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Lamba M, Singh PR, Bandyopadhyay A, Goswami A. Synthetic 18F labeled biomolecules that are selective and promising for PET imaging: major advances and applications. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1899-1920. [PMID: 38911154 PMCID: PMC11187557 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The concept of positron emission tomography (PET) based imaging was developed more than 40 years ago. It has been a widely adopted technique for detecting and staging numerous diseases in clinical settings, particularly cancer, neuro- and cardio-diseases. Here, we reviewed the evolution of PET and its advantages over other imaging modalities in clinical settings. Primarily, this review discusses recent advances in the synthesis of 18F radiolabeled biomolecules in light of the widely accepted performance for effective PET. The discussion particularly emphasizes the 18F-labeling chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, oligonucleotides, peptides, and protein molecules, which have shown promise for PET imaging in recent decades. In addition, we have deliberated on how 18F-labeled biomolecules enable the detection of metabolic changes at the cellular level and the selective imaging of gross anatomical localization via PET imaging. In the end, the review discusses the future perspective of PET imaging to control disease in clinical settings. We firmly believe that collaborative multidisciplinary research will further widen the comprehensive applications of PET approaches in the clinical management of cancer and other pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Lamba
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Birla Farms Ropar Punjab-140001 India
| | - Prasoon Raj Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Birla Farms Ropar Punjab-140001 India
| | - Anupam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Birla Farms Ropar Punjab-140001 India
| | - Avijit Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Birla Farms Ropar Punjab-140001 India
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2
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Hazari PP, Yadav SK, Kumar PK, Dhingra V, Rani N, Kumar R, Singh B, Mishra AK. Preclinical and Clinical Use of Indigenously Developed 99mTc-Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid-Bis-Methionine: l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1-Targeted Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Radiotracer for Glioma Management. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1233-1247. [PMID: 37705592 PMCID: PMC10496141 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
A new era in tumor classification, diagnosis, and prognostic evaluation has begun as a consequence of recent developments in the molecular and genetic characterization of central nervous system tumors. In this newly emerging era, molecular imaging modalities are essential for preoperative diagnosis, surgical planning, targeted treatment, and post-therapy evaluation of gliomas. The radiotracers are able to identify brain tumors, distinguish between low- and high-grade lesions, confirm a patient's eligibility for theranostics, and assess post-radiation alterations. We previously synthesized and reported the novel l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1)-targeted amino acid derivative in light of the use of amino acid derivatives in imaging technologies. Further, we have developed a single vial ready to label Tc-lyophilized kit preparations of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-bis-methionine [DTPA-bis(Met)], also referred to as methionine-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-methionine (MDM) and evaluated its imaging potential in numerous clinical studies. This review summarizes our previous publications on 99mTc-DTPA-bis(Met) in different clinical studies such as detection of breast cancer, as a prognostic marker, in detection of recurrent/residual gliomas, for differentiation of recurrent/residual gliomas from radiation necrosis, and for comparison of 99mTc-DTPA-bis(Met) with 11C-L-methionine (11C-MET), with relevant literature on imaging modalities in glioma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Panwar Hazari
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Delhi- 110054, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Yadav
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Delhi- 110054, India
| | - Pardeep Kumar Kumar
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore-560029, India
| | - Vandana Dhingra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh-249203, India
| | - Nisha Rani
- Division of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 600 N. Wolfe Street, Phipps 300, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi-110029, India
| | - Baljinder Singh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160012, India
| | - Anil K Mishra
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Delhi- 110054, India
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Trapp S, Lammers T, Engudar G, Hoehr C, Denkova AG, Paulssen E, de Kruijff RM. Membrane-based microfluidic solvent extraction of Ga-68 from aqueous Zn solutions: towards an automated cyclotron production loop. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2023; 8:9. [PMID: 37147500 PMCID: PMC10163183 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-023-00195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The radionuclide Ga-68 is commonly used in nuclear medicine, specifically in positron emission tomography (PET). Recently, the interest in producing Ga-68 by cyclotron irradiation of [68Zn]Zn nitrate liquid targets is increasing. However, current purification methods of Ga-68 from the target solution consist of multi-step procedures, thus, leading to a significant loss of activity through natural decay. Additionally, several processing steps are needed to recycle the costly, enriched target material. RESULTS To eventually allow switching from batch to continuous production, conventional batch extraction and membrane-based microfluidic extraction were compared. In both approaches, Ga-68 was extracted using N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine in chloroform as the organic extracting phase. Extraction efficiencies of up to 99.5% ± 0.6% were achieved within 10 min, using the batch approach. Back-extraction of Ga-68 into 2 M HCl was accomplished within 1 min with efficiencies of up to 94.5% ± 0.6%. Membrane-based microfluidic extraction achieved 99.2% ± 0.3% extraction efficiency and 95.8% ± 0.8% back-extraction efficiency into 6 M HCl. When executed on a solution irradiated with a 13 MeV cyclotron at TRIUMF, Canada, comparable efficiencies of 97.0% ± 0.4% were achieved. Zn contamination in the back-extracted Ga-68 solution was found to be below 3 ppm. CONCLUSIONS Microfluidic solvent extraction is a promising method in the production of Ga-68 achieving high efficiencies in a short amount of time, potentially allowing for direct target recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Trapp
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Reactor Institute Delft, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Lammers
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Reactor Institute Delft, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gokce Engudar
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Antonia G Denkova
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Reactor Institute Delft, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Paulssen
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Reactor Institute Delft, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Aachen University of Applied Science, Juelich, Germany
| | - Robin M de Kruijff
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Reactor Institute Delft, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB, Delft, The Netherlands.
