current treatments affecting minimal residual disease and dormant cancer cells, and finally highlight how novel liquid biopsy based diagnostic methodologies can be integrated into the detection and molecular characterization of minimal residual disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Werner
- Institute for Tumor Biology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany; Mildred-Scheel-Nachwuchszentrum HaTRiCs4, Universitäres Cancer Center Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Heidrich
- Institute for Tumor Biology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Institute for Tumor Biology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pogliaghi G. Liquid biopsy in thyroid cancer: from circulating biomarkers to a new prospective of tumor monitoring and therapy. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2020; 46:45-61. [PMID: 33213118 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.20.03339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently, liquid biopsy has attracted much interest as a tool for early cancer screening, prognosis, monitoring and response to treatment in many different cancer types. Indeed, liquid biopsies can be repeatedly performed in a noninvasive way, at lower cost and without the risks associated to the classic tissue biopsy. The objective of this monography was to describe the main components studied in liquid biopsy (circulating tumor nucleic acids, circulating tumor cells and extracellular vesicles) and how they have been explored in thyroid cancer, through an in-depth scientific literature review. While circulating tumor cells are the most represented component in the literature of liquid biopsy in thyroid cancer, circulating tumor nucleic acids and extracellular vesicles have also been recently explored. One important challenge in this field of research, especially for differentiated thyroid cancer, has been the low quantity of circulating components with respect to other cancer types, requiring more advanced techniques for both isolation and analysis. Despite these limitations, liquid biopsy showed promise as an additional noninvasive tool for diagnosis, prognosis, to predict outcome and therapeutic response in differentiated, medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Pogliaghi
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy -
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lozar T, Jesenko T, Kloboves Prevodnik V, Cemazar M, Hosta V, Jericevic A, Nolde N, Grasic Kuhar C. Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Magnetic-Activated Cell Separation Technology for CTC Isolation in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:554554. [PMID: 33042837 PMCID: PMC7522616 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.554554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) count is an independent prognostic factor in early breast cancer. CTCs can be found in the blood of 20% of patients prior to neoadjuvant therapy. We aimed to assess the suitability of magnetic-activated cell separation (MACS) technology for isolation and cytological characterization of CTCs. In the preclinical part of the study, cell lines were spiked into buffy coat samples derived from healthy donors, and isolated using MACS. Breast cancer cells with preserved cell morphology were successfully isolated. In the clinical part, blood for CTC isolation was drawn from 44 patients with early and locally advanced breast cancer prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Standard Giemsa, Papanicolaou and pancytokeratin staining was applied. 2.3% of samples contained cells that meet both the morphological and immunocytochemical criteria for CTC. In 32.6% of samples, partially degenerated pancytokeratin negative cells with morphological features of tumor cells were observed. In 65.1% of samples, CTCs were not found. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that morphologically intact tumor cells can be isolated using MACS technology. However, morphologically intact tumor cells were not detected in the clinical part of the study. At present, MACS technology does not appear suitable for use in a clinical cytopathology laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taja Lozar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Jesenko
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Kloboves Prevodnik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Cytopathology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Violeta Hosta
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Jericevic
- Department of Cytopathology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natasa Nolde
- Department of Cytopathology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cvetka Grasic Kuhar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mentis AFA, Grivas PD, Dardiotis E, Romas NA, Papavassiliou AG. Circulating tumor cells as Trojan Horse for understanding, preventing, and treating cancer: a critical appraisal. