1
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Hwang H, Chen S, Ma M, Divyanshi, Fan HC, Borwick E, Böke E, Mei W, Yang J. Solubility phase transition of maternal RNAs during vertebrate oocyte-to-embryo transition. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2776-2788.e5. [PMID: 37922909 PMCID: PMC10841985 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET) is regulated by maternal products stored in the oocyte cytoplasm, independent of transcription. How maternal products are precisely remodeled to dictate the OET remains largely unclear. In this work, we discover the dynamic solubility phase transition of maternal RNAs during Xenopus OET. We have identified 863 maternal transcripts that transition from a soluble state to a detergent-insoluble one after oocyte maturation. These RNAs are enriched in the animal hemisphere, and many of them encode key cell cycle regulators. In contrast, 165 transcripts, including nearly all Xenopus germline RNAs and some vegetally localized somatic RNAs, undergo an insoluble-to-soluble phase transition. This phenomenon is conserved in zebrafish. Our results demonstrate that the phase transition of germline RNAs influences their susceptibility to RNA degradation machinery and is mediated by the remodeling of germ plasm. This work thus identifies important remodeling mechanisms that act on RNAs to control vertebrate OET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojeong Hwang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Sijie Chen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Meng Ma
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Divyanshi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hao-Chun Fan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Elizabeth Borwick
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Elvan Böke
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wenyan Mei
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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2
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Jiang Y, Adhikari D, Li C, Zhou X. Spatiotemporal regulation of maternal mRNAs during vertebrate oocyte meiotic maturation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:900-930. [PMID: 36718948 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate oocytes face a particular challenge concerning the regulation of gene expression during meiotic maturation. Global transcription becomes quiescent in fully grown oocytes, remains halted throughout maturation and fertilization, and only resumes upon embryonic genome activation. Hence, the oocyte meiotic maturation process is largely regulated by protein synthesis from pre-existing maternal messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that are transcribed and stored during oocyte growth. Rapidly developing genome-wide techniques have greatly expanded our insights into the global translation changes and possible regulatory mechanisms during oocyte maturation. The storage, translation, and processing of maternal mRNAs are thought to be regulated by factors interacting with elements in the mRNA molecules. Additionally, posttranscriptional modifications of mRNAs, such as methylation and uridylation, have recently been demonstrated to play crucial roles in maternal mRNA destabilization. However, a comprehensive understanding of the machineries that regulate maternal mRNA fate during oocyte maturation is still lacking. In particular, how the transcripts of important cell cycle components are stabilized, recruited at the appropriate time for translation, and eliminated to modulate oocyte meiotic progression remains unclear. A better understanding of these mechanisms will provide invaluable insights for the preconditions of developmental competence acquisition, with important implications for the treatment of infertility. This review discusses how the storage, localization, translation, and processing of oocyte mRNAs are regulated, and how these contribute to oocyte maturation progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Deepak Adhikari
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Chunjin Li
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China
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3
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Hwang H, Chen S, Ma M, Divyanshi, Fan HC, Borwick E, Böke E, Mei W, Yang J. Phase transition of maternal RNAs during vertebrate oocyte-to-embryo transition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.11.540463. [PMID: 37214813 PMCID: PMC10197690 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.11.540463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET) is regulated by maternal products stored in the oocyte cytoplasm, independent of transcription. How maternal products are precisely remodeled to dictate the OET remains an open question. In this work, we discover the dynamic phase transition of maternal RNAs during Xenopus OET. We have identified 863 maternal transcripts that transition from a soluble state to a detergent-insoluble one after oocyte maturation. These RNAs are enriched in the animal hemisphere and many of them encode key cell cycle regulators. In contrast, 165 transcripts, including nearly all Xenopus germline RNAs and some vegetally localized somatic RNAs, undergo an insoluble-to-soluble phase transition. This phenomenon is conserved in zebrafish. Our results demonstrate that the phase transition of germline RNAs influences their susceptibility to RNA degradation machinery and is mediated by the remodeling of germ plasm. This work thus uncovers novel remodeling mechanisms that act on RNAs to regulate vertebrate OET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojeong Hwang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Sijie Chen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Meng Ma