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Lepareur N. Cold Kit Labeling: The Future of 68Ga Radiopharmaceuticals? Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:812050. [PMID: 35223907 PMCID: PMC8869247 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.812050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last couple of decades, gallium-68 (68Ga) has gained a formidable interest for PET molecular imaging of various conditions, from cancer to infection, through cardiac pathologies or neuropathies. It has gained routine use, with successful radiopharmaceuticals such as somatostatin analogs ([68Ga]Ga-DOTATOC and [68Ga]GaDOTATATE) for neuroendocrine tumors, and PSMA ligands for prostate cancer. It represents a major clinical impact, particularly in the context of theranostics, coupled with their 177Lu-labeled counterparts. Beside those, a bunch of new 68Ga-labeled molecules are in the preclinical and clinical pipelines, with some of them showing great promise for patient care. Increasing clinical demand and regulatory issues have led to the development of automated procedures for the production of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals. However, the widespread use of these radiopharmaceuticals may rely on simple and efficient radiolabeling methods, undemanding in terms of equipment and infrastructure. To make them technically and economically accessible to the medical community and its patients, it appears mandatory to develop a procedure similar to the well-established kit-based 99mTc chemistry. Already available commercial kits for the production of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals have demonstrated the feasibility of using such an approach, thus paving the way for more kit-based 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals to be developed. This article discusses the development of 68Ga cold kit radiopharmacy, including technical issues, and regulatory aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lepareur
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, Inrae, Inserm, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer), UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Rennes, France
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Kręcisz P, Czarnecka K, Królicki L, Mikiciuk-Olasik E, Szymański P. Radiolabeled Peptides and Antibodies in Medicine. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 32:25-42. [PMID: 33325685 PMCID: PMC7872318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Radiolabeled peptides
are a relatively new, very specific radiotracer
group, which is still expanding. This group is very diverse in terms
of peptide size. It contains very small structures containing several
amino acids and whole antibodies. Moreover, radiolabeled peptides
are diverse in terms of the binding aim and therapeutic or diagnostic
applications. The majority of this class of radiotracers is utilized
in oncology, where the same structure can be used in therapy and diagnostic
imaging by varying the radionuclide. In this study, we collected new
reports of radiolabeled peptide applications in diagnosis and therapy
in oncology and other fields of medicine. Radiolabeled peptides are
also increasingly being used in rheumatology, cardiac imaging, or
neurology. The studies collected in this review concern new therapeutic
and diagnostic procedures in humans and new structures tested on animals.
We also performed an analysis of clinical trials, which concerns application
of radiolabeled peptides and antibodies that were reported in the
clinicaltrials.gov database between 2008 and 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kręcisz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Czarnecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Leszek Królicki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1 a, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Mikiciuk-Olasik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Gorshkov NI, Murko АY, Gavrilova II, Bezrukova МА, Kipper АI, Shatik SV, Tokarev АV, Krasikov VD, Panarin ЕF. Metal-Polymer Complexes of Gallium/Gallium-68 with Copolymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidonewith N-Vinylformamideand N-Vinyliminodiacetic Acid: A Hint for Radiolabeling of Water-Soluble Synthetic Flexible Chain Macromolecules. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122889. [PMID: 33276572 PMCID: PMC7761557 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone (VP) with vinylformamide (VFA) and N-vinyliminodiacetic acid (VIDA) was synthesized; its metal-polymer complexes (MPCs) with gallium were obtained. The complexes were characterized by size exclusion chromatography, hydrodynamic and optical methods, scanning electron microscopy, and spectral methods (UV, IR, 1Н NMR spectroscopy). It was demonstrated that in going from polymer to complex, hydrodynamic parameters of macromolecules change only slightly, although the polymer contains intramolecular Ga(VIDA)2 fragments in its structure. A new method for preparation of MPCs with gallium and gallium-68 radionuclide was suggested. The obtained metal-polymer complex is stable over a wide range of pH values as well as in the histidine challenge reaction. In vivo distribution experiments in intact animals showed high primary accumulation of thegallium-68 MPC in blood with subsequent excretion via urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay I. Gorshkov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Russian Federation, V.O. Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.M.); (I.I.G.); (M.A.B.); (A.I.K.); (V.D.K.); (E.F.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(812)-323-71-01
| | - Аndrey Yu. Murko
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Russian Federation, V.O. Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.M.); (I.I.G.); (M.A.B.); (A.I.K.); (V.D.K.); (E.F.P.)
| | - Iirina I. Gavrilova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Russian Federation, V.O. Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.M.); (I.I.G.); (M.A.B.); (A.I.K.); (V.D.K.); (E.F.P.)
| | - Мarina А. Bezrukova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Russian Federation, V.O. Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.M.); (I.I.G.); (M.A.B.); (A.I.K.); (V.D.K.); (E.F.P.)
| | - Аlbert I. Kipper
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Russian Federation, V.O. Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.M.); (I.I.G.); (M.A.B.); (A.I.K.); (V.D.K.); (E.F.P.)
| | - Sergei V. Shatik
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russian Federation, p. Pesochny, ul. Leningradskaya, 70, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.V.S.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Аlexander V. Tokarev
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russian Federation, p. Pesochny, ul. Leningradskaya, 70, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.V.S.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Valerii D. Krasikov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Russian Federation, V.O. Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.M.); (I.I.G.); (M.A.B.); (A.I.K.); (V.D.K.); (E.F.P.)
| | - Еvgenii F. Panarin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Russian Federation, V.O. Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.M.); (I.I.G.); (M.A.B.); (A.I.K.); (V.D.K.); (E.F.P.)
