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Sawant‐Basak A, Bergman AJ, Mancuso J, Tripathy S, Gosset JR, Mendes da Costa L, Esler WP, Calle RA. Investigation of pharmacokinetic drug interaction between clesacostat and DGAT2 inhibitor ervogastat in healthy adult participants. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13687. [PMID: 38362827 PMCID: PMC10870243 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Co-administration of clesacostat (acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor, PF-05221304) and ervogastat (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase inhibitor, PF-06865571) in laboratory models improved non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) end points and mitigated clesacostat-induced elevations in circulating triglycerides. Clesacostat is cleared via organic anion-transporting polypeptide-mediated hepatic uptake and cytochrome P450 family 3A (CYP3A); in vitro clesacostat is identified as a potential CYP3A time-dependent inactivator. In vitro ervogastat is identified as a substrate and potential inducer of CYP3A. Prior to longer-term efficacy trials in participants with NAFLD, safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) were evaluated in a phase I, non-randomized, open-label, fixed-sequence trial in healthy participants. In Cohort 1, participants (n = 7) received clesacostat 15 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) alone (Days 1-7) and co-administered with ervogastat 300 mg b.i.d. (Days 8-14). Mean systemic clesacostat exposures, when co-administered with ervogastat, decreased by 12% and 19%, based on maximum plasma drug concentration and area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve during the dosing interval, respectively. In Cohort 2, participants (n = 9) received ervogastat 300 mg b.i.d. alone (Days 1-7) and co-administered with clesacostat 15 mg b.i.d. (Days 8-14). There were no meaningful differences in systemic ervogastat exposures when administered alone or with clesacostat. Clesacostat 15 mg b.i.d. and ervogastat 300 mg b.i.d. co-administration was overall safe and well tolerated in healthy participants. Cumulative safety and no clinically meaningful PK drug interactions observed in this study supported co-administration of these two novel agents in additional studies exploring efficacy and safety in the management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sawant‐Basak
- Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical DevelopmentWorldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc.CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Arthur J. Bergman
- Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical DevelopmentWorldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc.CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jessica Mancuso
- Statistics, Early Clinical DevelopmentWorldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc.CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sakambari Tripathy
- Clinical Assay GroupGlobal Product Development, Pfizer Inc.GrotonConnecticutUSA
| | - James R. Gosset
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine DesignWorldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc.CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - William P. Esler
- Internal Medicine Research UnitWorldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc.CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Roberto A. Calle
- Internal Medicine Research UnitWorldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc.CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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Dodge MJ, MacNeil KM, Tessier TM, Weinberg JB, Mymryk JS. Emerging antiviral therapeutics for human adenovirus infection: Recent developments and novel strategies. Antiviral Res 2021; 188:105034. [PMID: 33577808 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are ubiquitous human pathogens that cause a significant burden of respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal illnesses. Although HAdV infections are generally self-limiting, pediatric and immunocompromised individuals are at particular risk for developing severe disease. Currently, no approved antiviral therapies specific to HAdV exist. Recent outbreaks underscore the need for effective antiviral agents to treat life-threatening infections. In this review we will focus on recent developments in search of potential therapeutic agents for controlling HAdV infections, with a focus on those targeting post-entry stages of the virus replicative cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn M MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tanner M Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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3
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Hu Y, Ma C, Szeto T, Hurst B, Tarbet B, Wang J. Boceprevir, calpain inhibitors II and XII, and GC-376 have broad-spectrum antiviral activity against coronaviruses in cell culture. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.10.30.362335. [PMID: 33140049 PMCID: PMC7605558 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.30.362335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to fold out, the morbidity and mortality are increasing daily. Effective treatment for SARS-CoV-2 is urgently needed. We recently discovered four SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors including boceprevir, calpain inhibitors II and XII and GC-376 with potent antiviral activity against infectious SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture. Despite the weaker enzymatic inhibition of calpain inhibitors II and XII against Mpro compared to GC-376, calpain inhibitors II and XII had more potent cellular antiviral activity. This observation promoted us to hypothesize that the cellular antiviral activity of calpain inhibitors II and XII might also involve the inhibition of cathepsin L in addition to Mpro. To test this hypothesis, we tested calpain inhibitors II and XII in the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization assay in Vero E6 cells and found that both compounds significantly decreased pseudoviral particle entry into cells, indicating their role in inhibiting cathepsin L. The involvement of cathepsin L was further confirmed in the drug time-of-addition experiment. In addition, we found that these four compounds not only inhibit SARS-CoV-2, but also SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, as well as human coronaviruses (CoVs) 229E, OC43, and NL63. The mechanism of action is through targeting the viral Mpro, which was supported by the thermal shift binding assay and enzymatic FRET assay. We further showed that these four compounds have additive antiviral effect when combined with remdesivir. Altogether, these results suggest that boceprevir, calpain inhibitors II and XII, and GC-376 are not only promising antiviral drug candidates against existing human coronaviruses, but also might work against future emerging CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Chunlong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Tommy Szeto