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Divyanshi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hao-Chun Fan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Elizabeth Borwick
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Elvan Böke
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wenyan Mei
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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4
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Hwang H, Yun S, Arcanjo RB, Divyanshi, Chen S, Mei W, Nowak RA, Kwon T, Yang J. Regulation of RNA localization during oocyte maturation by dynamic RNA-ER association and remodeling of the ER. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111802. [PMID: 36516762 PMCID: PMC9811979 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric localization of mRNAs is crucial for cell polarity and cell fate determination. By performing fractionation RNA-seq, we report here that a large number of maternal RNAs are associated with the ER in Xenopus oocytes but are released into the cytosol after oocyte maturation. We provide evidence that the majority of ER-associated RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) remain associated with the ER after oocyte maturation. However, all ER-associated RBPs analyzed exhibit reduced binding to some of their target RNAs after oocyte maturation. Our results further show that the ER is remodeled massively during oocyte maturation, leading to the formation of a widespread tubular ER network in the animal hemisphere that is required for the asymmetric localization of mRNAs in mature eggs. Thus, our findings demonstrate that dynamic regulation of RNA-ER association and remodeling of the ER are important for the asymmetric localization of RNAs during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojeong Hwang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Seongmin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Rachel Braz Arcanjo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Divyanshi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Sijie Chen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Wenyan Mei
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Romana A. Nowak
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea,Correspondence: (T.K.), (J.Y.)
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence: (T.K.), (J.Y.)
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5
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Yang C, Dominique GM, Champion MM, Huber PW. Remnants of the Balbiani body are required for formation of RNA transport granules in Xenopus oocytes. iScience 2022; 25:103878. [PMID: 35243240 PMCID: PMC8861640 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Balbiani body (Bb), an organelle comprised of mitochondria, ER, and RNA, is found in the oocytes of most organisms. In Xenopus, the structure is initially positioned immediately adjacent to the nucleus, extends toward the vegetal pole, and eventually disperses, leaving behind a region highly enriched in mitochondria. This area is later transversed by RNP complexes that are being localized to the vegetal cortex. Inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthesis prevents perinuclear formation of the transport complexes that can be reversed by a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog, indicating the nucleotide is acting as a hydrotrope. The protein composition, sensitivity to hexanediol, and coalescence in the absence of transport provide evidence that the transport RNP complexes are biocondensates. The breakdown of the Bb engenders regions of clustered mitochondria that are used not to meet extraordinary energy demands, but rather to promote a liquid-liquid phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Gena M. Dominique
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Matthew M. Champion
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Paul W. Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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6
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Neil CR, Jeschonek SP, Cabral SE, O'Connell LC, Powrie EA, Otis JP, Wood TR, Mowry KL. L-bodies are RNA-protein condensates driving RNA localization in Xenopus oocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar37. [PMID: 34613784 PMCID: PMC8694076 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-03-0146-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are membraneless compartments within cells, formed by phase separation, that function as regulatory hubs for diverse biological processes. However, the mechanisms by which RNAs and proteins interact to promote RNP granule structure and function in vivo remain unclear. In Xenopus laevis oocytes, maternal mRNAs are localized as large RNPs to the vegetal hemisphere of the developing oocyte, where local translation is critical for proper embryonic patterning. Here we demonstrate that RNPs containing vegetally localized RNAs represent a new class of cytoplasmic RNP granule, termed localization-bodies (L-bodies). We show that L-bodies contain a dynamic protein-containing phase surrounding a nondynamic RNA-containing phase. Our results support a role for RNA as a critical component within these RNP granules and suggest that cis-elements within localized mRNAs may drive subcellular RNA localization through control over phase behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Neil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Samantha P Jeschonek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Sarah E Cabral
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Liam C O'Connell
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Erin A Powrie
