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Leksin I, Shelyakin M, Zakhozhiy I, Kozlova O, Beckett R, Minibayeva F. Ultraviolet-induced melanisation in lichens: physiological traits and transcriptome profile. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14512. [PMID: 39221518 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Lichens are important components of high-latitude boreal and Arctic habitats. While stress tolerant, they are among the most sensitive ecosystem components to climate change, in particular, an increase in ultraviolet light (UV) arising from polar ozone depletion and deforestation. This study is the first to explore the effects of UV-B on gene expression in lichens to predict metabolic pathways involved in tolerance. Using transcriptome profiling and bioinformatic analyses, here we studied the effects of UV-B on gene expression in lichens using Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoff. as a model species. UV-B exposure causes significant browning of the upper cortex of the thallus, which correlates to an increased expression of biosynthetic gene clusters involved in the synthesis of eu- and allomelanins and melanin precursors. Based on transcriptome analyses, we suggest that the biosynthesis of melanins and other secondary metabolites, such as naphthalene derivates, tropolones, anthraquinones, and xanthones, is a trade-off that lichens pay to protect essential metabolic processes such as photosynthesis and respiration. Expression profiles of general stress-associated genes, in particular, related to reactive oxygen species scavenging, protection of proteins, and DNA repair, clearly indicate that the mycobiont is the more UV-B-responsive and susceptible partner in lichen symbiosis. Our findings demonstrate that UV-B stress activates an intricate gene network involved in tolerance mechanisms of lichen symbionts. Knowledge obtained here may enable the prediction of likely effects on lichen biodiversity caused by climate change and pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Leksin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Shelyakin
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Ilya Zakhozhiy
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Olga Kozlova
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Richard Beckett
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russian Federation
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Farida Minibayeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russian Federation
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Kraus JB, Huang ZP, Li YP, Cui LW, Wang SJ, Li JF, Liu F, Wang Y, Strier KB, Xiao W. Variation in monthly and seasonal elevation use impacts behavioral and dietary flexibility in Rhinopithecus bieti. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23627. [PMID: 38613565 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) rely on behavioral and dietary flexibility to survive in temperate latitudes at high-elevation habitats characterized by climate and resource seasonality. However, little is known about how elevation influences their behavioral and dietary flexibility at monthly or seasonal scales. We studied an isolated R. bieti population at Mt. Lasha in the Yunling Provincial Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China, between May 2008 and August 2016 to assess the impacts of elevation on feeding behavior and diet. Across our sample, R. bieti occupied elevations between 3031 and 3637 m above mean sea level (amsl), with a 315.1 m amsl range across months and a 247.3 m amsl range across seasons. Contrary to expectations, individuals spent less time feeding when ranging across higher elevations. Lichen consumption correlated with elevation use across months and seasons, with individuals spending more time feeding on this important resource at higher elevations. Leaf consumption only correlated with elevation use during the spring. Our results suggest that R. bieti do not maximize their food intake at higher elevations and that monthly and seasonal changes in lichen and leaf consumption largely explain variation in elevation use. These findings shed light on the responses of R. bieti to environmental change and offer insight into strategies for conserving their habitats in the face of anthropogenic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Kraus
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zhi-Pang Huang
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forest University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan-Pang Li
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Liang-Wei Cui
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forest University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuang-Jin Wang
- Party School of YuXi committee of C.P.C, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin-Fa Li
- Administration Bureau of Nuozhadu Provincial Nature Reserve, Pu'er, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Xizang Autonomous Region Research Institute of Forestry Inventory and Planning, Lhasa, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Forestry Bureau of Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou, China
| | - Karen B Strier
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wen Xiao
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