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3671-3690. [PMID: 32333084 PMCID: PMC11104835 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are regarded as harbingers of metastases. Their ability to predict response to therapy, relapse, and resistance to treatment has proposed their value as putative diagnostic and prognostic indicators. CTCs represent one of the zeniths of cancer evolution in terms of cell survival; however, the triggers of CTC generation, the identification of potentially metastatic CTCs, and the mechanisms contributing to their heterogeneity and aggressiveness represent issues not yet fully deciphered. Thus, prior to enabling liquid biopsy applications to reach clinical prime time, understanding how the above mechanistic information can be applied to improve treatment decisions is a key challenge. Here, we provide our perspective on how CTCs can provide mechanistic insights into tumor pathogenesis, as well as on CTC clinical value. In doing so, we aim to (a) describe how CTCs disseminate from the primary tumor, and their link to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); (b) trace the route of CTCs through the circulation, focusing on tumor self-seeding and the possibility of tertiary metastasis; (c) describe possible mechanisms underlying the enhanced metastatic potential of CTCs; (d) discuss how CTC could provide further information on the tissue of origin, especially in cancer of unknown primary origin. We also provide a comprehensive review of meta-analyses assessing the prognostic significance of CTCs, to highlight the emerging role of CTCs in clinical oncology. We also explore how cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis, using a combination of genomic and phylogenetic analysis, can offer insights into CTC biology, including our understanding of CTC heterogeneity and tumor evolution. Last, we discuss emerging technologies, such as high-throughput quantitative imaging, radiogenomics, machine learning approaches, and the emerging breath biopsy. These technologies could compliment CTC and ctDNA analyses, and they collectively represent major future steps in cancer detection, monitoring, and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
- Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Petros D Grivas
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A Romas
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street-Bldg. 16, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tombolan L, Rossi E, Zin A, Santoro L, Bonvini P, Zamarchi R, Bisogno G. Pediatric sarcomas display a variable EpCAM expression in a histology-dependent manner. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100846. [PMID: 32805674 PMCID: PMC7453064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EpCAM is a transmembrane glycoprotein typically overexpressed in cancer of epithelial origin and mainly involved in the epithelial-to–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells that spread and disseminate. Strategies for the targeting and capture of EpCAM-expressing tumor cells are showing promise in cancers prone to metastatize, both as diagnostic tools and potential therapies. Sarcomas are among the most aggressive tumors in children, with a common mesenchymal origin that comprises both soft tissue sarcomas (STS) and bone sarcomas. The aim of this study was to assess EpCAM expression in pediatric sarcomas and correlate its expression with disease progression. To do so, we analyzed a set of cell lines and primary tumor tissues from rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), Ewing sarcoma (ES), synovial sarcoma (SS) and desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) STS, or osteosarcoma (OS) bone cancer. We demonstrated that EpCAM was variably expressed in pediatric sarcomas, with DSRCT, a rare, aggressive and almost fatal tumor type, characterized by the highest EpCAM expression levels. Interestingly, although EpCAM expression was lower in RMS tumors, high levels at diagnosis correlated with reduced patients' overall survival (p < 0.05). Indeed, membrane-bound EpCAM was detected in circulating sarcoma tumor cells, revealing its potential to be used as dissemination biomarker in this type of childhood cancers. This reinforces the concept that pediatric sarcomas do express both epithelial and mesenchymal markers and reside in an intermediate condition that most likely contributes to their aggressive phenotype and low survival rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Tombolan
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Rossi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology Section, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelica Zin
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Luisa Santoro
- University Hospital of Padova, Institute of Pathology, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonvini
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Rita Zamarchi
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Gianni Bisogno
- Department of Woman's and Children's Health, Hematology and Oncology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kong J, Li D, Zhang S, Zhang H, Fu Y, Qian B, Bei C, Tan S, Zhu X. Okadaic acid promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibiting protein phosphatase 2A. J Cell Biochem 2020; 122:993-1002. [PMID: 31904141 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As a specific inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases, okadaic acid (OA) has been found to be a tumor promoter. However, whether OA plays a role in metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been well elucidated. In this study, Hep3B and HepG2 cells were treated with different doses of OA and the cell viability was determined by CCK8 test. As a result, Hep3B and HepG2 cells showed no obvious cytotoxicity after OA treatment below 20 or 25 nM for 12 or 24 hours. However, wound healing, invasion, and migration abilities of HCC cells were significantly enhanced in the OA-treated groups than those of the control group (P < .05), measured by cell scratching and BD transwell assays. Moreover, we found that the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related key factors was changed upon OA treatment in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in OA-treated cells was also decreased significantly compared with the control cells (P < .05). Interfering of PP2A subunit A or C caused a similar expression change of EMT-related key factors as the OA treatment in HCC cells. Our results suggest that OA promotes the EMT process of HCC cells by inhibiting the activity of PP2A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Kong