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Yin H, Gao J, Chen X, Ma B, Yang Z, Tang J, Wang B, Chen T, Wang C, Gao S, Zhang J. A Gallium(III) Complex that Engages Protein Disulfide Isomerase A3 (PDIA3) as an Anticancer Target. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao‐Yan Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Jiu‐Jiao Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Chemistry Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Shu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Juan Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Bing‐Wu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Chu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
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Yin H, Gao J, Chen X, Ma B, Yang Z, Tang J, Wang B, Chen T, Wang C, Gao S, Zhang J. A Gallium(III) Complex that Engages Protein Disulfide Isomerase A3 (PDIA3) as an Anticancer Target. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20147-20153. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao‐Yan Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Jiu‐Jiao Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Chemistry Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Shu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Juan Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Bing‐Wu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Chu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
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Romero E, Martínez A, Oteo M, Ibañez M, Santos M, Morcillo MÁ. Development and long-term evaluation of a new 68Ge/ 68Ga generator based on nano-SnO 2 for PET imaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12756. [PMID: 32728067 PMCID: PMC7392752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radionuclide generator systems can routinely provide radionuclides on demand such as 68Ga produced by a 68Ge/68Ga generator without the availability of an on-site accelerator or a research reactor. Thus, in this work nano-SnO2 was used to develop a new 68Ge/68Ga generator which was evaluated over a period of 17 months and 305 elution cycles. The elution yield was 91.1 ± 1.8% in the first 7 mL (1 M HCl as eluent) when the generator was new and then it decreased with time and use to 73.8 ± 1.9%. Around 80% of the elutable 68Ga activity was obtained in 1 mL and the 68Ge content in the eluate did not exceed 1 × 10–4% over the investigation period when it was eluted regularly. The described generator provided adequate results for radiolabelling of DOTA-TOC with direct use of eluate. In addition, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC was tested satisfactorily for in vivo tumor detection by microPET/CT imaging in a lung cancer mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Romero
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Martínez
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Oteo
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ibañez
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Allott L, Aboagye EO. Chemistry Considerations for the Clinical Translation of Oncology PET Radiopharmaceuticals. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2245-2259. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Allott
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Wurzer A, Di Carlo D, Schmidt A, Beck R, Eiber M, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. Radiohybrid Ligands: A Novel Tracer Concept Exemplified by 18F- or 68Ga-Labeled rhPSMA Inhibitors. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:735-742. [PMID: 31862804 PMCID: PMC7198388 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.234922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When we critically assess the reason for the current dominance of 68Ga-labeled peptides and peptide-like ligands in radiopharmacy and nuclear medicine, we have to conclude that the major advantage of such radiopharmaceuticals is the apparent lack of suitable 18F-labeling technologies with proven clinical relevance. To prepare and to subsequently perform a clinical proof-of-concept study on the general suitability of silicon-fluoride-acceptor (SiFA)-conjugated radiopharmaceuticals, we developed inhibitors of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) that are labeled by isotopic exchange (IE). To compensate for the pronounced lipophilicity of the SiFA unit, we used metal chelates, conjugated in close proximity to SiFA. Six different radiohybrid PSMA ligands (rhPSMA ligands) were evaluated and compared with the commonly used 18F-PSMA inhibitors 18F-DCFPyL and 18F-PSMA-1007. Methods: All inhibitors were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Human serum albumin binding was measured by affinity high-performance liquid chromatography, whereas the lipophilicity of each tracer was determined by the n-octanol/buffer method. In vitro studies (IC50, internalization) were performed on LNCaP cells. Biodistribution studies were conducted on LNCaP tumor-bearing male CB-17 SCID mice. Results: On the laboratory scale (starting activities, 0.2-9.0 GBq), labeling of 18F-rhPSMA-5 to -10 by IE was completed in < 20 min (radiochemical yields, 58% ± 9%; radiochemical purity, >97%) with molar activities of 12-60 GBq/μmol. All rhPSMAs showed low nanomolar affinity and high internalization by PSMA-expressing cells when compared with the reference radiopharmaceuticals, medium-to-low lipophilicity, and high human serum albumin binding. Biodistribution studies in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice revealed high tumor uptake, sufficiently fast clearance kinetics from blood, low hepatobiliary excretion, fast renal excretion, and very low uptake of 18F activity in bone. Conclusion: The novel 18F-rhPSMA radiopharmaceuticals developed under the radiohybrid concept show equal or better targeting characteristics than the established 18F-PSMA tracers 18F-DCFPyL and 18F-PSMA-1007. The unparalleled simplicity of production, the possibility to produce the identical 68Ga-labeled 19F-68Ga-rhPSMA tracers, and the possibility to extend this concept to true theranostic radiohybrid radiopharmaceuticals, such as F-Lu-rhPSMA, are unique features of these radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wurzer
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Daniel Di Carlo
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Roswitha Beck
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
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Gorshkov NI, Miroslavov АЕ, Аlekseev IЕ, Lumpov АА, Мurko АY, Gavrilova II, Saprykina NN, Bezrukova МА, Kipper АI, Krasikov VD, Suglobov DN, Tyupina MY, Panarin ЕF. Study of N-vinylpyrrolidone-N-vinylformamide copolymers labelled with indium-113m. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:302-311. [PMID: 28349626 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The procedure of the directed synthesis of N-vinylpyrrolidone-N-vinylformamide (VP-VFA) copolymers with grafted iminodiacetate (IDA) chelating units is presented. The methods for labelling resulting conjugates with indium-113m were developed. The metal-copolymer conjugates were characterized by different physicochemical methods, including IR and NMR, viscometry, light scattering, and exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. Parameters of radiochemical synthesis of the conjugates labelled with indium-113m were optimized. It was shown that the VP-VFA-IDA copolymer firmly binds indium-113m both in the acid and alkaline solutions, with pH of the reaction mixture having almost no effect on the complexation. VP-VFA-IDA-In conjugates were found to be unstable in histidine challenge reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Gorshkov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Federal State Budgetary Institute of Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - А Е Miroslavov
