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He Y, Langenhoff AAM, Sutton NB, Rijnaarts HHM, Blokland MH, Chen F, Huber C, Schröder P. Metabolism of Ibuprofen by Phragmites australis: Uptake and Phytodegradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4576-4584. [PMID: 28346781 PMCID: PMC5770141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This study explores ibuprofen (IBP) uptake and transformation in the wetland plant species Phragmites australis and the underlying mechanisms. We grew P. australis in perlite under greenhouse conditions and treated plants with 60 μg/L of IBP. Roots and rhizomes (RR), stems and leaves (SL), and liquid samples were collected during 21 days of exposure. Results show that P. australis can take up, translocate, and degrade IBP. IBP was completely removed from the liquid medium after 21 days with a half-life of 2.1 days. IBP accumulated in RR and was partly translocated to SL. Meanwhile, four intermediates were detected in the plant tissues: hydroxy-IBP, 1,2-dihydroxy-IBP, carboxy-IBP and glucopyranosyloxy-hydroxy-IBP. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase was involved in the production of the two hydroxy intermediates. We hypothesize that transformation of IBP was first catalyzed by P450, and then by glycosyltransferase, followed by further storage or metabolism in vacuoles or cell walls. No significant phytotoxicity was observed based on relative growth of plants and stress enzyme activities. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that P. australis degrades IBP from water and is therefore a suitable species for application in constructed wetlands to clean wastewater effluents containing IBP and possibly also other micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie He
- Department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alette A. M. Langenhoff
- Department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Phone: +31 (0)317 480254; fax.: +31 (0)317 482108; e-mail:
| | - Nora B. Sutton
- Department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub H. M. Rijnaarts
- Department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco H. Blokland
- RIKILT-Institute
of Food Safety, Wageningen University and
Research, P.O. Box 2306, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Feiran Chen
- Helmholtz
Zentrum
München, GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Huber
- Helmholtz
Zentrum
München, GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schröder
- Helmholtz
Zentrum
München, GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Harms HH. In-vitro systems for studying phytotoxicity and metabolic fate of pesticides and xenobiotics in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780350313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Metabolism of the pesticide metabolites 4-nitrophenol and 3,4-dichloroaniline in carrot (Daucus carota) cell suspension cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780400310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sandermann H. Plant Metabolism of Organic Xenobiotics. Status and Prospects of the ‘Green Liver’ Concept. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND IN VITRO BIOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-4661-6_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Hashimoto T, Yamada Y. Purification and characterization of hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase from root cultures of Hyoscyamus niger L. Hydroxylase and epoxidase activities in the enzyme preparation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 164:277-85. [PMID: 3569262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb11055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase, a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of l-hyoscyamine to 6 beta-hydroxyhyoscyamine in the biosynthetic pathway leading to scopolamine [Hashimoto, T. & Yamada, Y. (1986) Plant Physiol. 81, 619-625] was purified 310-fold from root cultures of Hyoscyamus niger L. The enzyme has an average Mr of 41,000 as determined by gel filtration on Superose 12 and exhibited maximum activity at pH 7.8 l-Hyoscyamine and 2-oxoglutarate are required for the enzyme activity, with respective Km values of 35 microM and 43 microM. Fe2+, catalase and a reductant such as ascorbate significantly activated the enzyme. 2-Oxoglutarate was not replaced by any of ten other oxo acids tested, nor was Fe2+ by nine other divalent cations tested. The enzyme was inhibited moderately by EDTA, Tiron and various oxo acids and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, and strongly by nitroblue tetrazolium and divalent cations Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+. Several pyridine dicarboxylates and o-dihydroxyphenyl derivatives inhibited the hydroxylase. Pyridine 2,4-dicarboxylate and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate are competitive inhibitors with respect to 2-oxoglutarate with the respective Ki values of 9 microM and 90 microM. Several alkaloids with structures similar to l-hyoscyamine were hydroxylated by the enzyme at the C-6 position of the tropane moiety. The enzyme preparation also epoxidized 6,7-dehydrohyoscyamine, a hypothetical precursor of scopolamine, to scopolamine (Km 10 microM). This epoxidation reaction required the same co-factors as the hydroxylation reaction and the epoxidase activities were found in the same fractions with the hydroxylase activities during purification. Two possible pathways for scopolamine biosynthesis are discussed in the light of the hydroxylase and epoxidase activities found in the partially purified preparation of hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase.
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Mumma RO, Hamilton RH. Advances in pesticide metabolite identification through the use of plant tissue cultures. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 1982; 19:535-55. [PMID: 6761447 DOI: 10.3109/15563658208990391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissue cultures are powerful tools for metabolism studies. Culture conditions can be selected which mimic conditions of whole plants or conditions can be employed to mass-produce selected metabolites such as aglycons or conjugates. Culture variables that affect metabolism are medium composition, age of tissue cultures, concentration of test chemical, and the source of plant tissue. The type of culture, such as suspension cultures, callus tissue cultures, differentiated tissue or organ cultures will also influence the type of metabolites obtained. Ease of standardizing conditions makes tissue culture suitable to comparatively examine metabolism in different plant species and strains and in different plant parts such as tissues derived from leaves and roots. Recent advances with plant tissue cultures involve studies of the mechanism of action or selectivity of growth regulators and herbicides, and the use of resistant strains to investigate mechanisms of biological detoxification.