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Shidong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Huixia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Bo Qian
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunhua Bei
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Shengkui Tan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaonian Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Todenhöfer T, Pantel K, Stenzl A, Werner S. Pathophysiology of Tumor Cell Release into the Circulation and Characterization of CTC. Recent Results Cancer Res 2019; 215:3-24. [PMID: 31605221 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-26439-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The traditional model of metastatic progression postulates that the ability to form distant metastases is driven by random mutations in cells of the primary tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Todenhöfer
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Werner
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jin KT, Chen XY, Lan HR, Wang SB, Ying XJ, Abdi SM, Wang W, Hu ZM, Mou XZ. Current progress in the clinical use of circulating tumor cells as prognostic biomarkers. Cancer Cytopathol 2019; 127:739-749. [PMID: 31589381 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The process of metastasis is characterized by the shedding of tumor cells into the bloodstream, where they are transported to other parts of the body to seed new tumors. These cells, known as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), have the potential to reveal much about an individual cancer case, and theoretically can aid in the prediction of outcomes and design of precision treatments. Recent advances in technology now allow for the robust and reproducible characterization of CTCs from a simple blood draw. Both the number of circulating cells and important molecular characteristics correlated with clinical phenotypes such as drug resistance can be obtained and used for real-time prognostic analysis. Molecular characterization can provide a snapshot of the activity of the main tumor (serving as a "liquid biopsy") and early warnings concerning changes such as the development of resistance, and aid in predicting the efficacy of different therapeutic approaches for treatment optimization. Herein, the authors review the current clinical use of CTCs as prognostic biomarkers for several different cancers. The quantification of CTCs can lead to more accurate staging and decision making regarding options such as adjuvant chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Rong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Shi-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Ying
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Siyad Mohamed Abdi
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
CTCs 2020: Great Expectations or Unreasonable Dreams. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090989. [PMID: 31461978 PMCID: PMC6769853 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cellular elements that can be scattered into the bloodstream from primary cancer, metastasis, and even from a disseminated tumor cell (DTC) reservoir. CTCs are “seeds”, able to give rise to new metastatic lesions. Since metastases are the cause of about 90% of cancer-related deaths, the significance of CTCs is unquestionable. However, two major issues have stalled their full clinical exploitation: rarity and heterogeneity. Therefore, their full clinical potential has only been predicted. Finding new ways of studying and using such tremendously rare and important events can open new areas of research in the field of cancer research, and could drastically improve tumor companion diagnostics, personalized treatment strategies, overall patients management, and reduce healthcare costs.
Collapse
|
21
|
Shah S, Pocard M, Mirshahi M. Targeting the differentiation of gastric cancer cells (KATO‑III) downregulates epithelial‑mesenchymal and cancer stem cell markers. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:670-678. [PMID: 31233198 PMCID: PMC6609315 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the acquisition of the differentiated phenotype in the human gastric signet ring cell adenoma cancer KATO-III cell line in vitro. The morphology of KATO-III cells was explored by microcinematography. Different cytokines secreted by both adherent and non-adherent KATO-III cells into medium were observed. The cancer stem cell phenotypes were identified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction using primers (E-Cad, Slug, Snail, vimentin, NANOG, NESTIN, OCT3/4 and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4) or antibodies [cluster of differentiation (CD)90 and CD117] by flow cytometry (FACS). The influence of the induction media for the differentiation of mesenchymal cells was studied through viability and proliferation assays, by evaluating gene expression and the