- Department of Pharmacology and toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Brett Hurst
- Institute of Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, United States
| | - Bart Tarbet
- Institute of Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
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4
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Mast FD, Navare AT, van der Sloot AM, Coulombe-Huntington J, Rout MP, Baliga NS, Kaushansky A, Chait BT, Aderem A, Rice CM, Sali A, Tyers M, Aitchison JD. Crippling life support for SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses through synthetic lethality. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:152015. [PMID: 32785687 PMCID: PMC7659715 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2, we have become acutely aware of the inadequacies of our ability to respond to viral epidemics. Although disrupting the viral life cycle is critical for limiting viral spread and disease, it has proven challenging to develop targeted and selective therapeutics. Synthetic lethality offers a promising but largely unexploited strategy against infectious viral disease; as viruses infect cells, they abnormally alter the cell state, unwittingly exposing new vulnerabilities in the infected cell. Therefore, we propose that effective therapies can be developed to selectively target the virally reconfigured host cell networks that accompany altered cellular states to cripple the host cell that has been converted into a virus factory, thus disrupting the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Mast
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Arti T Navare
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Almer M van der Sloot
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Michael P Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Alan Aderem
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mike Tyers
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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5
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Ma C, Hu Y, Zhang J, Wang J. Pharmacological Characterization of the Mechanism of Action of R523062, a Promising Antiviral for Enterovirus D68. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2260-2270. [PMID: 32692536 PMCID: PMC8057299 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a re-emerging virus that causes moderate to severe respiratory diseases in children. In severe cases, EV-D68 infection can lead to neurological complications called acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). There is currently no antiviral or vaccine available for EV-D68. The goal of this study is to delineate the mechanism of action of a promising antiviral drug candidate R523062 that was identified through a phenotypic cytopathic effect (CPE)-based high-throughput screening. R523062 inhibits multiple contemporary EV-D68 strains with single-digit micromolar EC50 values and is less effective against the enterovirus A71 strains. Resistant mutants identified through serial viral passage experiments were mapped to four viral proteins including VP1-G178S, 2A-V112I, 2C-I227L/Q322R, and 3A-V54A. The involvements of VP1-G178S, 2A-V112I, and 3A-V54A mutants in drug resistance were ruled out by the drug time-of-addition experiment, protease enzymatic assay, and the plaque assay with recombinant virus, respectively. In contrast, recombinant virus encoding the 2C-I227L/Q322R double mutants confers significant drug resistance, which is consistent with the result from serial passage experiments. The thermal shift binding assay showed R523062 binds to the wild-type EV-D68 2C and 2C-Q322R but not 2C-I227L or 2C-I227L/Q322R, confirming 2C as the direct drug target of R523062 and 2C-I227L alone confers drug resistance. The 2C inhibitor R523062 also showed additive antiviral activity with the viral 2A protease inhibitor telaprevir as well as the viral capsid VP1 inhibitor R856932. Collectively, this study identified a promising EV-D68 antiviral drug candidate R523062 with a confirmed mechanism of action by targeting the viral 2C protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Influenza A and B viruses with reduced baloxavir susceptibility display attenuated in vitro fitness but retain ferret transmissibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8593-8601. [PMID: 32217734 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916825117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Baloxavir marboxil (BXM) was approved in 2018 for treating influenza A and B virus infections. It is a first-in-class inhibitor targeting the endonuclease activity of the virus polymerase acidic (PA) protein. Clinical trial data revealed that PA amino acid substitutions at residue 38 (I38T/F/M) reduced BXM potency and caused virus rebound in treated patients, although the fitness characteristics of the mutant viruses were not fully defined. To determine the fitness impact of the I38T/F/M substitutions, we generated recombinant A/California/04/2009 (H1N1)pdm09, A/Texas/71/2017 (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 viruses with I38T/F/M and examined drug susceptibility in vitro, enzymatic properties, replication efficiency, and transmissibility in ferrets. Influenza viruses with I38T/F/M substitutions exhibited reduced baloxavir susceptibility, with 38T causing the greatest reduction. The I38T/F/M substitutions impaired PA endonuclease activity as compared to that of wild-type (I38-WT) PA. However, only 38T/F A(H3N2) substitutions had a negative effect on polymerase complex activity. The 38T/F substitutions decreased replication in cells among all viruses, whereas 38M had minimal impact. Despite variable fitness consequences in vitro, all 38T/M viruses disseminated to naive ferrets by contact and airborne transmission, while 38F-containing A(H3N2) and B viruses failed to transmit via the airborne route. Reversion of 38T/F/M to I38-WT was rare among influenza A viruses in this study, suggesting stable retention of 38T/F/M genotypes during these transmission events. BXM reduced susceptibility-associated mutations had variable effects on in vitro fitness of influenza A and B viruses, but the ability of these viruses to transmit in vivo indicates a risk of their spreading from BXM-treated individuals.