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Scheel D, Sandermann H. Metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in cell suspension cultures of soybean (Glycine max L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) : II. Evidence for incorporation into lignin. PLANTA 1981; 152:253-258. [PMID: 24302424 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/1981] [Accepted: 02/23/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell suspension cultures of soybean (Glycine max L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) incorporated 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) into a metabolite fraction which was insoluble in ethanol, water, and hot sodium dodecylsulphate. Further treatment with hot dimethylformamide solubilized a material which by the following criteria appeared to consist of 2,4-D derivatives covalently bound to lignin: i) co-chromatography of radioactivity and of UV-absorbing material upon gel permeation chromatography; ii) spectral similarity with authentic lignins (IR- and UV-spectra, phloroglucinol reaction), 2,4-D appeared to be incorporated as the intact molecule, as shown by comparison of ring- and sidechain-labeled 2,4-D and by detection of monohydroxylated and intact 2,4-D as the major radioactive products of acid hydrolysis. The same compounds were released from the metabolite material which could not be solubilized in dimethylformamide. The incorporation of xenobiotics or their metabolites into lignin, followed by deposition in the cell wall, is suggested as a general pathway for 'local excretion' and detoxification by plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scheel
- Institut für Biologie II, Biochemie der Pflanzen, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, D-7800, Freiburg i.Br., Federal Republic of Germany
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Scheel D, Sandermann H. Metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in cell suspension cultures of soybean (Glycine max L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) : I. General results. PLANTA 1981; 152:248-252. [PMID: 24302423 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/1981] [Accepted: 02/23/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of [2-(14)C]- and [ring-U-(14)C]2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been studied in cell suspension cultures of soybean (Glycine max L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). 2,4-D was extensively metabolized by both cultures, the rates of metabolism and the metabolite patterns remaining constant over at least 60 (soybean) and 25 (wheat) growth cycles. Amino acid conjugates were the predominant metabolite fraction in soybean cells whereas β-D-glucoside conjugates predominated in wheat cells. The two cell types studied also differed in the amino acid compositions of the amino acid conjugate fractions and in the aglycone patterns of the β-D-glucoside fractions. Novel metabolite fractions of both wheat and soybean cells included a polar water-soluble metabolite fraction and a covalently modified protein fraction of low molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scheel
- Institut für Biologie II, Biochemie der Pflanzen, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, D-7800, Freiburg i.Br., Federal Republic of Germany
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Diesperger H, Sandermann H. Soluble and microsomal glutatione S-transferase activities in pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.). PLANTA 1979; 146:643-648. [PMID: 24318340 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/1979] [Accepted: 07/02/1979] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Epicotyl and primary leaves of pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L., var. Alaska) were found to contain soluble and microsomal enzymes catalyzing the addition of glutathione to the olefinic double bond of cinnamic acid. Glutathione S-cinnamoyl transfer was also obtained with enzyme preparations from potato slices and cell suspension cultures of parsley and soybean.The pea transferases had pH-optima between pH 7.4 and 7.8 Km-values were 0.1-0.4 mM and 1-4 mM for cinnamic acid and glutathione, respectively. V-values were between 2-15 nmol mg(-1) protein x min.Chromatography on Sephacryl S-200 indicated that the soluble pea glutathione S-cinnamoyl transferase activity existed in molecular weight forms of 37,000, 75,000, and 150,000. The glutathione-dependent cleavage of the herbicide fluorodifen was catalyzed by a different soluble enzyme activity which eluted in molecular weight positions of 47,000 and/or 82,000.The microsomal fraction from pea primary leaves also catalyzed the conjugation of the carcinogen benzo[α]pyrene with glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Diesperger
- Institut für Biologie II. Biochemic der Pflanzen, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-7800, Freiburg i. Br., Federal Republic of Germany
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Diesperger H, Sandermann H. Evidence for an electrophilic intermediate in the microsomal hydroxylation of cinnamic acid in plants. FEBS Lett 1978; 85:333-6. [PMID: 620814 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Trenck KT, Sandermann H. Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene in cell suspension cultures of parsley (Petroselinum hortense, Hoffm.) and soybean (Glycine max L.). PLANTA 1978; 141:245-251. [PMID: 24414868 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/1978] [Accepted: 04/27/1978] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell suspension cultures of parsley and soybean were incubated for 38 h with (14)C-labeled benzo[a]pyrene; autoclaved cultures were used as controls. Metabolites were isolated by a sequential extraction procedure and further studied by chromatography or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The soluble metabolites amounted to 1-2.2% in the case of parsley cells, and 19-28% in the case of soybean cells. These metabolites varied in polarity, some being soluble in organic solvent or aqueous buffer while other metabolite fractions were soluble only in hot aqueous sodium dodecylsulphate. In addition, a significant amount of an insoluble metabolite fraction was isolated from the culture fluid as well as the cellular material of soybean suspension cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Trenck
- Institut für Biologie II, Biochemie der Pflanzen, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestr 1, D-7800, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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