- Khlopin Radium Institute Joint-Stock Company, St Petersburg, Russia.,Radiochemistry Department, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - I Е Аlekseev
- Khlopin Radium Institute Joint-Stock Company, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - А А Lumpov
- Khlopin Radium Institute Joint-Stock Company, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - А Y Мurko
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Federal State Budgetary Institute of Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - I I Gavrilova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Federal State Budgetary Institute of Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - N N Saprykina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Federal State Budgetary Institute of Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - М А Bezrukova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Federal State Budgetary Institute of Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - А I Kipper
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Federal State Budgetary Institute of Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - V D Krasikov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Federal State Budgetary Institute of Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - D N Suglobov
- Khlopin Radium Institute Joint-Stock Company, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Y Tyupina
- Khlopin Radium Institute Joint-Stock Company, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Е F Panarin
- St Petersburg Peter the Great Polytechnical Institutе of the Russian Federation, St Petersburg, Russia
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13
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Gorshkov NI, Shatik SV, Tokarev AV, Gavrilova II, Nazarova OV, Murko AY, Krasikov VD, Panarin EF. Synthesis of complexes of N-vinylpyrrolidone–vinylamine or N-vinylpyrrolidone–allylamine containing macrocyclic polyligand 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate (DOTA) with gallium-68 isotope and estimation of their in vivo distribution. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-017-1714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Attarwala AA, Karanja YW, Hardiansyah D, Romanó C, Roscher M, Wängler B, Glatting G. Investigation of the imaging characteristics of the ALBIRA II small animal PET system for 18F, 68Ga and 64Cu. Z Med Phys 2017; 27:132-144. [PMID: 28412013 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM In this study the performance characteristics of the Albira II PET sub-system and the response of the system for the following radionuclides 18F, 68Ga and 64Cu was analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Albira II tri-modal system (Bruker BioSpin MRI GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany) is a pre-clinical device for PET, SPECT and CT. The PET sub-system uses single continuous crystal detectors of lutetium yttrium orthosilicate (LYSO). The detector assembly consists of three rings of 8 detector modules. The transaxial field of view (FOV) has a diameter of 80mm and the axial FOV is 148mm. A NEMA NU-4 image quality phantom (Data Spectrum Corporation, Durham, USA) having five rods with diameters of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mm and a uniform central region was used. Measurements with 18F, 68Ga and 64Cu were performed in list mode acquisition over 10h. Data were reconstructed using a maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization (MLEM) algorithm with iteration numbers between 5 and 50. System sensitivity, count rate linearity, convergence and recovery coefficients were analyzed. RESULTS The sensitivities for the entire FOV (non-NEMA method) for 18F, 68Ga and 64Cu were (3.78±0.05)%, (3.97±0.18)% and (3.79±0.37)%, respectively. The sensitivity based on the NEMA protocol using the 22Na point source yielded (5.53±0.06)%. Dead-time corrected true counts were linear for activities ≤7MBq (18F and 68Ga) and ≤17MBq (64Cu) in the phantom. The radial, tangential and axial full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) were 1.52, 1.47 and 1.48mm. Recovery coefficients for the uniform region with a total activity of 8MBq in the phantom were (0.97±0.05), (0.98±0.06), (0.98±0.06) for 18F, 68Ga and 64Cu, respectively. CONCLUSION The Albira II pre-clinical PET system has an adequate sensitivity range and the system linearity is suitable for the range of activities used for pre-clinical imaging. Overall, the system showed a favorable image quality for pre-clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asgar Attarwala
- Medical Radiation Physics/Radiation Protection, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Wanjiku Karanja
- Medical Radiation Physics/Radiation Protection, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Deni Hardiansyah
- Medical Radiation Physics/Radiation Protection, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chiara Romanó
- Medical Radiation Physics/Radiation Protection, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mareike Roscher
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Björn Wängler
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gerhard Glatting
- Medical Radiation Physics/Radiation Protection, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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15
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Chakravarty R, Chakraborty S, Radhakrishnan ER, Kamaleshwaran K, Shinto A, Dash A. Clinical 68Ga-PET: Is radiosynthesis module an absolute necessity? Nucl Med Biol 2017; 46:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Hoehr C, Bénard F, Buckley K, Crawford J, Gottberg A, Hanemaayer V, Kunz P, Ladouceur K, Radchenko V, Ramogida C, Robertson A, Ruth T, Zacchia N, Zeisler S, Schaffer P. Medical Isotope Production at TRIUMF – from Imaging to Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2017.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Petriev VM, Tishchenko VK, Krasikova RN. 18F-FDG and Other Labeled Glucose Derivatives for Use in Radionuclide Diagnosis of Oncological Diseases (Review). Pharm Chem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-016-1425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Tishchenko VK, Petriev VM, Skvortsov VG. Radiopharmaceuticals Based on Polyaminophosphonic Acids Labeled with α−, β−, and γ-Emitting Radionuclides (Review). Pharm Chem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-015-1299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Pathuri G, Hedrick AF, January SE, Galbraith WK, Awasthi V, Arnold CD, Cowley BD, Gali H. Synthesis andin vivoevaluation of gallium-68-labeled glycine and hippurate conjugates for positron emission tomography renography. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 58:14-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Pathuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - Andria F. Hedrick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - Spenser E. January
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - Wendy K. Galbraith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - Vibhudutta Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - Charles D. Arnold
- Department of Radiological Sciences; The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - Benjamin D. Cowley
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine; The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - Hariprasad Gali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City OK USA
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20