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7
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Agostini ML, Pruijssers AJ, Chappell JD, Gribble J, Lu X, Andres EL, Bluemling GR, Lockwood MA, Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Natchus MG, Saindane M, Kolykhalov AA, Painter GR, Baric RS, Denison MR. Small-Molecule Antiviral β-d- N4-Hydroxycytidine Inhibits a Proofreading-Intact Coronavirus with a High Genetic Barrier to Resistance. J Virol 2019; 93:e01348-19. [PMID: 31578288 PMCID: PMC6880162 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01348-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) have emerged from animal reservoirs to cause severe and lethal disease in humans, but there are currently no FDA-approved antivirals to treat the infections. One class of antiviral compounds, nucleoside analogues, mimics naturally occurring nucleosides to inhibit viral replication. While these compounds have been successful therapeutics for several viral infections, mutagenic nucleoside analogues, such as ribavirin and 5-fluorouracil, have been ineffective at inhibiting CoVs. This has been attributed to the proofreading activity of the viral 3'-5' exoribonuclease (ExoN). β-d-N4-Hydroxycytidine (NHC) (EIDD-1931; Emory Institute for Drug Development) has recently been reported to inhibit multiple viruses. Here, we demonstrate that NHC inhibits both murine hepatitis virus (MHV) (50% effective concentration [EC50] = 0.17 μM) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) (EC50 = 0.56 μM) with minimal cytotoxicity. NHC inhibited MHV lacking ExoN proofreading activity similarly to wild-type (WT) MHV, suggesting an ability to evade or overcome ExoN activity. NHC inhibited MHV only when added early during infection, decreased viral specific infectivity, and increased the number and proportion of G:A and C:U transition mutations present after a single infection. Low-level NHC resistance was difficult to achieve and was associated with multiple transition mutations across the genome in both MHV and MERS-CoV. These results point to a virus-mutagenic mechanism of NHC inhibition in CoVs and indicate a high genetic barrier to NHC resistance. Together, the data support further development of NHC for treatment of CoVs and suggest a novel mechanism of NHC interaction with the CoV replication complex that may shed light on critical aspects of replication.IMPORTANCE The emergence of coronaviruses (CoVs) into human populations from animal reservoirs has demonstrated their epidemic capability, pandemic potential, and ability to cause severe disease. However, no antivirals have been approved to treat these infections. Here, we demonstrate the potent antiviral activity of a broad-spectrum ribonucleoside analogue, β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), against two divergent CoVs. Viral proofreading activity does not markedly impact sensitivity to NHC inhibition, suggesting a novel interaction between a nucleoside analogue inhibitor and the CoV replicase. Further, passage in the presence of NHC generates only low-level resistance, likely due to the accumulation of multiple potentially deleterious transition mutations. Together, these data support a mutagenic mechanism of inhibition by NHC and further support the development of NHC for treatment of CoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Agostini
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrea J Pruijssers
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James D Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer Gribble
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xiaotao Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Erica L Andres
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gregory R Bluemling
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark A Lockwood
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Timothy P Sheahan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy C Sims
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Manohar Saindane
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - George R Painter
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark R Denison
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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8
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Liu W, Caglar MU, Mao Z, Woodman A, Arnold JJ, Wilke CO, Cameron CE. More than efficacy revealed by single-cell analysis of antiviral therapeutics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax4761. [PMID: 31692968 PMCID: PMC6821460 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Because many aspects of viral infection dynamics and inhibition are governed by stochastic processes, single-cell analysis should provide more information than approaches using population averaging. We have developed a microfluidic device composed of ~6000 wells, with each well containing a microstructure to capture single, infected cells replicating an enterovirus expressing a fluorescent reporter protein. We have used this system to characterize enterovirus inhibitors with distinct mechanisms of action. Single-cell analysis reveals that each class of inhibitor interferes with the viral infection cycle in a manner that can be distinguished by principal component analysis. Single-cell analysis of antiviral candidates not only reveals efficacy but also facilitates clustering of drugs with the same mechanism of action and provides some indication of the ease with which resistance will develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Mehmet U. Caglar
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zhangming Mao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew Woodman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Jamie J. Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Claus O. Wilke
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