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Beckett RP, Roach T, Minibayeva F, Werth S. Alternative electron transport pathways contribute to tolerance to high light stress in lichenized algae. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13904. [PMID: 37002828 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic apparatus of lichen photobionts has been well-characterized by chlorophyll fluorescence analysis (e.g., by pulse amplitude modulation [PAM]), which provides a proxy of the activity of photosystem II (PSII) and its antenna. However, such kinetics are unable to directly characterize photosystem I (PSI) activity and the associated alternative electron pathways that may be involved in photoprotection. Instead, PSI can be probed in vivo by near-infrared absorption, measured at the same time as standard chlorophyll fluorescence (e.g., using the WALZ Dual PAM). Here, we used the Dual PAM to investigate cyclic electron flow and photoprotection in a range of mostly temperate lichens sampled from shaded to more open microhabitats. Sun species displayed lower acceptor side limitation of PSI (Y[NA]) early in illumination when compared to shade species, indicative of higher flavodiiron-mediated pseudocyclic electron flow. In response to high irradiance, some lichens accumulate melanin, and Y[NA] was lower and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH-2)-type cyclic flow was higher in melanised than pale forms. Furthermore, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was higher and faster relaxing in shade than sun species, while all lichens displayed high rates of photosynthetic cyclic electron flow. In conclusion, our data suggest that (1) low acceptor side limitation of PSI is important for sun-exposed lichens; (2) NPQ helps shade species tolerate brief exposure to high irradiance; and (3) cyclic electron flow is a prominent feature of lichens regardless of habitat, although NDH-2-type flow is associated with high light acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Peter Beckett
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
- Open Lab 'Biomarker', Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Thomas Roach
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Farida Minibayeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", Kazan, Russia
| | - Silke Werth
- Faculty of Biology Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Schweiger AH, Ullmann GM, Nürk NM, Triebel D, Schobert R, Rambold G. Chemical properties of key metabolites determine the global distribution of lichens. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:416-426. [PMID: 34786803 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In lichen symbioses, fungal secondary metabolites provide UV protection on which lichen algae such as trebouxiophycean green algae-the most prominent group of photobionts in lichen symbioses-sensitively depend. These metabolites differ in their UV absorbance capability and solvability, and thus vary in their propensity of being leached from the lichen body in humid and warm environments, with still unknown implications for the global distribution of lichens. In this study covering more than 10,000 lichenised fungal species, we show that the occurrence of fungal-derived metabolites in combination with their UV absorbance capability and their probability of being leached in warm and humid environments are important eco-evolutionary drivers of global lichen distribution. Fungal-derived UV protection seems to represent an indirect environmental adaptation in which the lichen fungus invests to protect the trebouxiophycean photobiont from high UV radiation in warm and humid climates and, by doing this, secures its carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Schweiger
- Department of Plant Ecology, Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Nicolai M Nürk
- Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dagmar Triebel
- SNSB IT Center and Botanische Staatssammlung München (SNSB-BSM), München, Germany
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rambold
- Department of Mycology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Liu R, Kim W, Paguirigan JA, Jeong MH, Hur JS. Establishment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation of Cladonia macilenta, a Model Lichen-Forming Fungus. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:252. [PMID: 33810561 PMCID: PMC8065847 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fascinating biology of lichens, such as the symbiotic association of lichen-forming fungi (mycobiont) with their photosynthetic partners and their ability to grow in harsh habitats, lack of genetic tools manipulating mycobiont has hindered studies on genetic mechanisms underpinning lichen biology. Thus, we established an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) system for genetic transformation of a mycobiont isolated from Cladonia macilenta. A set of combinations of ATMT conditions, such as input biomass of mycobiont, co-cultivation period with Agrobacterium cells, and incubation temperature, were tested to identify an optimized ATMT condition for the C. macilenta mycobiont. As a result, more than 10 days of co-cultivation period and at least 2 mg of input biomass of the mycobiont were recommended for an efficient ATMT, owing to extremely slow growth rate of mycobionts in general. Moreover, we examined T-DNA copy number variation in a total of 180 transformants and found that 88% of the transformants had a single copy T-DNA insertion. To identify precise T-DNA insertion sites that interrupt gene function in C. macilenta, we performed TAIL-PCR analyses for selected transformants. A hypothetical gene encoding ankyrin repeats at its C-terminus was interrupted by T-DNA insertion in a transformant producing dark-brown colored pigment. Although the identification of the pigment awaits further investigation, this proof-of-concept study demonstrated the feasibility of use of ATMT in construction of a random T-DNA insertion mutant library in mycobionts for studying genetic mechanisms behind the lichen symbiosis, stress tolerance, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rundong Liu
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.L.); (J.A.P.); (M.-H.J.)
