1
|
Goenka A, Tiek DM, Song X, Iglesia RP, Lu M, Hu B, Cheng SY. The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Glioma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2031. [PMID: 36009578 PMCID: PMC9405925 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10082031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, research in cancer biology has been focused on the protein-coding fraction of the human genome. However, with the discovery of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), it has become known that these entities not only function in numerous fundamental life processes such as growth, differentiation, and development, but also play critical roles in a wide spectrum of human diseases, including cancer. Dysregulated ncRNA expression is found to affect cancer initiation, progression, and therapy resistance, through transcriptional, post-transcriptional, or epigenetic processes in the cell. In this review, we focus on the recent development and advances in ncRNA biology that are pertinent to their role in glioma tumorigenesis and therapy response. Gliomas are common, and are the most aggressive type of primary tumors, which account for ~30% of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Of these, glioblastoma (GBM), which are grade IV tumors, are the most lethal brain tumors. Only 5% of GBM patients survive beyond five years upon diagnosis. Hence, a deeper understanding of the cellular non-coding transcriptome might help identify biomarkers and therapeutic agents for a better treatment of glioma. Here, we delve into the functional roles of microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA) in glioma tumorigenesis, discuss the function of their extracellular counterparts, and highlight their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic agents in glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Goenka
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Deanna Marie Tiek
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xiao Song
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rebeca Piatniczka Iglesia
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Minghui Lu
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Master of Biotechnology Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sinha P, Verma B, Ganesh S. Dexamethasone-induced activation of heat shock response ameliorates seizure susceptibility and neuroinflammation in mouse models of Lafora disease. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113656. [PMID: 33639210 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock response (HSR) is a conserved cytoprotective pathway controlled by the master transcriptional regulator, the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), that activates the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs, as chaperones, play essential roles in minimizing stress-induced damages and restoring proteostasis. Therefore, compromised HSR is thought to contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. Lafora disease (LD) is a fatal form of neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of abnormal glycogen as Lafora bodies in neurons and other tissues. The symptoms of LD include progressive myoclonus epilepsy, dementia, and cognitive deficits. LD is caused by the defects in the gene coding laforin phosphatase or the malin ubiquitin ligase. Laforin and malin are known to work upstream of HSF1 and are essential for the activation of HSR. Herein, we show that mice deficient for laforin or malin show reduced levels of HSF1 and their targets in their brain tissues, suggesting compromised HSR; this could contribute to the neuropathology in LD. Intriguingly, treatment of LD animals with dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid analogue, partially restored the levels of HSF1 and its targets. Dexamethasone treatment was also able to ameliorate the neuroinflammation and susceptibility to induced seizures in the LD animals. However, dexamethasone treatment did not show a significant effect on Lafora bodies or autophagy defects. Taken together, the present study establishes a role for HSR in seizure susceptibility and neuroinflammation and dexamethasone as a potential antiepileptic agent, suitable for further studies in LD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Bhupender Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Subramaniam Ganesh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agarwal S, Ganesh S. Perinuclear mitochondrial clustering, increased ROS levels, and HIF1 are required for the activation of HSF1 by heat stress. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs245589. [PMID: 32503939 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.245589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat shock response (HSR) is a conserved cellular defensive response against stresses such as temperature, oxidative stress and heavy metals. A significant group of players in the HSR is the set of molecular chaperones known as heat shock proteins (HSPs), which assist in the refolding of unfolded proteins and prevent the accumulation of damaged proteins. HSP genes are activated by the HSF1 transcription factor, a master regulator of the HSR pathway. A variety of stressors activate HSF1, but the key molecular players and the processes that directly contribute to HSF1 activation remain unclear. In this study, we show that heat shock induces perinuclear clustering of mitochondria in mammalian cells, and this clustering is essential for activation of the HSR. We also show that this perinuclear clustering of mitochondria results in increased levels of reactive oxygen species in the nucleus, leading to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). To conclude, we provide evidence to suggest that HIF-1α is one of the crucial regulators of HSF1 and that HIF-1α is essential for activation of the HSR during heat shock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Agarwal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Subramaniam Ganesh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| |
Collapse
|