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Zare M, Kitt JP, Wen X, Heider EC, Harris JM. Hybrid-Lipid Bilayers Induce n-Alkyl-Chain Order in Reversed-Phase Chromatographic Surfaces, Impacting their Shape Selectivity for Aromatic Hydrocarbon Partitioning. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4118-4125. [PMID: 33586951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Shape selectivity is important in reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separations, where stationary phases are capable of separating geometric isomers, thereby resolving solutes based on their three-dimensional structure or shape rather than other chemical differences. Numerous chromatographic studies have been carried out using n-alkyl-chain-modified columns to understand how molecular shape affects retention. For polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), it was found that planar compounds were selectively retained over nonplanar structures of comparable molecular weight on surfaces with longer n-alkyl chains, higher chain-density, or at lower temperatures, where selectivity likely arises with greater ordering of the n-alkyl chains. A limitation of these studies, however, is the small range of chain ordering that can be achieved and lack of a direct measure of the n-alkyl-chain order of the stationary phases. In this work, we employ a C18 stationary phase modified with a monolayer of phospholipid as a means of significantly varying the n-alkyl chain order. These hybrid-supported lipid bilayers, which have previously been employed as membrane-like stationary phases for measuring lipophilicity, provide a unique approach to control n-alkyl chain ordering by varying the acyl chain length and degree of unsaturation of the phospholipid modifier. The degree of alkyl-chain order of the resulting modified surfaces is determined from the ratio of trans- versus gauche-conformers, measured in situ within individual porous particles by confocal Raman microscopy. This methodology was also used to assess the affinity of these surfaces for planar versus nonplanar PAH molecules. The retention selectivity for the planar versus nonplanar compounds, thus determined, was found to vary significantly and systematically with the degree of order of the acyl/alkyl chains in the hybrid-supported lipid bilayers. The investigation also demonstrates the utility of confocal Raman microscopy for interrogating the impact of solute partitioning on stationary-phase structure within porous chromatographic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Jay P Kitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Emily C Heider
- Department of Chemistry, Utah Valley University, 800 West University Parkway, Orem, Utah 84058 United States
| | - Joel M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
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Gas chromatographic retention behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkyl-substituted PAHs on two stationary phases of different selectivity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1123-1137. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wise SA, Sander LC, Schantz MM. Analytical Methods for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) — A Historical Perspective on the 16 U.S. EPA Priority Pollutant PAHs. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.970291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Lane C. Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Michele M. Schantz
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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Poster DL, Benner BA, Schantz MM, Sander LC, Wise SA, Vangel MG. Determination of Methyl-Substituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Diesel Particulate-Related Standard Reference Materials. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630308059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianne L. Poster
- a Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
| | - Bruce A. Benner
- a Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
| | - Michele M. Schantz
- a Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
| | - Lane C. Sander
- a Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
| | - Stephen A. Wise
- a Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
| | - Mark G. Vangel
- b Statistical Engineering Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
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Poster DL, Lopez de Alda MJ, Schantz MM, Sander LC, Wise SA, Vangel MG. Development and Analysis of Three Diesel Particulate-Related Standard Reference Materials for the Determination of Chemical, Physical, and Biological Characteristics. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630308056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianne L. Poster
- a Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
| | - Maria J. Lopez de Alda
- a Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
| | - Michele M. Schantz
- a Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
| | - Lane C. Sander
- a Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
| | - Stephen A. Wise
- a Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
| | - Mark G. Vangel
- b Statistical Engineering Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
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Gallagher KA, Arey J. SYNTHESIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF DIMETHYLNITRONAPHTHALENES AND ETHYLNITRONAPHTHALENES TO AID IN THEIR ANALYSIS IN AMBIENT AIR. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630701386248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Poster DL, Schantz MM, Sander LC, Wise SA. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental samples: a critical review of gas chromatographic (GC) methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:859-81. [PMID: 17019586 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are frequently measured in the atmosphere for air quality assessment, in biological tissues for health-effects monitoring, in sediments and mollusks for environmental monitoring, and in foodstuffs for safety reasons. In contemporary analysis of these complex matrices, gas chromatography (GC), rather than liquid chromatography (LC), is often the preferred approach for separation, identification, and quantification of PAHs, largely because GC generally affords greater selectivity, resolution, and sensitivity than LC. This article reviews modern-day GC and state-of-the-art GC techniques used for the determination of PAHs in environmental samples. Standard test methods are discussed. GC separations of PAHs on a variety of capillary columns are examined, and the properties and uses of selected mass spectrometric (MS) techniques are presented. PAH literature on GC with MS techniques, including chemical ionization, ion-trap MS, time-of-flight MS (TOF-MS), and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), is reviewed. Enhancements to GC, for example large-volume injection, thermal desorption, fast GC, and coupling of GC to LC, are also discussed with regard to the determination of PAHs in an effort to demonstrate the vigor and robustness GC continues to achieve in the analytical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne L Poster
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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Wise SA, Poster DL, Kucklick JR, Keller JM, Vanderpol SS, Sander LC, Schantz MM. Standard reference materials (SRMs) for determination of organic contaminants in environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1153-90. [PMID: 17047949 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For the past 25 years the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed certified reference materials (CRMs), known as standard reference materials (SRMs), for determination of organic contaminants in environmental matrices. Assignment of certified concentrations has usually been based on combining results from two or more independent analytical methods. The first-generation environmental-matrix SRMs were issued with certified concentrations for a limited number (5 to 10) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Improvements in the analytical certification approach significantly expanded the number and classes of contaminants determined. Environmental-matrix SRMs currently available include air and diesel particulate matter, coal tar, marine and river sediment, mussel tissue, fish oil and tissue, and human serum, with concentrations typically assigned for 50 to 90 organic contaminants, for example PAHs, nitro-substituted PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wise
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Poster DL, Lopez De Alda MJ, Wise SA, Chuang JC, Mumford JL. Determination of PAHs in Combustion-Related Samples and in SRM 1597, Complex Mixture of PAHs from Coal Tar. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630008034777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li K, Woodward LA, Karu AE, Li QX. Immunochemical detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 1-hydroxypyrene in water and sediment samples. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pursch M, Sander LC, Egelhaaf HJ, Raitza M, Wise SA, Oelkrug D, Albert K. Architecture and Dynamics of C22 Bonded Interphases. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja983046p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pursch
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, and Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Lane C. Sander
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, and Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Hans-J. Egelhaaf
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, and Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Martin Raitza
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, and Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Stephen A. Wise
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, and Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Dieter Oelkrug
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, and Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Klaus Albert
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, and Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
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