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Emken S, Witzel C, Kierdorf U, Frölich K, Kierdorf H. A labeling study of dentin formation rates during crown and root growth of porcine mandibular first molars. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:2103-2120. [PMID: 38051150 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
We used fluorochrome labeling to study spatiotemporal variation of dentin apposition (DAR) and extension (DER) rates during crown and root formation of mandibular first molars from wild boar and domestic pigs. DAR was reconstructed along the course of dentinal tubules in four zones of the crown and in the upper root area. In all five zones, mean DAR increased during the first 30% to 40% of apposition, reaching highest values (22-23 μm/day) in the upper-lateral crown zone. Lowest values were recorded near the dentin-pulp interface (DPI). Typically, DARs in contemporaneously formed dentin areas were higher in more cuspally compared to more cervically/apically located zones. DER was high (>200 μm/day) in early postnatal crown dentin and then decreased markedly in cervical direction, with lowest values in the cervical crown zone. After this nadir, DER sharply increased in the upper 30% to 40% of the root extension, reaching values equaling (wild boar) or even surpassing (domestic pigs) those recorded in the upper lateral crown. After this peak, DER again decreased. While DAR did not differ markedly between wild boar and domestic pigs, the DER showed marked differences, both regarding maximum values (208.1 μm/day in wild boar, 272.2 μm/day in domestic pigs) and the timing of the root growth spurt, which occurred earlier in the domestic pigs. We consider the more rapid recruitment of secretory odontoblasts in domestic pigs (reflected by higher DER) a side effect of selection for rapid body growth during pig domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Emken
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Witzel
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Uwe Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Kai Frölich
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
- Tierpark Arche Warder e.V., Warder, Germany
| | - Horst Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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Hu J, Xu X, Li F, Han F. Tooth replacement in the early-diverging neornithischian Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis and implications for dental evolution and herbivorous adaptation in Ornithischia. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:46. [PMID: 38627692 PMCID: PMC11020315 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tooth replacement patterns of early-diverging ornithischians, which are important for understanding the evolution of the highly specialized dental systems in hadrosaurid and ceratopsid dinosaurs, are poorly known. The early-diverging neornithischian Jeholosaurus, a small, bipedal herbivorous dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota, is an important taxon for understanding ornithischian dental evolution, but its dental morphology was only briefly described previously and its tooth replacement is poorly known. RESULTS CT scanning of six specimens representing different ontogenetic stages of Jeholosaurus reveals significant new information regarding the dental system of Jeholosaurus, including one or two replacement teeth in nearly all alveoli, relatively complete tooth resorption, and an increase in the numbers of alveoli and replacement teeth during ontogeny. Reconstructions of Zahnreihen indicate that the replacement pattern of the maxillary dentition is similar to that of the dentary dentition but with a cyclical difference. The maxillary tooth replacement rate in Jeholosaurus is probably 46 days, which is faster than that of most other early-diverging ornithischians. During the ontogeny of Jeholosaurus, the premaxillary tooth replacement rate slows from 25 days to 33 days with similar daily dentine formation. CONCLUSIONS The tooth replacement rate exhibits a decreasing trend with ontogeny, as in Alligator. In a phylogenetic context, fast tooth replacement and multi-generation replacement teeth have evolved at least twice independently in Ornithopoda, and our analyses suggest that the early-diverging members of the major ornithischian clades exhibit different tooth replacement patterns as an adaption to herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Hu
- School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Center for Vertebrate Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Li
- Yifu Museum of China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fenglu Han
- School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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Gurian K, Buzaribah K, O'Hara MC, Khalaf K, Waterhouse PJ, Dirks W. Relating metric crown dimensions to underlying internal daily secretion rates in antimeric premolars. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 157:105852. [PMID: 37995633 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The underlying cause for metric differences in antimeric tooth pairs is an important question for understanding dental variation. We hypothesize that localized variation in crown dimensions will be reflected in localized variation in daily enamel secretion rate. DESIGN Casts of pairs of human premolars from a tissue bank were 3D scanned using an optical scanning system (n = 32). Histological slides were created, and daily secretion rates (DSRs) were recorded in two areas of enamel that corresponded to scanner measurements. Antimeres were compared for both metric measurements and DSRs. Outliers for scanner measures were compared to significant differences in DSRs measurements in right and left teeth in corresponding areas. RESULTS Thirteen of the 16 individuals differed significantly in antimeric metric measurements, but only ten of those also differed in the underlying DSR. Fifteen of the 16 total individuals differed significantly in at least one DSR area. DISCUSSION While some individuals were outliers for metric measurements and had multiple areas of DSR differences, the majority of individuals had antimeric DSR differences regardless of metric differences. While there was no conclusive correlation between 3D metric analysis and underlying DSR differences, the most important result of this study is that DSR differences between antimeres are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaita Gurian
- Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, United States.
