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Vemu B, Nauman MC, Veenstra JP, Johnson JJ. Structure Activity Relationship of Xanthones for Inhibition of Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4 from Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-19-2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mangosteen fruit is a popular Southeast Asian fruit consumed for centuries. There have been a variety of xanthones isolated from the fruit, bark, roots and leaves with each having unique chemical and physical properties. Previously, the most abundant xanthone α-mangostin has been shown to inhibit CDK4. Herein we describe the role of selected xanthones from the mangosteen inhibiting CDK4. The evidence we provide here is that key functional groups are required to inhibit the CDK4 protein to prevent the phosphorylation of downstream targets critical to inhibiting uncontrolled cell cycle progression. To define the properties of xanthones for inhibiting CDK4 we utilized a cell free biochemical assay to identify inhibitors of CDK4. The following xanthones were used for the analysis: α-mangostin, β-mangostin, γ-mangostin, gartanin, 8-desoxygartanin, garcinone C and garcinone D, 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone, and 3-isomangostin These results further substantiate the unique pharmacological properties of individual xanthones and how a mixture of xanthones may be responsible for a multi-targeted effect in cell based pharmacology systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Vemu
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice
| | - Mirielle C. Nauman
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice
| | - Jacob P. Veenstra
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice
| | - Jeremy J. Johnson
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice
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Sargolzaei S, Farhadi S, Kazemi B, Bandehpour M, Kharazifard MJ. The correlation between p16 expression and INK4a locus mutation with grades and stages in oral squamous cell carcinoma. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2014; 57:24-30. [PMID: 24739827 DOI: 10.4103/0377-4929.130877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE p16INK4a is a tumor suppressor gene playing a critical role. Researches have indicated the gene to be altered in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Present studies have tried to assess the correlation between p16INK4a expression and INK4a locus mutation in relation to grades and stages of this tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of p16INK4a was studied immunohistochemically in 58 oral squamous sell carcinoma samples and INK4a locus mutation was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE). RESULTS Expression of p16INK4a was higher in stage1 compared to stage 2, 3, and 4 (P = 0.234). The difference was not significant in grade 1, 2, and 3 (P = 0.671). The average values of total score (TS) were significantly higher in stage1 compared to stage 2, 3, and 4 (P = 0.035). The average values of complete score (CS) were higher in stage 1 compared to stage 2, 3, and 4 (P = 0.061). The research did not show a significant correlation between lymph node involvement and p16INK4a expression (P = 0.491). It seems that 5.1% (3/58) of samples have mutation in INK4a locus. CONCLUSION Loss of p16INK4a expression occurred in initial stages of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Evaluation of TS and CS for p16INK4a might be a useful clinical indicator concerning the tumor. However, gene mutation is believed to have minor rate of genetic alteration in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sareh Farhadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Marti G, Eparvier V, Morleo B, Ven JL, Apel C, Bodo B, Amand S, Dumontet V, Lozach O, Meijer L, Guéritte F, Litaudon M. Natural aristolactams and aporphine alkaloids as inhibitors of CDK1/cyclin B and DYRK1A. Molecules 2013; 18:3018-27. [PMID: 23467012 PMCID: PMC6269938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to find potent inhibitors of the protein kinases DYRK1A and CDK1/Cyclin B, a systematic in vitro evaluation of 2,500 plant extracts from New Caledonia and French Guyana was performed. Some extracts were found to strongly inhibit the activity of these kinases. Four aristolactams and one lignan were purified from the ethyl acetate extracts of Oxandra asbeckii and Goniothalamus dumontetii, and eleven aporphine alkaloids were isolated from the alkaloid extracts of Siparuna pachyantha, S. decipiens, S. guianensis and S. poeppigii. Among these compounds, velutinam, aristolactam AIIIA and medioresinol showed submicromolar IC50 values on DYRK1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Marti
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; E-Mails: (G.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.V.); (C.A.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; E-Mails: (G.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.V.); (C.A.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Barbara Morleo
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; E-Mails: (G.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.V.); (C.A.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Jessica Le Ven
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; E-Mails: (G.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.V.); (C.A.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Cécile Apel
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; E-Mails: (G.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.V.); (C.A.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Bernard Bodo
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245 CNRS, 63 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France; E-Mails: (B.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Séverine Amand
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245 CNRS, 63 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France; E-Mails: (B.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Vincent Dumontet
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; E-Mails: (G.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.V.); (C.A.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Olivier Lozach
- Protein Phosphorylation & Human Disease’ group, CNRS, Station Biologique, Place G. Teissier, Roscoff 29680, France; E-Mails: (O.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Laurent Meijer
- Protein Phosphorylation & Human Disease’ group, CNRS, Station Biologique, Place G. Teissier, Roscoff 29680, France; E-Mails: (O.L.); (L.M.)