expression of markers via FACS. Cell viability and cell cycle distribution were evaluated following the treatment of KATO-III with acetyl salicylic acid and using the induction media as an inhibitor of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and heparanase. A total of 3 phenotypes of KATO-III were observed (adherent, non-adherent and cell cluster), which have internal potential for cell transition into one of the other phenotypes. KATO-III was differentiated into adipocyte-, chondrocyte-, osteocyte- and neurocyte-like cells by the induction media. Identification of the induced cells was conducted using cell dyes. Reduced mRNA expression of EMT-associated molecules, stem cell markers and heparanase was observed with acetyl salicylic acid and induction media. An inhibitory effect of acetyl salicylic acid and the induction media was also noted in regard to cell proliferation. In addition, acetyl salicylic acid induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in KATO-III cells. In conclusion, the induction of the differentiation of cancer stem cells into non-proliferating cells offers the possibility for novel drug design to overcome the issues associated with metastasis, drug resistance and systemic toxicity with improved therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Shah
- University of Sorbonne Paris Cité‑Paris 7, Lariboisière Hospital, INSERM U965, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Marc Pocard
- University of Sorbonne Paris Cité‑Paris 7, Lariboisière Hospital, INSERM U965, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Massoud Mirshahi
- University of Sorbonne Paris Cité‑Paris 7, Lariboisière Hospital, INSERM U965, 75010 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lianidou E, Pantel K. Liquid biopsies. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 58:219-232. [PMID: 30382599 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is based on minimally invasive blood tests and has a high potential to significantly change the therapeutic strategy in cancer patients, providing an extremely powerful and reliable noninvasive clinical tool for the individual molecular profiling of patients in real time. Liquid biopsy approaches include the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating miRNAs, and tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are shed from primary tumors and their metastatic sites into peripheral blood. The major advantage of liquid biopsy analysis is that it is minimally invasive, and can be serially repeated, thus allowing extracting information from the tumor in real time. Moreover, the identification of predictive biomarkers in peripheral blood that can monitor response to therapy in real time holds a very strong potential for novel approaches in the therapeutic management of cancer patients. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge on CTCs and ctDNA and discuss future trends in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evi Lianidou
- Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tsutsuyama M, Nakanishi H, Yoshimura M, Oshiro T, Kinoshita T, Komori K, Shimizu Y, Ichinosawa Y, Kinuta S, Wajima K, Sakakibara Y, Yatabe Y, Ito S, Kodera Y. Detection of circulating tumor cells in drainage venous blood from colorectal cancer patients using a new filtration and cytology-based automated platform. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212221. [PMID: 30811434 PMCID: PMC6392262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous technologies exist to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs), although reports on cytological detection of CTCs remain limited. We recently developed a cytology-based CTC detection device using glass slides and light microscopy. In this study, we automated this previously manual device to improve its efficiency and cost effectiveness for clinical applications. We conducted a pilot study using this device to compare CTCs in peripheral blood (PB) and draining venous blood (DVB) from patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The cytology-based automated CTC detection platform consisted of a disposable filtration device with a three-dimensional (3D) metal filter and multichannel automated CTC enrichment device. This platform allowed rapid and gentle filtration of CTCs and their efficient transfer from the filter to glass slides for subsequent Papanicolaou (Pap) and immunocytochemical (ICC) staining. Cytological diagnosis of CTCs was performed by observing permanent glass slide specimens by light microscopy. The current pilot clinical study enrolled CRC patients (n = 26) with stage I–IV tumors, who underwent surgery. PB was collected before surgery, and DVB was obtained from the mesenteric vein immediately after resection. Based on the CTC morphology obtained from PB and DVB samples, we proposed the following cytological criteria for the diagnosis of CTCs: pan-cytokeratin-positive, atypical cells with malignant morphological features identified by Pap staining. The numbers of CTCs defined by these criteria were significantly higher in DVB than PB from CRC patients (p<0.01), and the number of CTCs in DVB was increased significantly with stage progression (p<0.05). These results suggest that DVB may be another potential source of CTCs other than PB for liquid biopsies including downstream analysis. This automated cytology-based CTC detection device therefore provides a unique and powerful tool to investigate the significance of CTCs in CRC patients in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tsutsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hayao Nakanishi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Clinical Research, Aichi Cancer Center Aichi Hospital, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Mayumi Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taihei Oshiro