| | - Wonyong Kim
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.L.); (J.A.P.); (M.-H.J.)
| | - Jaycee Augusto Paguirigan
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.L.); (J.A.P.); (M.-H.J.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Min-Hye Jeong
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.L.); (J.A.P.); (M.-H.J.)
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.L.); (J.A.P.); (M.-H.J.)
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6
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Asplund J, Zuijlen K, Roos RE, Birkemoe T, Klanderud K, Lang SI, Wardle DA, Nybakken L. Contrasting responses of plant and lichen carbon‐based secondary compounds across an elevational gradient. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Asplund
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Kristel Zuijlen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Ruben E. Roos
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Tone Birkemoe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Simone I. Lang
- The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) Longyearbyen Norway
| | - David A. Wardle
- School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Line Nybakken
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
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7
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Calla-Quispe E, Fuentes-Rivera HL, Ramírez P, Martel C, Ibañez AJ. Mass Spectrometry: A Rosetta Stone to Learn How Fungi Interact and Talk. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E89. [PMID: 32575729 PMCID: PMC7345136 DOI: 10.3390/life10060089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic organisms that play an important role in diverse ecological interactions, many of which are chemically mediated. Fungi have a very versatile metabolism, which allows them to synthesize a large number of still little-known chemical compounds, such as soluble compounds that are secreted into the medium and volatile compounds that are chemical mediators over short and long distances. Mass spectrometry (MS) is currently playing a dominant role in mycological studies, mainly due to its inherent sensitivity and rapid identification capabilities of different metabolites. Furthermore, MS has also been used as a reliable and accurate tool for fungi identification (i.e., biotyping). Here, we introduce the readers about fungal specialized metabolites, their role in ecological interactions and provide an overview on the MS-based techniques used in fungal studies. We particularly present the importance of sampling techniques, strategies to reduce false-positive identification and new MS-based analytical strategies that can be used in mycological studies, further expanding the use of MS in broader applications. Therefore, we foresee a bright future for mass spectrometry-based research in the field of mycology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Calla-Quispe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ómicas y Biotecnología Aplicada (ICOBA), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru; (E.C.-Q.); (H.L.F.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Hammerly Lino Fuentes-Rivera
- Instituto de Ciencias Ómicas y Biotecnología Aplicada (ICOBA), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru; (E.C.-Q.); (H.L.F.-R.); (C.M.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Av. Germán Amézaga 375, Lima 15081, Peru;
| | - Pablo Ramírez
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Av. Germán Amézaga 375, Lima 15081, Peru;
| | - Carlos Martel
- Instituto de Ciencias Ómicas y Biotecnología Aplicada (ICOBA), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru; (E.C.-Q.); (H.L.F.-R.); (C.M.)
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Av. Arenales 1256, Jesús María 15072, Lima, Peru
| | - Alfredo J. Ibañez
- Instituto de Ciencias Ómicas y Biotecnología Aplicada (ICOBA), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru; (E.C.-Q.); (H.L.F.-R.); (C.M.)