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Jessica P Otis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Timothy R Wood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Kimberly L Mowry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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7
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Hu Y, Hu X, Li D, Du Z, Shi K, He C, Zhang Y, Zhang D. The APC/C FZY-1/Cdc20 Complex Coordinates With OMA-1 to Regulate the Oocyte-to-Embryo Transition in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:749654. [PMID: 34722532 PMCID: PMC8554129 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During oocyte maturation and the oocyte-to-embryo transition, key developmental regulators such as RNA-binding proteins coordinate translation of particular messenger RNA (mRNAs) and related developmental processes by binding to their cognate maternal mRNAs. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, these processes are regulated by a set of CCCH zinc finger proteins. Oocyte maturation defective-1 (OMA-1) and OMA-2 are two functionally redundant CCCH zinc finger proteins that turnover rapidly during the first embryonic cell division. These turnovers are required for proper transition from oogenesis to embryogenesis. A gain-of-function mutant of OMA-1, oma-1(zu405), stabilizes and delays degradation of OMA-1, resulting in delayed turnover and mis-segregation of other cell fate determinants, which eventually causes embryonic lethality. We performed a large-scale forward genetic screen to identify suppressors of the oma-1(zu405) mutant. We show here that multiple alleles affecting functions of various anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) subunits, including MAT-1, MAT-2, MAT-3, EMB-30, and FZY-1, suppress the gain-of-function mutant of OMA-1. Transcriptome analysis suggested that overall transcription in early embryos occurred after introducing mutations in APC/C genes into the oma-1(zu405) mutant. Mutations in APC/C genes prevent OMA-1 enrichment in P granules and correct delayed degradation of downstream cell fate determinants including pharynx and intestine in excess-1 (PIE-1), posterior segregation-1 (POS-1), muscle excess-3 (MEX-3), and maternal effect germ-cell defective-1 (MEG-1). We demonstrated that only the activator FZY-1, but not FZR-1, is incorporated in the APC/C complex to regulate the oocyte-to-embryo transition. Our findings suggested a genetic relationship linking the APC/C complex and OMA-1, and support a model in which the APC/C complex promotes P granule accumulation and modifies RNA binding of OMA-1 to regulate the oocyte-to-embryo transition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuewen Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongchen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenxia He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Donglei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Voronina AS, Pshennikova ES. mRNPs: Structure and role in development. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:832-843. [PMID: 34212408 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, mRNA molecules are coated with numerous RNA-binding proteins and so exist in ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs). The proteins associated with the mRNA regulate the fate of mRNA, including its localization, translation and decay. Before activation of translation, the mRNA does not display any template functions-it is masked. The coordinated activity of certain RNA-binding proteins determines the future fate of each mRNA individually. In embryo development, the temporal and spatial regulation of translation can cause a situation when the mRNA and the encoded protein are localized in different compartments and so the differentiation of the cells can be determined. The fundamentals of regulation of the mRNAs fate and functioning in nerves are similar to those already described for oo- and embryogenesis. Disorders in the mRNA masking and demasking result in the emergence of various diseases, in particular cancers and neuro-degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Voronina
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena S Pshennikova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Dymek AM, Pecio A, Piprek RP. Diversity of Balbiani body formation in internally and externally fertilizing representatives of Osteoglossiformes (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha). J Morphol 2021; 282:1313-1329. [PMID: 34145919 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
During the early stages of oogenesis, the Balbiani body is formed in the primary oocytes. It consists of the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and numerous mitochondria aggregated with germ plasm, but its form may differ among animals. Hypothetically, during oogenesis oocytes become adapted to future development in two different environments depending on internal or external fertilization. We aimed to investigate, using light and transmission electron microscopy, the development of the Balbiani body during oogenesis in representatives of Osteoglossiformes, one of the most basal Teleostei groups. We analyzed the structure of oogonia and primary oocytes in the internally fertilizing butterflyfish Pantodon buchholzi and the externally fertilizing Osteoglossum bicirrhosum and Arapaima gigas to compare formation of the Balbiani body in relation to modes of fertilization. We demonstrated that the presence of the germ plasm as well as the fusion and fission of mitochondria are the conserved features of the Bb. However, each species exhibited also some peculiar features, including the presence of three types of ooplasm with different electron density and mitochondria-associated membranes in P. buchholzi; annulate lamellae, complexes of the Golgi apparatus, ER network, and lysosome-like bodies in O. bicirrhosum; as well as karmellae and whorls formed by the lamellae of the ER in A. gigas. Moreover, the form of the germ plasm observed in close contact with mitochondria differed between osteoglossiforms, with a "net-like" structure in P. buchholzi, the presence of numerous strings in O. bicirrhosum, and irregular accumulations in A. gigas. These unique features indicate that the extreme diversity of gamete structure observed so far only in the spermatozoa of osteoglossiforms is also characteristic for oocyte development in these basal teleosts. Possible reason of this variability is a period of about 150 million years of independent evolution of the lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Dymek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Pecio