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Kilian K. 68Ga-DOTA and analogs: Current status and future perspectives. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2014; 19:S13-S21. [PMID: 28443194 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of the 68Ge/68Ga generator has increased application of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with this isotope in medicine. 68Ga-PET is widely employed in the management of neuroendocrine tumors but favorable chemistry with tri- and tetraaza-ring molecules has opened wide range of 68Ga application in other fields of PET imaging. This review covers the radiopharmaceuticals labeled with gallium in molecular imaging and shows perspectives on the use of gallium-68 as a substitute for technetium-99, fluorine-18 and carbon-11 in some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kilian
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 5a, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Development of Single Vial Kits for Preparation of 68Ga-Labelled Peptides for PET Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumours. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:550-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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22
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Claesener M, Schober O, Wagner S, Kopka K. Radiosynthesis of a ⁶⁸Ga labeled matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor as a potential probe for PET imaging. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:1723-8. [PMID: 22750564 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor based on a barbiturate scaffold was conjugated with a cyclooctyne derivative of the (radio)metal chelator DOTA via strain induced azide alkyne cycloaddition. Subsequent radiolabeling with (68)Ga yielded the corresponding radiometal labeled target compound (68)Ga-4 with a yield of 87% (decay corrected). The target molecule was also synthesized by a second synthesis route, the reaction of a pre-labeled (68)Ga-cyclooctyne-DOTA derivative (68)Ga-1 with an azide bearing barbiturate 3. This approach offers a valuable alternative for providing the desired (68)Ga-radiolabeled target compound. But, in this case, the strain induced cycloaddition of the reported pre-labeled cyclooctyne-DOTA derivative (68)Ga-1 with azides was proven to be slow at room temperature and heating was necessary for acceptable reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Claesener
- University Hospital Münster, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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23
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Breeman WAP, de Blois E, Sze Chan H, Konijnenberg M, Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP. (68)Ga-labeled DOTA-peptides and (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography: current status of research, clinical applications, and future perspectives. Semin Nucl Med 2011; 41:314-21. [PMID: 21624565 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review we give an overview of current knowledge of (68)Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals, with focus on imaging receptor-mediated processes. A major advantage of a (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator is its continuous source of (68)Ga, independently from an on-site cyclotron. The increase in knowledge of purification and concentration of the eluate and the complex ligand chemistry has led to (68)Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals with major clinical impact. (68)Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals have the potential to cover all today's clinical options with (99m)Tc, with the concordant higher resolution of positron emission tomography (PET) in comparison with single photon emission computed tomography. (68)Ga-labeled analogs of octreotide, such as DOTATOC, DOTANOC, and DOTA-TATE, are in clinical application in nuclear medicine, and these analogs are now the most frequently applied of all (68)Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals. All the above-mentioned items in favor of successful application of (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for imaging in patients are strong arguments for the development of a (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator with Marketing Authorization and thus to provide pharmaceutical grade eluate. Moreover, now not one United States Food and Drug Administration-approved or European Medicines Agency-approved (68)Ga-radiopharmaceutical is available. As soon as these are achieved, a whole new radiopharmacy providing PET radiopharmaceuticals might develop.
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Singh AN, Liu W, Hao G, Kumar A, Gupta A, Öz OK, Hsieh JT, Sun X. Multivalent bifunctional chelator scaffolds for gallium-68 based positron emission tomography imaging probe design: signal amplification via multivalency. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1650-62. [PMID: 21740059 DOI: 10.1021/bc200227d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of the multivalent effect has been well recognized in the design of molecular imaging probes toward the desired imaging signal amplification. Recently, we reported a bifunctional chelator (BFC) scaffold design, which provides a simple and versatile approach to impart multivalency to radiometal based nuclear imaging probes. In this work, we report a series of BFC scaffolds ((t)Bu(3)-1-COOH, (t)Bu(3)-2-(COOH)(2), and (t)Bu(3)-3-(COOH)(3)) constructed on the framework of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) for (68)Ga-based PET probe design and signal amplification via the multivalent effect. For proof of principle, a known integrin α(v)β(3) specific ligand (c(RGDyK)) was used to build the corresponding NOTA conjugates (H(3)1, H(3)2, and H(3)3), which present 1-3 copies of c(RGDyK) peptide, respectively, in a systematic manner. Using the integrin α(v)β(3) binding affinities (IC(50) values), enhanced specific binding was observed for multivalent conjugates (H(3)2: 43.9 ± 16.1 nM; H(3)3: 14.7 ± 5.0 nM) as compared to their monovalent counterpart (H(3)1: 171 ± 60 nM) and the intact c(RGDyK) peptide (204 ± 76 nM). The obtained conjugates were efficiently labeled with (68)Ga(3+) within 30 min at room temperature in high radiochemical yields (>95%). The in vivo evaluation of the labeled conjugates, (68)Ga-1, (68)Ga-2, and (68)Ga-3, was performed using male severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice bearing integrin α(v)β(3) positive PC-3 tumor xenografts (n = 3). All (68)Ga-labeled conjugates showed high in vivo stability with no detectable metabolites found by radio-HPLC within 2 h postinjection (p.i.). The PET signal amplification in PC-3 tumor by the multivalent effect was clearly displayed by the tumor uptake of the (68)Ga-labeled conjugates ((68)Ga-3: 2.55 ± 0.50%ID/g; (68)Ga-2: 1.90 ± 0.10%ID/g; (68)Ga-1: 1.66 ± 0.15%ID/g) at 2 h p.i. In summary, we have designed and synthesized a series of NOTA-based BFC scaffolds with signal amplification properties, which may find potential applications as diagnostic gallium radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay N Singh
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
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25