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Staples R, LaDuca RL, Roze LV, Laivenieks M, Linz JE, Beaudry R, Fryday A, Schilmiller AL, Koptina AV, Smith B, Trail F. Structure and Chemical Analysis of Major Specialized Metabolites Produced by the Lichen Evernia prunastri. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900465. [PMID: 31701649 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We performed comparative profiling of four specialized metabolites in the lichen Evernia prunastri, collected at three different geographic locations, California and Maine, USA, and Yoshkar Ola, Mari El, Russia. Among the compounds produced at high concentrations that were identified in all three specimens, evernic acid, usnic acid, lecanoric acid and chloroatranorin, evernic acid was the most abundant. Two depsidones, salazinic acid and physodic acid, were detected in the Yoshkar-Ola collection only. The crystalline structure of evernic acid (2-hydroxy-4-[(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methylbenzoyl)oxy]-6-methylbenzoate) (hmb) revealed two crystallographically and conformationally distinct hmb anions, along with two monovalent sodium atoms. One hmb moiety contained an exotetradentate binding mode to sodium, whereas the other exhibited an exohexadentate binding mode to sodium. Embedded edge-sharing {Na2 O8 }n sodium-oxygen chains connected the hmb anions into the full three-dimensional crystal structure of the title compound. The crystal used for single-crystal X-ray diffraction exhibited non-merohedral twinning. The data suggest the importance of the acetyl-polymalonyl pathway products to processes of maintaining integrity of the lichen holobiont community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert L LaDuca
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ludmila V Roze
- Plant Biology Laboratories, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Room 342, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Maris Laivenieks
- Plant Biology Laboratories, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Room 342, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - John E Linz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Randolph Beaudry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Alan Fryday
- Plant Biology Laboratories, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Room 342, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Anthony L Schilmiller
- RTSF Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Anna V Koptina
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75123, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Plant Biology Laboratories, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Room 342, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Frances Trail
- Plant Biology Laboratories, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Room 342, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Gadea A, Charrier M, Fanuel M, Clerc P, Daugan C, Sauvager A, Rogniaux H, Boustie J, Le Lamer AC, Lohézic-Le Devehat F. Overcoming deterrent metabolites by gaining essential nutrients: A lichen/snail case study. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:86-93. [PMID: 31102999 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Specialised metabolites in lichens are generally considered repellent compounds by consumers. Nevertheless, if the only food available is lichens rich in specialised metabolites, lichenophages must implement strategies to overcome the toxicity of these metabolites. Thus, the balance between phagostimulant nutrients and deterrent metabolites could play a key role in feeding preferences. To further understand lichen-gastropod interactions, we studied the feeding behaviour and consumption in Notodiscus hookeri, the land snail native to sub-Antarctic islands. The lichen Usnea taylorii was used because of its simple chemistry, its richness in usnic acid (specialised metabolite) and arabitol (primary metabolite) and its presence in snail habitats. Choice tests in arenas with intact lichens versus acetone-rinsed lichens were carried out to study the influence of specialised metabolites on snail behaviour and feeding preference. Simultaneously, usnic acid and arabitol were quantified and located within the lichen thallus using HPLC-DAD-MS and in situ imaging by mass spectrometry to assess whether their spatial distribution explained preferential snail grazing. No-choice feeding experiments, with the pure metabolites embedded in an artificial diet, defined a gradual gustatory response, from strong repellence (usnic acid) to high appetence (D-arabitol). This case study demonstrates that the nutritional activity of N. hookeri is governed by the chemical quality of the food and primarily by nutrient availability (arabitol), despite the presence of deterrent metabolite (usnic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gadea
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maryvonne Charrier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Clerc
- Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Département de la culture et du sport, chemin de l'impératrice 1, 1292, Chambésy, Switzerland
| | - Corentin Daugan
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Aurélie Sauvager
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Joël Boustie
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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10
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Gadea A, Le Lamer AC, Le Gall S, Jonard C, Ferron S, Catheline D, Ertz D, Le Pogam P, Boustie J, Lohézic-Le Devehat F, Charrier M. Intrathalline Metabolite Profiles in the Lichen Argopsis friesiana Shape Gastropod Grazing Patterns. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:471-482. [PMID: 29611074 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lichen-gastropod interactions generally focus on the potential deterrent or toxic role of secondary metabolites. To better understand lichen-gastropod interactions, a controlled feeding experiment was designed to identify the parts of the lichen Argopsis friesiana consumed by the Subantarctic land snail Notodiscus hookeri. Besides profiling secondary metabolites in various lichen parts (apothecia, cephalodia, phyllocladia and fungal axis of the pseudopodetium), we investigated potentially beneficial resources that snails can utilize from the lichen (carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, polysaccharides and total nitrogen). Notodiscus hookeri preferred cephalodia and algal layers, which had high contents of carbohydrates, nitrogen, or both. Apothecia were avoided, perhaps due to their low contents of sugars and polyols. Although pseudopodetia were characterized by high content of arabitol, they were also rich in medullary secondary compounds, which may explain why they were not consumed. Thus, the balance between nutrients (particularly nitrogen and polyols) and secondary metabolites appears to play a key role in the feeding preferences of this snail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gadea
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution) - UMR 6553, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Le Lamer
- Univ Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, IRD, Pharma-Dev - UMR 152, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRA, BIA (Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies) - UR 1268, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Jonard
- INRA, BIA (Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies) - UR 1268, F-35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - Solenn Ferron
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Daniel Catheline
- INRA, Agrocampus Ouest - USC 1378, F-35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Damien Ertz
- Botanic Garden Meise, Department Research, Nieuwelaan 38, B-1860, Meise, Belgium
| | - Pierre Le Pogam
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes) - UMR 6164, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Joël Boustie
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | | | - Maryvonne Charrier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution) - UMR 6553, F-35000, Rennes, France.