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Komori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seiji Ito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Oncogenic Metabolism Acts as a Prerequisite Step for Induction of Cancer Metastasis and Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1027453. [PMID: 30671168 PMCID: PMC6323533 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1027453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a major obstacle to the efficient and successful treatment of cancer. Initiation of metastasis requires epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is regulated by several transcription factors, including Snail and ZEB1/2. EMT is closely linked to the acquisition of cancer stem cell (CSC) properties and chemoresistance, which contribute to tumor malignancy. Tumor suppressor p53 inhibits EMT and metastasis by negatively regulating several EMT-inducing transcription factors and regulatory molecules; thus, its inhibition is crucial in EMT, invasion, metastasis, and stemness. Metabolic alterations are another hallmark of cancer. Most cancer cells are more dependent on glycolysis than on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for their energy production, even in the presence of oxygen. Cancer cells enhance other oncogenic metabolic pathways, such as glutamine metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, and the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol. Metabolic reprogramming in cancer is regulated by the activation of oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressors that contribute to tumor progression. Oncogenic metabolism has been recently linked closely with the induction of EMT or CSC phenotypes by the induction of several metabolic enzyme genes. In addition, several transcription factors and molecules involved in EMT or CSCs, including Snail, Dlx-2, HIF-1α, STAT3, TGF-β, Wnt, and Akt, regulate oncogenic metabolism. Moreover, p53 induces metabolic change by directly regulating several metabolic enzymes. The collective data indicate the importance of oncogenic metabolism in the regulation of EMT, cell invasion and metastasis, and adoption of the CSC phenotype, which all contribute to malignant transformation and tumor development. In this review, we highlight the oncogenic metabolism as a key regulator of EMT and CSC, which is related with tumor progression involving metastasis and chemoresistance. Targeting oncometabolism might be a promising strategy for the development of effective anticancer therapy.
Collapse
|
25
|
Yu CY, Chang WC, Zheng JH, Hung WH, Cho EC. Transforming growth factor alpha promotes tumorigenesis and regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition modulation in colon cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:901-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
26
|
Papadaki MA, Stoupis G, Theodoropoulos PA, Mavroudis D, Georgoulias V, Agelaki S. Circulating Tumor Cells with Stemness and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Features Are Chemoresistant and Predictive of Poor Outcome in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 18:437-447. [PMID: 30401696 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) bearing phenotypes related to cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been identified in breast cancer; however, their clinical significance is not clear. In the current study, we investigated the prognostic relevance of single CSC+/partial-EMT+ CTCs in patients with metastatic breast cancer and the effect of first-line chemotherapy on their incidence. For this purpose, triple immunofluorescence against cytokeratin, ALDH1, and TWIST1 was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cytospins from 130 patients before and after first-line chemotherapy. CSC+/partial-EMT+ CTCs were characterized as cells co-expressing cytokeratin, high levels of ALDH1, and nuclear TWIST1. CSC+/partial-EMT+ CTCs were evident in 27.7% of patients at baseline and were correlated to lung metastases (P = 0.010) and decreased progression-free survival [PFS; median 10.2 (8.9-11.6) vs. 13.5 (11.3-15.7) months; P = 0.024]. Their detection was an independent factor predicting for increased risk of relapse [multivariate analysis; HR (95% confidence interval (CI)): 1.785 (1.171-2.720); P = 0.007]. In HER-2-negative patients, CSC+/partial-EMT+ CTCs were additionally associated with reduced overall survival (OS) [median 39 (26.2-51.9) vs. 51 (15.7-86.4) months; P = 0.020] and increased risk of death [multivariate analysis; HR (95% CI): 2.228 (1.066-4.655); P = 0.033]. Chemotherapy resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of CSC+/partial-EMT+ CTCs (mean CTC% per patient: 59.4% post vs. 39.5% pre; P = 0.018), which was subsequently confirmed only in HER2-negative patients (P = 0.040) and in non-responders at the end of treatment (P = 0.020). In conclusion, CSC+/partial-EMT+ CTCs represent a chemoresistant subpopulation, which independently predicts for unfavorable outcome in metastatic breast cancer. Efficient targeting of these CTCs could potentially increase patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Papadaki
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Giannis Stoupis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Mavroudis