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Vallabhajosula S, Solnes L, Vallabhajosula B. A Broad Overview of Positron Emission Tomography Radiopharmaceuticals and Clinical Applications: What Is New? Semin Nucl Med 2011; 41:246-64. [PMID: 21624560 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Zeglis BM, Lewis JS. A practical guide to the construction of radiometallated bioconjugates for positron emission tomography. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6168-95. [PMID: 21442098 PMCID: PMC3773488 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01595d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has become a vital imaging modality in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, most notably cancer. A wide array of small molecule PET radiotracers have been developed that employ the short half-life radionuclides (11)C, (13)N, (15)O, and (18)F. However, PET radiopharmaceuticals based on biomolecular targeting vectors have been the subject of dramatically increased research in both the laboratory and the clinic. Typically based on antibodies, oligopeptides, or oligonucleotides, these tracers have longer biological half-lives than their small molecule counterparts and thus require labeling with radionuclides with longer, complementary radioactive half-lives, such as the metallic isotopes (64)Cu, (68)Ga, (86)Y, and (89)Zr. Each bioconjugate radiopharmaceutical has four component parts: biomolecular vector, radiometal, chelator, and covalent link between chelator and biomolecule. With the exception of the radiometal, a tremendous variety of choices exists for each of these pieces, and a plethora of different chelation, conjugation, and radiometallation strategies have been utilized to create agents ranging from (68)Ga-labeled pentapeptides to (89)Zr-labeled monoclonal antibodies. Herein, the authors present a practical guide to the construction of radiometal-based PET bioconjugates, in which the design choices and synthetic details of a wide range of biomolecular tracers from the literature are collected in a single reference. In assembling this information, the authors hope both to illuminate the diverse methods employed in the synthesis of these agents and also to create a useful reference for molecular imaging researchers both experienced and new to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Zeglis
- Department of Radiology and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. Fax: (646)-888-3039; Tel: (646)-888-3038
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department of Radiology and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. Fax: (646)-888-3039; Tel: (646)-888-3038
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27
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Maschauer S, Einsiedel J, Hocke C, Hübner H, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P, Prante O. Synthesis of a (68)ga-labeled peptoid-Peptide hybrid for imaging of neurotensin receptor expression in vivo. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:224-8. [PMID: 24900199 DOI: 10.1021/ml1000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotensin receptor subtype 1 (NTS1) represents an attractive molecular target for imaging various tumors. Positron emission tomography (PET) gained widespread importance due to its sensitivity. We combined the design of a metabolically stable neurotensin analogue with a (68)Ga-radiolabeling approach. The (68)Ga-labeled peptoid-peptide hybrid [(68)Ga]3 revealed high stability, specific tumor uptake (0.7%ID/g, 65 min p.i.), and advantageous biokinetics in vivo using HT29 tumor-bearing nude mice. Because of the ability to internalize into NTS1-expressing tumor cells, [(68)Ga]3 proved to be highly suitable for a reliable and practical visualization of NTS1-expressing tumors in vivo by small animal PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Maschauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Hocke
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemisty and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemisty and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center
| | - Olaf Prante
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Signore A, Mather SJ, Piaggio G, Malviya G, Dierckx RA. Molecular imaging of inflammation/infection: nuclear medicine and optical imaging agents and methods. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3112-45. [PMID: 20415479 DOI: 10.1021/cr900351r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Signore
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, II Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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29
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Optimal buffer choice of the radiosynthesis of 68Ga–Dotatoc for clinical application. Nucl Med Commun 2010; 31:753-8. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e32833acb99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Praharaj S, Overbey D, Giblin MF. Radiometallated peptides targeting guanylate cyclase C and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor. Future Oncol 2010; 6:1325-37. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research is currently underway worldwide into the development of receptor-specific radiopharmaceuticals for the imaging and treatment of cancer. The successful clinical development of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs for imaging and treatment of cancers overexpressing somatostatin receptors has catalyzed further preclinical investigation of other radiolabeled peptides for molecular imaging and peptide-receptor radiotherapy, including such well-studied peptide vectors as cholecystokinin, neurotensin, bombesin and RGD peptides. Within this larger context, this article will focus on the current status of two more recent additions to the list of molecular imaging targets – guanylate cyclase C, a specific marker for colorectal cancer, and the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, a cell-surface receptor overexpressed in diverse cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Praharaj
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans’ Administration Hospital, Research Service, A004, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 6520, USA
- Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Department of Radiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Douglas Overbey
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans’ Administration Hospital, Research Service, A004, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 6520, USA
- University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA
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31
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Wang MW, Lin WY, Liu K, Masterman-Smith M, Shen CKF. Microfluidics for Positron Emission Tomography Probe Development. Mol Imaging 2010. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Wang
- From the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA; and California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- From the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA; and California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kan Liu
- From the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA; and California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael Masterman-Smith
- From the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA; and California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Clifton Kwang-Fu Shen
- From the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA; and California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA