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Asplund J, Gauslaa Y, Merinero S. Low synthesis of secondary compounds in the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria infected by the lichenicolous fungus Plectocarpon lichenum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1397-1400. [PMID: 29274278 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Asplund
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Yngvar Gauslaa
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Sonia Merinero
- Rey Juan Carlos University, Biodiversity and Conservation Area, E-28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Scott Chialvo CH, Chialvo P, Holland JD, Anderson TJ, Breinholt JW, Kawahara AY, Zhou X, Liu S, Zaspel JM. A phylogenomic analysis of lichen-feeding tiger moths uncovers evolutionary origins of host chemical sequestration. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 121:23-34. [PMID: 29274497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Host species utilize a variety of defenses to deter feeding, including secondary chemicals. Some phytophagous insects have evolved tolerance to these chemical defenses, and can sequester secondary defense compounds for use against their own predators and parasitoids. While numerous studies have examined plant-insect interactions, little is known about lichen-insect interactions. Our study focused on reconstructing the evolution of lichen phenolic sequestration in the tiger moth tribe Lithosiini (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae), the most diverse lineage of lichen-feeding moths, with 3000 described species. We built an RNA-Seq dataset and examined the adult metabolome for the presence of lichen-derived phenolics. Using the transcriptomic dataset, we recover a well-resolved phylogeny of the Lithosiini, and determine that the metabolomes within species are more similar than those among species. Results from an initial ancestral state reconstruction suggest that the ability to sequester phenolics produced by a single chemical pathway preceded generalist sequestration of phenolics produced by multiple chemical pathways. We conclude that phenolics are consistently and selectively sequestered within Lithosiini. Furthermore, sequestration of compounds from a single chemical pathway may represent a synapomorphy of the tribe, and the ability to sequester phenolics produced by multiple pathways arose later. These findings expand on our understanding of the interactions between Lepidoptera and their lichen hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare H Scott Chialvo
- Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box 870344, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Pablo Chialvo
- Department of Biology, 320 Stanley Avenue, Lander University, Greenwood, SC 29649, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Holland
- Department of Entomology, 901 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Timothy J Anderson
- Department of Entomology, 901 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jesse W Breinholt
- Florida Museum of Natural History, 3215 Hull Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Akito Y Kawahara
- Florida Museum of Natural History, 3215 Hull Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanlin Liu
- China National GeneBank, 8/F, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, BGI-Shenzhen, People's Republic of China; BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, People's Republic of China
| | - Jennifer M Zaspel
- Department of Entomology, 901 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 W Wells St, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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Gadea A, Le Pogam P, Biver G, Boustie J, Le Lamer AC, Le Dévéhat F, Charrier M. Which Specialized Metabolites Does the Native Subantarctic Gastropod Notodiscus hookeri Extract from the Consumption of the Lichens Usnea taylorii and Pseudocyphellaria crocata? Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030425. [PMID: 28282888 PMCID: PMC6155395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Notodiscus hookeri is the only representative of terrestrial gastropods on Possession Island and exclusively feeds on lichens. The known toxicity of various lichen metabolites to plant-eating invertebrates led us to propose that N. hookeri evolved means to protect itself from their adverse effects. To validate this assumption, the current study focused on the consumption of two lichen species: Usnea taylorii and Pseudocyphellaria crocata. A controlled feeding experiment was designed to understand how the snail copes with the unpalatable and/or toxic compounds produced by these lichen species. The occurrence of two snail ecophenotypes, represented by a mineral shell and an organic shell, led to address the question of a metabolic response specific to the phenotype. Snails were fed for two months with one of these lichens and the chemical profiles of biological samples of N. hookeri (i.e., crop, digestive gland, intestine, and feces) were established by HPLC-DAD-MS and compared to that of the lichens. N. hookeri appears as a generalist lichen feeder able to consume toxic metabolite-containing lichens, independently of the ecophenotype. The digestive gland did not sequester lichen metabolites. The snail metabolism might be based on four non-exclusive processes according to the concerned metabolites (avoidance, passive transport, hydrolysis, and excretion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gadea
