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Progress in Osteochondral Regeneration with Engineering Strategies. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:1232-1242. [PMID: 35994165 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis, the main cause of disability worldwide, involves not only cartilage injury but also subchondral bone injury, which brings challenges to clinical repair. Tissue engineering strategies provide a promising solution to this degenerative disease. Articular cartilage connects to subchondral bone through the osteochondral interfacial tissue, which has a complex anatomical architecture, distinct cell distribution and unique biomechanical properties. Forming a continuous and stable osteochondral interface between cartilage tissue and subchondral bone is challenging. Thus, successful osteochondral regeneration with engineering strategies requires intricately coordinated interplay between cells, materials, biological factors, and physical/chemical factors. This review provides an overview of the anatomical composition, microstructure, and biomechanical properties of the osteochondral interface. Additionally, the latest research on the progress related to osteochondral regeneration is reviewed, especially discussing the fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds and the regulation of biological factors for osteochondral defects.
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Xu J, Ji J, Jiao J, Zheng L, Hong Q, Tang H, Zhang S, Qu X, Yue B. 3D Printing for Bone-Cartilage Interface Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:828921. [PMID: 35237582 PMCID: PMC8882993 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.828921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the vasculature defects and/or the avascular nature of cartilage, as well as the complex gradients for bone-cartilage interface regeneration and the layered zonal architecture, self-repair of cartilage and subchondral bone is challenging. Currently, the primary osteochondral defect treatment strategies, including artificial joint replacement and autologous and allogeneic bone graft, are limited by their ability to simply repair, rather than induce regeneration of tissues. Meanwhile, over the past two decades, three-dimension (3D) printing technology has achieved admirable advancements in bone and cartilage reconstruction, providing a new strategy for restoring joint function. The advantages of 3D printing hybrid materials include rapid and accurate molding, as well as personalized therapy. However, certain challenges also exist. For instance, 3D printing technology for osteochondral reconstruction must simulate the histological structure of cartilage and subchondral bone, thus, it is necessary to determine the optimal bioink concentrations to maintain mechanical strength and cell viability, while also identifying biomaterials with dual bioactivities capable of simultaneously regenerating cartilage. The study showed that the regeneration of bone-cartilage interface is crucial for the repair of osteochondral defect. In this review, we focus on the significant progress and application of 3D printing technology for bone-cartilage interface regeneration, while also expounding the potential prospects for 3D printing technology and highlighting some of the most significant challenges currently facing this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialian Xu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jindou Ji
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Juyang Jiao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangjun Zheng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qimin Hong
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haozheng Tang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shutao Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Qu, ; Bing Yue,
| | - Bing Yue
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Qu, ; Bing Yue,
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Khoeini R, Nosrati H, Akbarzadeh A, Eftekhari A, Kavetskyy T, Khalilov R, Ahmadian E, Nasibova A, Datta P, Roshangar L, Deluca DC, Davaran S, Cucchiarini M, Ozbolat IT. Natural and Synthetic Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Khoeini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Tabriz University of Medical Sciences P.O. Box: 51664-14766 Tabriz Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences P.O. Box: 51656-65811 Tabriz Iran
| | - Hamed Nosrati
- Drug Applied Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences P.O. Box: 51656-65811 Tabriz Iran
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 24, I. Franko Str. 82100 Drohobych Ukraine
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 9 B.Vahabzade Str. 1143 Baku Azerbaijan
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 24, I. Franko Str. 82100 Drohobych Ukraine
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 9 B.Vahabzade Str. 1143 Baku Azerbaijan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences P.O. Box: 516615731 Tabriz Iran
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 24, I. Franko Str. 82100 Drohobych Ukraine
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 9 B.Vahabzade Str. 1143 Baku Azerbaijan
- Russian Institute for Advanced Study Moscow State Pedagogical University 1/1, Malaya Pirogovskaya Street Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Maragheh University of Medical Sciences 78151-55158 Maragheh Iran
- Department of Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers Polymer Institute Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS) Dúbravská cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Taras Kavetskyy
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 24, I. Franko Str. 82100 Drohobych Ukraine
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 9 B.Vahabzade Str. 1143 Baku Azerbaijan
- Department of Biology and Chemistry Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University 24, I. Franko Str. 82100 Drohobych Ukraine
- Department of Surface Engineering The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin 20-950 Lublin Poland
| | - Rovshan Khalilov
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 24, I. Franko Str. 82100 Drohobych Ukraine
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 9 B.Vahabzade Str. 1143 Baku Azerbaijan
- Russian Institute for Advanced Study Moscow State Pedagogical University 1/1, Malaya Pirogovskaya Street Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry Faculty of Biology Baku State University Baku AZ 1143 Azerbaijan
- Institute of Radiation Problems National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan Baku AZ 1143 Azerbaijan
| | - Elham Ahmadian
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 24, I. Franko Str. 82100 Drohobych Ukraine
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 9 B.Vahabzade Str. 1143 Baku Azerbaijan
- Kidney Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences P.O. Box: 5166/15731 Tabriz Iran
| | - Aygun Nasibova