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Liu S. Radiolabeled cyclic RGD peptides as integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-targeted radiotracers: maximizing binding affinity via bivalency. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 20:2199-213. [PMID: 19719118 DOI: 10.1021/bc900167c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) plays a significant role in tumor angiogenesis and is a receptor for the extracellular matrix proteins with the exposed arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD) tripeptide sequence. These include vitronectin, fibronectin, fibrinogen, lamin, collagen, Von Willibrand's factor, osteoponin, and adenovirus particles. Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) is expressed at low levels on epithelial cells and mature endothelial cells, but it is overexpressed on the activated endothelial cells of tumor neovasculature and some tumor cells. The restricted expression of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) during tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis presents an interesting molecular target for both early detection and treatment of rapidly growing solid tumors. Over the past decade, many radiolabeled linear and cyclic RGD peptide antagonists have been evaluated as integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-targeted radiotracers. Significant progress has been made on their use for imaging integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-positive tumors by SPECT or PET. Among the radiotracers evaluated in preclinical tumor-bearing models, [18F]Galacto-RGD (2-[18F]fluoropropanamide c(RGDfK(SAA); SAA = 7-amino-L-glyero-L-galacto-2,6-anhydro-7-deoxyheptanamide) and [18F]-AH111585 are currently under clinical investigation for visualization of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression in cancer patients. However, their low tumor uptake, high cost, and lack of preparative modules for routine radiosynthesis will limit their continued clinical application. Thus, there is a continuing need for more efficient integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-targeted radiotracers that are readily prepared from a kit formulation without further postlabeling purification. This article will focus on different approaches to maximize the targeting capability of cyclic RGD peptides and to improve the radiotracer excretion kinetics from noncancerous organs. Improvement of tumor uptake and tumor-to-background ratios is important for early detection of integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-positive tumors and/or noninvasive monitoring of therapeutic efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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A HER2-binding Affibody molecule labelled with 68Ga for PET imaging: direct in vivo comparison with the 111In-labelled analogue. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 37:1356-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Holland
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, and Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Matthew J. Williamson
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, and Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, and Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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de Jong M, Breeman WAP, Kwekkeboom DJ, Valkema R, Krenning EP. Tumor imaging and therapy using radiolabeled somatostatin analogues. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:873-80. [PMID: 19445476 DOI: 10.1021/ar800188e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging plays an essential role in balancing the clinical benefits and risks of radionuclide-based cancer therapy. To effectively treat individual patients, careful assessment of biodistribution, dosimetry, and toxicity is essential. In this Account, we describe advances that combine features of molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy to provide new avenues toward individualized cancer treatment. Selective receptor-targeting radiopeptides have emerged as an important class of radiopharmaceuticals for molecular imaging and therapy of tumors that overexpress peptide receptors on the cell membrane. After such peptides labeled with gamma-emitting radionuclides bind to their receptors, they allow clinicians to visualize receptor-expressing tumors non-invasively. Peptides labeled with beta-particle emitters could also eradicate receptor-expressing tumors. The somatostatin receptors, which are overexpressed in a majority of neuroendocrine tumors, represent the first and best example of targets for radiopeptide-based imaging and radionuclide therapy. The somatostatin analogue (111)In-octreotide permits the localization and staging of neuroendocrine tumors that express the appropriate somatostatin receptors. Newer modified somatostatin analogues, including Tyr(3)-octreotide and Tyr(3)-octreotate, are successfully being used for tumor imaging and radionuclide therapy. Because there are few effective therapies for patients with inoperable or metastasized neuroendocrine tumors, this therapy is a promising novel treatment option for these patients. Peptide receptor imaging and radionuclide therapy can be combined in a single probe, called a "theranostic". To select patients who are likely to benefit from this type of intervention, we first use a peptide analogue labeled with a diagnostic radionuclide to obtain a scan. Selected patients will be treated using the same or a similar peptide analogue labeled with a therapeutic radionuclide. The development of such theranostics could greatly advance the development of personalized treatments. Apart from patient selection for radionuclide therapy, other imaging applications of targeted radiopeptides include localization of primary tumors, detection of metastatic disease (staging/restaging), dosimetry (prediction of response and radiotoxicity), monitoring effects of surgery, radio(nuclide)therapy or chemotherapy, and detection of progression of disease or relapse (follow up). For further evaluation of tumor receptor expression and to increase the value of cancer targeting using radiopeptides, researchers have introduced and evaluated different radiolabeled analogues of other peptide families, such as cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, bombesin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and neuropeptide (NP)-Y analogues. We expect improvements in the development of new peptide analogues: such advances could reduce side effects and allow for the use of combination therapy (for example, combining radiopeptide analogues with chemotherapeutics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion de Jong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dik J. Kwekkeboom
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelf Valkema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric P. Krenning
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Cantorias MV, Figueroa SD, Quinn TP, Lever JR, Hoffman TJ, Watkinson LD, Carmack TL, Cutler CS. Development of high-specific-activity 68Ga-labeled DOTA-rhenium-cyclized α-MSH peptide analog to target MC1 receptors overexpressed by melanoma tumors. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 36:505-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lincke T, Singer J, Kluge R, Sabri O, Paschke R. Relative quantification of indium-111 pentetreotide and gallium-68 DOTATOC uptake in the thyroid gland and association with thyroid pathologies. Thyroid 2009; 19:381-9. [PMID: 19355828 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2008.