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff 29680, France
| | - Françoise Guéritte
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; E-Mails: (G.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.V.); (C.A.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Marc Litaudon
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; E-Mails: (G.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.V.); (C.A.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (M.L.)
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Li JS, Ying JM, Wang XW, Wang ZH, Tao Q, Li LL. Promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 32:3-11. [PMID: 22572016 PMCID: PMC3845589 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a prevalent and fatal cancer in China and other Asian countries. Epigenetic silencing of key tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is critical to ESCC initiation and progression. Recently, many novel TSGs silenced by promoter methylation have been identified in ESCC, and these genes further serve as potential tumor markers for high-risk group stratification, early detection, and prognosis prediction. This review summarizes recent discoveries on aberrant promoter methylation of TSGs in ESCC, providing better understanding of the role of disrupted epigenetic regulation in tumorigenesis and insight into diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sheng Li
- Department of Chemotherapy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Moad AIH, Tan ML, Kaur G, Mabruk M. Lack of increased P15INK4B protein expression in basal cell carcinomas. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:6239-44. [PMID: 23464438 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.12.6239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSK). BCC might develop because of the faulty cell cycle arrest. P15INK4b is a tumor suppressor gene, involved in cell cycle arrest and inactivated in most human cancers. The role of p15INK4b protein expression in the genesis of BCC is as yet unknown. In a previous study we showed the absence of p15INK4b expression in the majority of tissue microarray cores of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCCs), another type of non-melanoma skin cancer, indicating that p15INK4b could possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of cutaneous SCC. The aim of this study was to investigate p15INK4b protein expression in BCCs. MATERIALS AND METHOD Protein expression of p15INK4b in 35 cases of BCC tissue arrays and 19 cases of normal human skin tissue was studied using an immunohistochemical approach. RESULTS The expression of p15INK4b was not significantly different in the BCC cases as compared with normal human skin (p=0.356; p>0.05). In addition, there were no significant relationship between clinicopathologic variables of patients (age and sex) and p15INK4b protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Our finding may indicate that p15INK4b protein expression does not play a role in the genesis of BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ismail Hassan Moad
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. mohamed.mabruk@.ubd.edu.bn
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Abstract
Genetic abnormalities of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have been demonstrated to be changes that are frequently involved in esophageal cancer pathogenesis. However, hypermethylation of CpG islands, an epigenetic event, is coming more and more into focus in carcinogenesis of the esophagus. Recent studies have proved that promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes is frequently observed in esophageal carcinomas and seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of this tumor type. In this review, we will discuss current research on genes that are hypermethylated in human esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions of the esophagus. We will also discuss the potential use of hypermethylated genes as targets for detection, prognosis and treatment of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Long Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Jiaxing, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Abstract
Rb is a tumor suppressor that represses the expression of E2F regulated genes required for cell cycle progression. It is inactivated in melanomas and other cancer cells by phosphorylation catalyzed by persistent cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) activity. CDK activity is sustained in melanoma cells mostly by the elimination of the CDK inhibitor p16INK4A and by high levels of cyclins whose expression is maintained by stimuli emanating from activated cell surface receptors and/or mutated intracellular intermediates, such as N-Ras and B-Raf. However, Rb also suppresses the expression of apoptosis genes, and its presence protects normal melanocytes from cell death. Its high expression in human melanoma cells and tumors suggests a similar role in malignant cells as well. The differential release and suppression of E2F transcriptional activity is likely to depend on promoter-specific E2F/Rb interaction. Phosphorylated Rb is displaced from cell cycle genes but not from others. In addition, Rb gene repression is dependent on the nature of Rb-E2F interaction and the activity of the Rb-bound proteins recruited to the promoter. Deciphering the differences in Rb/E2F complex formation in normal and malignant melanocytes is likely to shed light on the mechanism by which Rb can exert tumor suppressing and promoting activities in this cellular system. The Rb/E2F pathway provides opportunities for efficient therapy at multiple levels. Novel drugs can reactivate Rb potential to suppress growth cycle promoting genes. In addition, the high E2F transcriptional activity in melanoma cells can be exploited to deliver cytotoxic molecules specifically to tumors, sparing the normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Halaban
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, 15 York Street, P.O. Box 208059, New Haven, CT, 06520-8059, USA.