| | - Khadeejah Buzaribah
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Mackie C O'Hara
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Khaled Khalaf
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Paula J Waterhouse
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Dirks
- Posthumous, Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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Emken S, Witzel C, Kierdorf U, Frölich K, Kierdorf H. Wild boar versus domestic pig-Deciphering of crown growth in porcine second molars. J Anat 2023; 242:1078-1095. [PMID: 36774334 PMCID: PMC10184542 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the previously established periodicity of enamel growth marks, we reconstructed crown growth parameters of mandibular second molars from two wild boar and two domestic pigs of the Linderöd breed. Body weight gain and progression of dental development were markedly faster in the domestic pigs than the wild boar. While the final crown dimensions of the M2 did not differ between domestic pigs and wild boar, mean crown formation time (CFT) of this tooth was considerably shorter in the domestic pigs (162 days) than in the wild boar (205 days). The difference in CFT was mainly attributable to a higher enamel extension rate (EER) in the domestic pig. Generally, EER was highest in the cuspalmost deciles of the length of the enamel-dentine-junction and markedly dropped in cervical direction, with lowest values occurring in the cervicalmost decile. In consequence, the cuspal half of the M2 crown was formed about three times faster than the cervical half. In contrast to the EER, no marked difference in daily enamel secretion rate (DSR) was recorded between domestic pigs and wild boar. The duration of enamel matrix apposition as well as linear enamel thickness in corresponding crown portions was only slightly lower in the domestic pigs than the wild boar. Thus, the earlier completion of M2 crown growth in the domestic pig was mainly achieved by a higher EER and not by an increased DSR. The more rapid recruitment of secretory ameloblasts in the course of molar crown formation of domestic pigs compared to wild boar is considered a side-effect of the selection for rapid body growth during pig domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Emken
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Witzel
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Uwe Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Kai Frölich
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany.,Tierpark Arche Warder e.V, Warder, Germany
| | - Horst Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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Abstract
In amniotes, daily rates of dentine formation in non-ever-growing teeth range from less than 1 to over 25 μm per day. The latter value has been suggested to represent the upper limit of odontoblast activity in non-ever-growing teeth, a hypothesis supported by the lack of scaling between dentine apposition rates and body mass in Dinosauria. To determine the correlates and potential controls of dentine apposition rate, we assembled a dataset of apposition rates, metabolic rates and body masses for ca 80 amniote taxa of diverse ecologies and diets. We used phylogenetic regression to test for scaling relationships and reconstruct ancestral states of daily dentine apposition across Amniota. We find no relationship between body mass and daily dentine apposition rate (DDAR) for non-ever-growing teeth in Amniota as a whole or within major clades. Metabolic rate, the number of tooth generations, diet and habitat also do not predict or correspond with DDARs. Similar DDARs are found in large terrestrial mammals, dinosaurs and marine reptiles, whereas primates, cetaceans and some smaller marine reptiles independently evolved exceptionally slow rates. Life-history factors may explain the evolution of dentine apposition rates, which evolved rapidly at the origin of major clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Finch
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
| | - Michael D D'Emic
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
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Cerrito P, Nava A, Radovčić D, Borić D, Cerrito L, Basdeo T, Ruggiero G, Frayer DW, Kao AP, Bondioli L, Mancini L, Bromage TG. Dental cementum virtual histology of Neanderthal teeth from Krapina (Croatia, 130-120 kyr): an informed estimate of age, sex and adult stressors. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210820. [PMID: 35193386 PMCID: PMC8864341 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of modern human reproductive scheduling is an aspect of our life history that remains vastly uncomprehended. The present work aims to address this gap by validating a non-destructive cutting-edge methodology to infer adult life-history events on modern teeth with known life history and then applying it to fossil specimens. We use phase-contrast synchrotron X-ray microtomography to visualize the dental cementum of 21 specimens: nine contemporary humans; 10 Neanderthals from Krapina (Croatia, 130-120 kyr); one Neolithic Homo sapiens from Ajmana (Serbia); and one Mesolithic H. sapiens from Vlasac (Serbia). We were able to correctly detect and time (root mean square error = 2.1 years; R2 = 0.98) all reproductive (menarche, parturition, menopause) and other physiologically impactful events in the modern sample. Nonetheless, we could not distinguish between the causes of the events detected. For the fossil specimens, we estimated age at death and age at occurrence of biologically significant events. Finally, we performed an exploratory analysis regarding possible sexual dimorphism in dental cementum microstructure, which allowed us to correctly infer the sex of the Neolithic specimen, for which the true value was known via DNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cerrito
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessia Nava
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Davorka Radovčić
- Department of Geology and Paleontology, Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dušan Borić
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Tricia Basdeo
- Department of Anthropology, Adelphi University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guido Ruggiero
- Ruggiero-Piscopo Dental Practice, Naples, Italy
- Molise Regional Health Authority, Venafro, Italy