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data suggest that increased somatostatin receptor (SSTR) expression is detectable in several thyroid diseases. This raises the question as to the specificity and pathophysiologic relevance of these findings. Therefore, we systematically evaluated Indium-111 (In-111) pentetreotide scintigraphies and Gallium-68 (Ga-68) DOTA-Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-Octreotide (DOTATOC) positron emission tomography (PET) scans for thyroid radiotracer uptake. METHODS Relative binding of In-111 pentetreotide in the thyroid was measured by region of interest (ROI) technique in 4-hour and 24-hour post-injection (p.i.) planar images of 73 patients undergoing In-111 pentetreotide scintigraphy. Ga-68 DOTATOC PET scans of 77 patients were analyzed by ROI technique applied to coronal slices of 1 cm (0.39 inch) thickness with highest uptake in the thyroid region. RESULTS A basal indium In-111 and Ga-68 DOTATOC uptake was found in normal thyroid glands. Hot nodules, disseminated thyroid autonomy, and most cases of active Hashimoto's disease as well as goiters and nodular thyroids showed increased In-111 pentetreotide and/or Ga-68 DOTATOC uptake. Higher relative In-111 pentetreotide uptake in the 24-hour p.i. images as compared to the 4-hour p.i. images except for patients after thyroidectomy indicates specific receptor binding in the thyroid. CONCLUSIONS The increased In-111 pentetreotide and Ga-68 DOTATOC uptake in active Hashimoto's disease is most likely related to the lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid. However, the physiologic or pathophysiologic relevance of the increased In-111 pentetreotide and Ga-68 DOTATOC uptake in normal thyroid glands, hot and cold nodules, and goiters and nodular thyroids remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lincke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Serdons K, Verbruggen A, Bormans GM. Developing new molecular imaging probes for PET. Methods 2009; 48:104-11. [PMID: 19318126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a fully translational molecular imaging technique that requires specific probes radiolabelled with short-lived positron emitting radionuclides. This review discusses relevant methods which are applied throughout the different steps in the development of new PET probes for in vivo visualization of specific molecular targets related to diagnosis or important for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Serdons
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 821, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Khan MU, Khan S, El-Refaie S, Win Z, Rubello D, Al-Nahhas A. Clinical indications for Gallium-68 positron emission tomography imaging. Eur J Surg Oncol 2009; 35:561-7. [PMID: 19201567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND (68)Ga-PET imaging is showing slow but steady progress when compared to (18)F-FDG PET. The advantage of in-house preparation of (68)Ga without necessity of a cyclotron, and the new generator configuration with future possibility of freeze-dried kits would make it a promising PET agent for the future. METHODS An exhaustive literature exploration was performed using the search engines High-Wire Press, Pubmed, Embase and library databases. Recent reviews on the subject and up-to-date studies on the topic were found that described the role of (68)Ga-PET imaging. Clinical experiences, including our own are described. RESULTS Recent resurgence in development of peptides labelled with radiometals, for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, resulted in a new beginning for (68)Ga-PET imaging. Pre-clinical experience employing animal models and investigation of tracer kinetics/tumour uptake measurements using dynamic (68)Ga-PET have provided data regarding identification of Somatostatin receptors subtypes on many tumours. Present published experiences including our own support these and highlight current clinical utility of (68)Ga-PET imaging. (68)Ga-DOTATOC and (68)Ga-DOTANOC are the most prominent radiopharmaceuticals used nowadays. CONCLUSION (68)Ga-PET is employed in the management of neuroendocrine tumours and neural crest tumours (phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma) with diagnostic and therapeutic implications where it compliments present radiologic and scintigraphic procedures. Diagnosis and radiotherapy treatment planning for meningiomas in pertinent clinical setting is another potential use of (68)Ga-PET. Limited studies have shown its utility in prostate cancer but further studies are contemplated. Therefore, current experience tends to open a new horizon for the clinical utility of (68)Ga-PET imaging in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Khan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan
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Liu Z, Niu G, Shi J, Liu S, Wang F, Liu S, Chen X. (68)Ga-labeled cyclic RGD dimers with Gly3 and PEG4 linkers: promising agents for tumor integrin alphavbeta3 PET imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:947-57. [PMID: 19159928 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-008-1045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiolabeled cyclic RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptides have great potential for the early tumor detection and noninvasive monitoring of tumor metastasis and therapeutic response. (18)F-labeled RGD analogs ([(18)F]-AH111585 and [(18)F]Galacto-RGD) have been investigated in clinical trials for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of integrin expression in cancer patients. To develop new RGD radiotracers with higher tumor accumulation, improved in vivo kinetics, easy availability and low cost, we developed two new RGD peptides and labeled them with generator-eluted (68)Ga (t(1/2) = 68 min) for PET imaging of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression in tumor xenograft models. MATERIALS AND METHODS The two new cyclic RGD dimers, E[PEG(4)-c(RGDfK)](2) (P(4)-RGD2, PEG(4) = 15-amino-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid) and E[Gly(3)-c(RGDfK)](2) (G(3)-RGD2, G(3) = Gly-Gly-Gly) were designed, synthesized and conjugated with 1,4,7-triazacyclononanetriacetic acid (NOTA) for (68)Ga labeling. The microPET imaging and biodistribution of the (68)Ga labeled RGD tracers were investigated in integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-positive tumor xenografts. RESULTS The new RGD dimers with the Gly(3) and PEG(4) linkers showed higher integrin alpha(v)beta(3) binding affinity than no-linker RGD dimer (RGD2). NOTA-G(3)-RGD2 and NOTA-P(4)-RGD2 could be labeled with (68)Ga within 30 min with higher purity (>98%) and specific activity (8.88-11.84 MBq/nmol). Both (68)Ga-NOTA-P(4)-RGD2 and (68)Ga-NOTA-G(3)-RGD2 exhibited significantly higher tumor uptake and tumor-to-normal tissue ratios than (68)Ga-NOTA-RGD2. CONCLUSION Because of their high affinity, high specificity and excellent pharmacokinetic properties, further investigation of the two novel RGD dimers for clinical PET imaging of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression in cancer patients is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofei Liu
- Department of Radiology, Biophysics & Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Chemistry of Metal Radionuclides (Rb, Ga, In, Y, Cu and Tc). Mol Imaging 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-76735-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Heppeler A, André J, Buschmann I, Wang X, Reubi JC, Hennig M, Kaden T, Maecke H. Metal-Ion-Dependent Biological Properties of a Chelator-Derived Somatostatin Analogue for Tumour Targeting. Chemistry 2008; 14:3026-34. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Velikyan I, Maecke H, Langstrom B. Convenient Preparation of 68Ga-Based PET-Radiopharmaceuticals at Room Temperature. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:569-73. [DOI: 10.1021/bc700341x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Velikyan
- Uppsala Applied Science Lab, GEMS PET Systems AB, GE Healthcare, SE-752 29 Uppsala, Sweden, Division of Radiological Chemistry, University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland, and Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H. Maecke
- Uppsala Applied Science Lab, GEMS PET Systems AB, GE Healthcare, SE-752 29 Uppsala, Sweden, Division of Radiological Chemistry, University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland, and Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B. Langstrom
- Uppsala Applied Science Lab, GEMS PET Systems AB, GE Healthcare, SE-752 29 Uppsala, Sweden, Division of Radiological Chemistry, University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland, and Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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