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Chairat K, Tarning J, White NJ, Lindegardh N. Pharmacokinetic properties of anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 53:119-39. [PMID: 23436258 DOI: 10.1177/0091270012440280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuraminidase inhibitors are the mainstay of anti-influenza treatment. Oseltamivir is the most widely used drug but is currently available only as an oral formulation. Resistance spreads rapidly in seasonal H1N1 influenza A viruses, which were universally resistant in 2008, because of the H275Y mutation in the neuraminidase (NA) gene. Oseltamivir is a prodrug for the active carboxylate metabolite. Ex vivo conversion in blood samples may have confounded early pharmacokinetic studies. Oseltamivir shows dose linear kinetics, and oseltamivir carboxylate has an elimination half-life (t(1/2) β) after oral administration in healthy individuals of approximately 7.7 hours. Oseltamivir carboxylate is eliminated primarily by tubular secretion, and both clearance and tissue distribution are reduced by probenecid. The H275Y mutation in NA confers high-level oseltamivir resistance and intermediate peramivir resistance but does not alter zanamivir susceptibility. Zanamivir is available as a powder for inhalation, and a parenteral form is under development. Zanamivir distributes in an apparent volume of distribution approximating that of extracellular water and is rapidly eliminated (t(1/2) β of approximately 3.0 hours). Peramivir is slowly eliminated (t(1/2) β of 7.7-20.8 hours) and is prescribed as either a once-daily injection or as a single infusion. Laninamivir is a recently developed slowly eliminated compound for administration by inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalayanee Chairat
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Hayashi K, Iinuma M, Sasaki K, Hayashi T. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel antiherpetic flavonoid, 4'-phenylflavone, and its synergistic actions with acyclovir. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1489-98. [PMID: 22580497 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic agents for preventing herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections has become urgently necessary because of the increasing incidence of this virus and its role as a cofactor in the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus infection. We have evaluated the antiviral activities of a series of natural and synthetic flavonoids and found that a synthetic flavonoid, 4'-phenylflavone, showed the highest activity against acyclovir (ACV)-sensitive and ACV-resistant strains of HSV-1, as well as HSV-2, with a selectivity index of 213, 35 and 55, respectively. Although the attachment and penetration of HSV-1 to host cells and the synthesis of viral proteins were not inhibited, the infectivity of the virus and the amount of progeny virus released were reduced by 4'-phenylflavone treatment in a dose-dependent manner. 4'-Phenylflavone plus ACV synergistically inhibited the replication of HSV-1. This flavonoid also showed efficacy in vivo and potentiated the antiherpetic effect of ACV in a mouse model of genital herpes. Our results suggest that 4'-phenylflavone might be useful as a candidate for the development of novel antiherpetic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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11
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Hermle J, Anders M, Heuser AM, Müller B. A simple fluorescence based assay for quantification of human immunodeficiency virus particle release. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:32. [PMID: 20406458 PMCID: PMC2873281 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The assembly and release of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles from infected cells represent attractive, but not yet exploited targets for antiretroviral therapy. The availability of simple methods to measure the efficiency of these replication steps in tissue culture would facilitate the identification of host factors essential for these processes as well as the screening for lead compounds acting as specific inhibitors of particle formation. We describe here the development of a rapid cell based assay for quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particle assembly and/or release. Results Using a fluorescently labelled HIV-derivative, which carries an eYFP domain within the main viral structural protein Gag in the complete viral protein context, the release of virus like particles could be monitored by directly measuring the fluorescence intensity of the tissue culture supernatant. Intracellular Gag was quantitated in parallel by direct fluorescence analysis of cell lysates, allowing us to normalize for Gag expression efficiency. The assay was validated by comparison with p24 capsid ELISA measurements, a standard method for quantifying HIV-1 particles. Optimization of conditions allowed the robust detection of particle amounts corresponding to 50 ng p24/ml in medium by fluorescence spectroscopy. Further adaptation to a multi-well format rendered the assay suitable for medium or high throughput screening of siRNA libraries to identify host cell factors involved in late stages of HIV replication, as well as for random screening approaches to search for potential inhibitors of HIV-1 assembly or release. Conclusions The fast and simple fluorescence based quantification of HIV particle release yielded reproducible results which were comparable to the well established ELISA measurements, while in addition allowing the parallel determination of intracellular Gag expression. The protocols described here can be used for screening of siRNA libraries or chemical compounds, respectively, for inhibition of HIV in a 96-well format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hermle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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