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 (ECOBIO), 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Pierre Le Pogam
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France.
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6164 (IETR), 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Grichka Biver
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 (ECOBIO), 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Joël Boustie
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Anne-Cécile Le Lamer
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France.
- Université Midi-Pyrénées, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX, France.
| | - Françoise Le Dévéhat
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Maryvonne Charrier
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 (ECOBIO), 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
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15
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Raman spectroscopic analysis of the effect of the lichenicolous fungus Xanthoriicola physciae on its lichen host. Symbiosis 2016; 71:57-63. [PMID: 28066125 PMCID: PMC5167773 DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi have been extensively researched taxonomically over many years, and phylogenetically in recent years, but the biology of the relationship between the invading fungus and the lichen host has received limited attention, as has the effects on the chemistry of the host, being difficult to examine in situ. Raman spectroscopy is an established method for the characterization of chemicals in situ, and this technique is applied to a lichenicolous fungus here for the first time. Xanthoriicola physciae occurs in the apothecia of Xanthoria parietina, producing conidia at the hymenium surface. Raman spectroscopy of apothecial sections revealed that parietin and carotenoids were destroyed in infected apothecia. Those compounds protect healthy tissues of the lichen from extreme insolation and their removal may contribute to the deterioration of the apothecia. Scytonemin was also detected, but was most probably derived from associated cyanobacteria. This work shows that Raman spectroscopy has potential for investigating changes in the chemistry of a lichen by an invading lichenicolous fungus.
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Alam MA, Gauslaa Y, Solhaug KA. Soluble carbohydrates and relative growth rates in chloro-, cyano- and cephalolichens: effects of temperature and nocturnal hydration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:750-62. [PMID: 26017819 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This growth chamber experiment evaluates how temperature and humidity regimes shape soluble carbohydrate pools and growth rates in lichens with different photobionts. We assessed soluble carbohydrates, relative growth rates (RGRs) and relative thallus area growth rates (RTA GRs) in Parmelia sulcata (chlorolichen), Peltigera canina (cyanolichen) and Peltigera aphthosa (cephalolichen) cultivated for 14 d (150 μmol m(-2) s(-1) ; 12-h photoperiod) at four day : night temperatures (28 : 23°C, 20 : 15°C, 13 : 8°C, 6 : 1°C) and two hydration regimes (hydration during the day, dry at night; hydration day : night). The major carbohydrates were mannitol (cephalolichen), glucose (cyanolichen) and arabitol (chlorolichen). Mannitol occurred in all species. During cultivation, total carbohydrate pools decreased in cephalo-/cyanolichens, but increased in the chlorolichen. Carbohydrates varied less than growth with temperature and humidity. All lichens grew rapidly, particularly at 13 : 8°C. RGRs and RTA GRs were significantly higher in lichens hydrated for 24 h than for 12 h. Strong photoinhibition occurred in cephalo- and cyanolichens kept in cool dry nights, resulting in positive relationships between RGR and dark-adapted photosystem II (PSII) efficiency (Fv /Fm ). RGR increased significantly with the photobiont-specific carbohydrate pools within all species. Average RGR peaked in the chlorolichen lowest in total and photobiont carbohydrates. Nocturnal hydration improved recovery from photoinhibition and/or enhanced conversion rates of photosynthates into growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azharul Alam