| | - David W. Frayer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Alexander P. Kao
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Bondioli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Mancini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Timothy G. Bromage
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
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Nacarino-Meneses C, Chinsamy A. Mineralized-tissue histology reveals protracted life history in the Pliocene three-toed horse from Langebaanweg (South Africa). Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We studied the bone and dental histology of the tri-dactyl equid Eurygnathohippus hooijeri, one of the most iconic mammals found at the world-renowned Pliocene site of Langebaanweg, South Africa, to reconstruct important features of its life history. Our results show that key life-history events, such as weaning, skeletal maturity and reproductive maturity, occurred later in this African hipparionine compared with European three-toed equids and several extant Equus. Its late life-history schedule agrees with an ecological context of low adult extrinsic mortality and low juvenile survival rates. We also observed high rates of bone growth in Eu. hooijeri that were probably achieved through a high-quality diet and plentiful available water. Our research highlights the significance of combining bone and dental histology in the same taxon to obtain refined palaeobiological information about extinct vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Nacarino-Meneses
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rhodes Gift, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anusuya Chinsamy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rhodes Gift, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa
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Emken S, Witzel C, Kierdorf U, Frölich K, Kierdorf H. Characterization of short-period and long-period incremental markings in porcine enamel and dentine-Results of a fluorochrome labelling study in wild boar and domestic pigs. J Anat 2021; 239:1207-1220. [PMID: 34240412 PMCID: PMC8546513 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian dental hard tissues exhibit incremental markings that reflect the periodic variation of appositional growth rates. In order to use these markings to characterize dental growth processes and to infer life‐history traits, an unequivocal identification of their periodicities is required. We performed a fluorochrome labelling study on forming enamel and dentine in molar teeth of wild boar and domestic pigs to establish the periodicity and temporal correspondence of incremental markings in enamel and dentine. The dominant incremental markings in enamel (laminations) and dentine (von Ebner lines) recorded in the pig teeth are of a daily nature. In addition, long‐period incremental markings with a periodicity of 2 days were recorded in enamel (striae of Retzius) and dentine (Andresen lines). The 2‐day growth rhythm was also expressed at the lateral crown surface, as evidenced by the pattern of perikymata. In enamel, also markings with a sub‐daily periodicity, representing an ultradian growth rhythm, were observed. Our study provides experimental evidence for the periodicity of incremental markings in porcine enamel and dentine. The findings correct previous misconceptions on incremental markings in dental hard tissues of pigs and other ungulates that had led to erroneous conclusions regarding crown formation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Emken
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Witzel
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Uwe Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Kai Frölich
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany.,Tierpark Arche Warder e.V, Warder, Germany
| | - Horst Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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Ferguson AW. On the role of (and threat to) natural history museums in mammal conservation: an African small mammal perspective. JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.20028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Becker M, Witzel C, Kierdorf U, Frölich K, Kierdorf H. Ontogenetic changes of tissue compartmentalization and bone type distribution in the humerus of Soay sheep. J Anat 2020; 237:334-354. [PMID: 32255514 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied ontogenetic changes of histomorphological features and bone type distribution in the humeral midshaft region of Soay sheep from three postnatal age classes (13, 25, and 33 months). Our study demonstrated a marked change of bone type distribution in the humeri with age. In the cortical midshaft region of 13-month-old individuals, periosteal fibrolamellar bone was the dominating bone type. This indicates a rapid bone growth during the first year of life, which was only interrupted by a seasonal growth arrest in the animals' first winter. In individuals from the two older age classes, periosteal lamellar-zonal bone and intermediate fibrolamellar bone had been formed at the periosteal surface, and endosteal lamellar-zonal bone at the endosteal surface. These bone types are indicative of a reduced bone growth rate. A marked reduction in radial growth was already recorded in the 25-month-old individuals. Distribution and extent of secondary bone showed a marked bilateral symmetry in the humeri of individual sheep. The presence of secondary bone was largely restricted to the anterior (cranial) and the medial cortical areas. This characteristic distribution of remodeling activity within the humeral cortex of sheep is consistent with the view that remodeling activity is largely caused by compressive stress. Our study further demonstrated the presence of a considerable cortical drift in the sheep humeri over the study period, with endosteal resorption occurring predominantly in the posterior (caudal) quadrant and formation of a prominent endosteal lamellar pocket in the anterior (cranial) and medial cortical quadrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarethe Becker
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Witzel
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Uwe Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | | | - Horst Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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