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 24, I. Franko Str. 82100 Drohobych Ukraine
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 9 B.Vahabzade Str. 1143 Baku Azerbaijan
- Institute of Radiation Problems National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan Baku AZ 1143 Azerbaijan
| | - Pallab Datta
- Department of Pharmaceutics National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata West Bengal 700054 India
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences P.O. Box: 5166/15731 Tabriz Iran
| | - Dante C. Deluca
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department Penn State University University Park 16802 PA USA
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Tabriz University of Medical Sciences P.O. Box: 51664-14766 Tabriz Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences P.O. Box: 51656-65811 Tabriz Iran
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 24, I. Franko Str. 82100 Drohobych Ukraine
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems 9 B.Vahabzade Str. 1143 Baku Azerbaijan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences P.O. Box: 516615731 Tabriz Iran
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics Saarland University Medical Center Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37 D-66421 Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Ibrahim T. Ozbolat
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department Penn State University University Park 16802 PA USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences Penn State University University Park 16802 PA USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department Penn State University University Park 16802 PA USA
- Materials Research Institute Penn State University University Park 16802 PA USA
- Department of Neurosurgery Penn State University Hershey 17033 PA USA
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Fu L, Li P, Li H, Gao C, Yang Z, Zhao T, Chen W, Liao Z, Peng Y, Cao F, Sui X, Liu S, Guo Q. The Application of Bioreactors for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Advances, Limitations, and Future Perspectives. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6621806. [PMID: 33542736 PMCID: PMC7843191 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6621806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) has brought new hope for articular cartilage regeneration, as TE can provide structural and functional substitutes for native tissues. The basic elements of TE involve scaffolds, seeded cells, and biochemical and biomechanical stimuli. However, there are some limitations of TE; what most important is that static cell culture on scaffolds cannot simulate the physiological environment required for the development of natural cartilage. Recently, bioreactors have been used to simulate the physical and mechanical environment during the development of articular cartilage. This review aims to provide an overview of the concepts, categories, and applications of bioreactors for cartilage TE with emphasis on the design of various bioreactor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Fu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Pinxue Li
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cangjian Gao
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhao
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhiyao Liao
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu Peng
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fuyang Cao
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiang Sui
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Fu L, Yang Z, Gao C, Li H, Yuan Z, Wang F, Sui X, Liu S, Guo Q. Advances and prospects in biomimetic multilayered scaffolds for articular cartilage regeneration. Regen Biomater 2020; 7:527-542. [PMID: 33365139 PMCID: PMC7748444 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the sophisticated hierarchical structure and limited reparability of articular cartilage (AC), the ideal regeneration of AC defects has been a major challenge in the field of regenerative medicine. As defects progress, they often extend from the cartilage layer to the subchondral bone and ultimately lead to osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering techniques bring new hope for AC regeneration. To meet the regenerative requirements of the heterogeneous and layered structure of native AC tissue, a substantial number of multilayered biomimetic scaffolds have been studied. Ideal multilayered scaffolds should generate zone-specific functional tissue similar to native AC tissue. This review focuses on the current status of multilayered scaffolds developed for AC defect repair, including design strategies based on the degree of defect severity and the zone-specific characteristics of AC tissue, the selection and composition of biomaterials, and techniques for design and manufacturing. The challenges and future perspectives of biomimetic multilayered scaffold strategies for AC regeneration are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Fu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Cangjian Gao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China.,Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Fuxin Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiang Sui
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
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Diaz-Gomez L, Smith BT, Kontoyiannis PD, Bittner SM, Melchiorri AJ, Mikos AG. Multimaterial Segmented Fiber Printing for Gradient Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 25:12-24. [PMID: 30421648 PMCID: PMC6352516 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This study introduces a segmented three-dimensional printing methodology to create multimaterial porous scaffolds with discrete gradients and controlled distribution of compositions. This methodology can be adapted for the preparation of complex, multimaterial scaffolds with hierarchical structures and mechanical integrity useful in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Diaz-Gomez
- Department of Bioengineering, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- Biomaterials Lab, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues
| | - Brandon T. Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- Biomaterials Lab, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Panayiotis D. Kontoyiannis
- Department of Bioengineering, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- Biomaterials Lab, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues
| | - Sean M. Bittner
- Department of Bioengineering, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- Biomaterials Lab, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues
| | - Anthony J. Melchiorri
- Department of Bioengineering, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- Biomaterials Lab, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- Biomaterials Lab, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues
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