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vassilis Georgoulias
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofia Agelaki
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece. .,Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang B, Wang W, Li C, Liu R. Inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type II plays critical roles in the modulation of cadherin-mediated adhesion dynamics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Cell Adh Migr 2018; 12:548-563. [PMID: 29952716 PMCID: PMC6363046 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1491496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B) has been mostly proposed to act as a tumor suppressor whose expression is frequently dysregulated in numerous human cancers. To date, little is unveiled about whether and how INPP4B will exert its tumor suppressive function on the turnover of cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion system in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) in vitro. Here we provide the evidence that INPP4B manipulates cadherin switch in certain PDAC cell lines through a phosphorylated AKT-inactivation manner. The knockdown of INPP4B in AsPC-1 results in a more invasive phenotype, and overexpression of it in PANC-1 leads to partial reversion of mesenchymal status and impediment of in vitro invasion but not migration. More importantly, E-cadherin (Ecad) is enriched in the early and sorting endosomes containing INPP4B by which its recycling rather than degradation is enabled. Immunohistochemical analysis of 39 operatively resected PDAC specimens reveals it is poorly differentiated, non-cohesive ones in which the INPP4B and Ecad are partially or completely compromised in expression. We therefore identify INPP4B as an tumor suppressor in PDAC which attenuates AKT activation and participates in preservation of Ecad in endocytic pool and cellular membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- 2nd Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Institute of Burns, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chonghui Li
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Liu
- 2nd Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Russo GI, Bier S, Hennenlotter J, Beger G, Pavlenco L, van de Flierdt J, Hauch S, Maas M, Walz S, Rausch S, Bedke J, Morgia G, Stenzl A, Todenhöfer T. Expression of tumour progression-associated genes in circulating tumour cells of patients at different stages of prostate cancer. BJU Int 2018. [PMID: 29542849 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the presence of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) at different stages of prostate cancer using the AdnaTest® ProstateCancerDetect kit (Qiagen). Moreover, we aimed to assess the expression of transcripts that are specific for cancer stem cells (AdnaTest StemCell) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CTCs (AdnaTest EMT), as well as additional genes that are known to promote prostate cancer progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this prospective study, we included 81 patients who underwent treatment for prostate cancer between 07/2014 and 02/2015, including: Group A, 18 patients (22.2%) with low-risk clinically localised prostate cancer; Group B, 25 patients (30.9%) with high-risk clinically localised prostate cancer; Group C, 11 patients (13.6%) with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC); and Group D, 27 patients (33.3%) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). AdnaTest ProstateCancer and AdnaTest StemCell/EMT were performed in all cases. In addition, expression of the androgen receptor (AR), c-met, c-kit and thymidylate synthase (TYMS) in CTCs was assessed using specific polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS A positive AdnaTest ProstateCancer was present in three (16.7%), two (8.0%), six (54.5%) and 19 (70.5%) patients in groups A, B, C and D, respectively (P < 0.01, chi-squared test). The AdnaTest EMT and AdnaTest StemCell were positive in zero (0.0%), zero (0.0%), one (9.1%), and two (7.4%); and in five (27.8%), four (16.0%), three (27.3%), and 11 (40.7%) patients in groups A, B, C and D, respectively, with no significant differences noted between groups. CTCs expressing TYMS (44.4% and 50.0% vs 13.9%) or AR (18.2% and 25.9% vs 0.0%) were seen more commonly in patients in groups C and D vs patients with non-metastatic disease (all P < 0.05). Expression of c-kit and c-met were rare events, with only two patients positive for either marker. CONCLUSIONS AdnaTest ProstateCancerDetect exhibits positive results mainly in patients with metastatic disease. Expression of AR and TYMS are frequent events in CTCs of patients with advanced disease, whereas c-met and c-kit gene expression is seen in only a small proportion of patients. The implications of these results for the use of CTC analysis as a decision factor for personalised treatment strategies in advanced prostate cancer remain to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio I Russo
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany.,Urology Section, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simone Bier
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Gunthild Beger
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Moritz Maas
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Walz
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Morgia
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|