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Yngvar Gauslaa
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Asbjørn Solhaug
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
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Bokhorst S, Asplund J, Kardol P, Wardle DA. Lichen physiological traits and growth forms affect communities of associated invertebrates. Ecology 2015; 96:2394-407. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1030.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Färber L, Solhaug KA, Esseen PA, Bilger W, Gauslaa Y. Sunscreening fungal pigments influence the vertical gradient of pendulous lichens in boreal forest canopies. Ecology 2014; 95:1464-71. [DOI: 10.1890/13-2319.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gauslaa Y, Bidussi M, Solhaug KA, Asplund J, Larsson P. Seasonal and spatial variation in carbon based secondary compounds in green algal and cyanobacterial members of the epiphytic lichen genus Lobaria. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 94:91-98. [PMID: 23664176 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Acetone-extractable carbon based secondary compounds (CBSCs) were quantified in two epiphytic lichens to study possible effects of external factors (season and aspect) on secondary chemistry and to relate defense investments to biomass growth and changes in specific thallus mass (STM). At the end of four separate annual cycles starting in each of the four seasons, the cyanolichen Lobaria scrobiculata and the cephalolichen Lobaria pulmonaria (green algae as the primary photobiont and with localized Nostoc in internal cephalodia) were monitored in their natural forest habitats and after being transplanted at three contrasting aspects in open sites. Season strongly influenced most CBSCs. Medullary CBSCs in both species were twice as high in summer as in winter. Aspect hardly affected major CBSCs, whereas transplantation from forest to clear-cut slightly reduced these compounds. No major CBSCs in any species showed a trade-off with growth rate. Dry matter- as well as thallus area-based medullary CBSC contents increased with STM. The cortical usnic acid strongly increased with growth rate and followed spatial, but not seasonal variations in light exposure. Maximal CBSC levels during seasons with most herbivores is consistent with the hypothesis inferring that herbivory is a major selective force for CBSCs. Lack of trade-off between growth and defence investments suggests that these two processes do not compete for photosynthates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yngvar Gauslaa
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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Larsson P, Solhaug KA, Gauslaa Y. Seasonal partitioning of growth into biomass and area expansion in a cephalolichen and a cyanolichen of the old forest genus Lobaria. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:991-1000. [PMID: 22452484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Growth in two old forest lichens was studied to evaluate how temporal (seasonal) and spatial (aspect-wise) partitioning of biomass and area growth respond to seasonal changes in light and climate. We monitored relative growth rates during annual courses in the cephalolichen Lobaria pulmonaria and the cyanolichen Lobaria scrobiculata transplanted in boreal clear-cut to five fixed aspects in winter, spring, summer, and autumn. For each annual set, growth was quantified in January-March, April-June, July-September and October-December. Mean biomass and area increased in all seasons, but growth was highest in July-September. Mass growth did not follow area increment during a year. As a result, mass per area (specific thallus mass (STM)) declined (L. scrobiculata) or stayed constant (L. pulmonaria) in the dark, humid October-December season, whereas it strongly increased in the dry, sunny April-June season. Aspect influenced growth in species-specific ways. Seasonality in biomass growth mainly followed light availability, whereas area growth was strongest during humid seasons. The substantial STM changes across seasons, species, and aspects can be explained as passive responses to seasonal climate. However, as STM, according to the literature, is a driver of water storage, recorded changes probably improve fitness by prolonging hydration in places or during times with high evaporative demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Larsson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Asbjørn Solhaug
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Yngvar Gauslaa
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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