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Annenkov VV, Danilovtseva EN. Spiculogenesis in the siliceous sponge Lubomirskia baicalensis studied with fluorescent staining. J Struct Biol 2016; 194:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Foissner W, Weissenbacher B, Krautgartner WD, Lütz-Meindl U. A cover of glass: first report of biomineralized silicon in a ciliate, Maryna umbrellata (Ciliophora: Colpodea). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2009; 56:519-30. [PMID: 19883440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using hydrofluoric acid, scanning electron microscope-assisted X-ray microanalysis, and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy, we present the first definite proof of biomineralized silicon [(SiO(2))](n) in a ciliophoran protist, Maryna umbrellata, a common inhabitant of ephemeral pools. In the trophic specimen, the amorphic silicon (glass) granules are accumulated in the anterior half of the body. When entering the dormant stage, most glass granules are excreted to form the surface cover of the globular resting cyst. Most likely, the silicon granules are synthesized in vesicles of the Golgi apparatus. First, nanospheres with a size of 20-40 nm are formed in a fibrous matrix; they grow to be spongious complexes, eventually becoming amorphous glass granules with an average size of 819 nm x 630 nm. In the transmission electron microscope, the silicon granules show the characteristic fracture pattern of glass known from many other silicon-bearing organisms. A literature survey suggests that silicon is very rare in ciliates. The fine structure and genesis of silicon granules in M. umbrellata are very similar to those of other organisms, including vascular plants and animals, indicating a common mechanism. Light perception and protection against mechanical stress and predators might be functions of the silicon granules in M. umbrellata. The palaeontological significance of glass cysts in ciliates is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Foissner
- FB Organismische Biologie, Universität Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Schröder HC, Wang X, Tremel W, Ushijima H, Müller WEG. Biofabrication of biosilica-glass by living organisms. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:455-74. [DOI: 10.1039/b612515h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Phylogenetic position of sponges in early metazoan evolution and bionic applications of siliceous sponge spicules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Schröder HC, Brandt D, Schlossmacher U, Wang X, Tahir MN, Tremel W, Belikov SI, Müller WEG. Enzymatic production of biosilica glass using enzymes from sponges: basic aspects and application in nanobiotechnology (material sciences and medicine). Naturwissenschaften 2007; 94:339-59. [PMID: 17216430 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-006-0192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization, biosilicification in particular (i.e. the formation of biogenic silica, SiO2), has become an exciting source of inspiration for the development of novel bionic approaches following "nature as model". Siliceous sponges are unique among silica forming organisms in their ability to catalyze silica formation using a specific enzyme termed silicatein. In this study, we review the present state of knowledge on silicatein-mediated "biosilica" formation in marine sponges, the involvement of further molecules in silica metabolism and their potential application in nanobiotechnology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz C Schröder
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz, Germany.
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Gómez P. Yucatania clavus, new genus and species of the family Thrombidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Astrophorida) from the continental shelf off Yucatan, Mexico. P BIOL SOC WASH 2006. [DOI: 10.2988/0006-324x(2006)119[339:ycngas]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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SCHRöDER HC, Perović-Ottstadt S, Rothenberger M, Wiens M, Schwertner H, Batel R, Korzhev M, MüLLER I, MüLLER W. Silica transport in the demosponge Suberites domuncula: fluorescence emission analysis using the PDMPO probe and cloning of a potential transporter. Biochem J 2004; 381:665-73. [PMID: 15128286 PMCID: PMC1133875 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Revised: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Silicon is, besides oxygen, the most abundant element on earth. Only two taxa use this element as a major constituent of their skeleton, namely sponges (phylum Porifera) and unicellular diatoms. Results from combined cytobiological and molecularbiological techniques suggest that, in the demosponge Suberites domuncula, silicic acid is taken up by a transporter. Incubation of cells with the fluorescent silica tracer PDMPO [2-(4-pyridyl)-5-[[4-(2-dimethylaminoethylaminocarbamoyl)methoxy]phenyl]-oxazole] showed a response to silicic acid by an increase in fluorescence; this process is temperature-dependent and can be blocked by DIDS (4,4-di-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulphonic acid). The putative NBC (Na+/HCO3-) transporter was identified, cloned and analysed. The deduced protein comprises all signatures characteristic of those molecules, and phylogenetic analysis also classifies it to the NBC transporter family. This cDNA was used to demonstrate that the expression of the gene is strongly up-regulated after treatment of cells with silicic acid. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the expression of the sponge transporter occurs in those cells that are located adjacent to the spicules (the skeletal element of the animal) or in areas in which spicule formation occurs. We conclude that this transporter is involved in silica uptake and have therefore termed it the NBCSA [Na+/HCO3-[Si(OH)4]] co-transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-C. SCHRöDER
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Sanja Perović-Ottstadt
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Matthias Rothenberger
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Matthias Wiens
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Heiko Schwertner
- †DST, Hagenower Strasse 73, D-19061 Schwerin, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Renato Batel
- ‡Center for Marine Research, ‘Ruder Boskovic’ Institute, Giordano Paliaga 5, HR-52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Michael Korzhev
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Isabel M. MüLLER
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Werner E. G. MüLLER
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail )
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