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Rafal P Piprek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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10
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Fare CM, Villani A, Drake LE, Shorter J. Higher-order organization of biomolecular condensates. Open Biol 2021; 11:210137. [PMID: 34129784 PMCID: PMC8205532 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A guiding principle of biology is that biochemical reactions must be organized in space and time. One way this spatio-temporal organization is achieved is through liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), which generates biomolecular condensates. These condensates are dynamic and reactive, and often contain a complex mixture of proteins and nucleic acids. In this review, we discuss how underlying physical and chemical processes generate internal condensate architectures. We then outline the diverse condensate architectures that are observed in biological systems. Finally, we discuss how specific condensate organization is critical for specific biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Fare
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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11
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Dymek AM, Piprek RP, Boroń A, Kirschbaum F, Pecio A. Ovary structure and oogenesis in internally and externally fertilizing Osteoglossiformes (Teleostei:Osteoglossomorpha). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Dymek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - Rafal P. Piprek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - Alicja Boroń
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Olsztyn Poland
| | - Frank Kirschbaum
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences Humboldt University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Anna Pecio
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
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12
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Krishnakumar P, Riemer S, Perera R, Lingner T, Goloborodko A, Khalifa H, Bontems F, Kaufholz F, El-Brolosy MA, Dosch R. Functional equivalence of germ plasm organizers. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007696. [PMID: 30399145 PMCID: PMC6219760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins Oskar (Osk) in Drosophila and Bucky ball (Buc) in zebrafish act as germ plasm organizers. Both proteins recapitulate germ plasm activities but seem to be unique to their animal groups. Here, we discover that Osk and Buc show similar activities during germ cell specification. Drosophila Osk induces additional PGCs in zebrafish. Surprisingly, Osk and Buc do not show homologous protein motifs that would explain their related function. Nonetheless, we detect that both proteins contain stretches of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), which seem to be involved in protein aggregation. IDRs are known to rapidly change their sequence during evolution, which might obscure biochemical interaction motifs. Indeed, we show that Buc binds to the known Oskar interactors Vasa protein and nanos mRNA indicating conserved biochemical activities. These data provide a molecular framework for two proteins with unrelated sequence but with equivalent function to assemble a conserved core-complex nucleating germ plasm. Multicellular organisms use gametes for their propagation. Gametes are formed from germ cells, which are specified during embryogenesis in some animals by the inheritance of RNP granules known as germ plasm. Transplantation of germ plasm induces extra germ cells, whereas germ plasm ablation leads to the loss of gametes and sterility. Therefore, germ plasm is key for germ cell formation and reproduction. However, the molecular mechanisms of germ cell specification by germ plasm in the vertebrate embryo remain an unsolved question. Proteins, which assemble the germ plasm, are known as germ plasm organizers. Here, we show that the two germ plasm organizers Oskar from the fly and Bucky ball from the fish show similar functions by using a cross species approach. Both are intrinsically disordered proteins, which rapidly changed their sequence during evolution. Moreover, both proteins still interact with conserved components of the germ cell specification pathway. These data might provide a first example of two proteins with the same biological role, but distinct sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh Krishnakumar
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Riemer
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roshan Perera
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Goloborodko
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hazem Khalifa
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franck Bontems
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Felix Kaufholz
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohamed A. El-Brolosy
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Dosch
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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