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Vermeulen K, Van Bockstaele DR, Berneman ZN. The cell cycle: a review of regulation, deregulation and therapeutic targets in cancer. Cell Prolif 2003; 36:131-49. [PMID: 12814430 PMCID: PMC6496723 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2184.2003.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1148] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2003] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is controlled by numerous mechanisms ensuring correct cell division. This review will focus on these mechanisms, i.e. regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) by cyclins, CDK inhibitors and phosphorylating events. The quality checkpoints activated after DNA damage are also discussed. The complexity of the regulation of the cell cycle is also reflected in the different alterations leading to aberrant cell proliferation and development of cancer. Consequently, targeting the cell cycle in general and CDK in particular presents unique opportunities for drug discovery. This review provides an overview of deregulation of the cell cycle in cancer. Different families of known CDK inhibitors acting by ATP competition are also discussed. Currently, at least three compounds with CDK inhibitory activity (flavopiridol, UCN-01, roscovitine) have entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vermeulen
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Dirk R. Van Bockstaele
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Zwi N. Berneman
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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Halaban R, Cheng E, Smicun Y, Germino J. Deregulated E2F transcriptional activity in autonomously growing melanoma cells. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1005-16. [PMID: 10727462 PMCID: PMC2193116 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.6.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRb) has been implicated in melanoma cells, but the molecular basis for this phenotype has not yet been elucidated, and the status of additional family members (p107 and p130, together termed pocket proteins) or the consequences on downstream targets such as E2F transcription factors are not known. Because cell cycle progression is dependent on the transcriptional activity of E2F family members (E2F1-E2F6), most of them regulated by suppressive association with pocket proteins, we characterized E2F-pocket protein DNA binding activity in normal versus malignant human melanocytes. By gel shift analysis, we show that in mitogen-dependent normal melanocytes, external growth factors tightly controlled the levels of growth-promoting free E2F DNA binding activity, composed largely of E2F2 and E2F4, and the growth-suppressive E2F4-p130 complexes. In contrast, in melanoma cells, free E2F DNA binding activity (E2F2 and E2F4, to a lesser extent E2F1, E2F3, and occasionally E2F5), was constitutively maintained at high levels independently of external melanocyte mitogens. E2F1 was the only family member more abundant in the melanoma cells compared with normal melanocytes, and the approximately fivefold increase in DNA binding activity could be accounted for mostly by a similar increase in the levels of the dimerization partner DP1. The continuous high expression of cyclin D1, A2, and E, the persistent cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK2 activities, and the presence of hyperphosphorylated forms of pRb, p107, and p130, suggest that melanoma cells acquired the capacity for autonomous growth through inactivation of all three pocket proteins and release of E2F activity, otherwise tightly regulated in normal melanocytes by external growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Halaban
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8059, USA.
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Lukas J, Sørensen CS, Lukas C, Santoni-Rugiu E, Bartek J. p16INK4a, but not constitutively active pRb, can impose a sustained G1 arrest: molecular mechanisms and implications for oncogenesis. Oncogene 1999; 18:3930-5. [PMID: 10435615 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
p16ink4 and pRb, two components of a key G1/S regulatory pathway, and tumor suppressors commonly targeted in oncogenesis, are among the candidates for gene therapy of cancer. Wild-type p16 and a constitutively active pRb(delta cdk) mutant both blocked G1 in short-term experiments, but only p16 imposed a sustained G1 arrest. Unexpectedly, cells conditionally exposed to pRb(delta cdk) entered S phase after 2 days, followed by endoreduplication between days 4-6. The distinct phenotypes evoked by p16 vs pRb(delta cdk) appear mediated by cyclin E/CDK2 which, while active in the pRb(delta cdk)-expressing cells, became rapidly inhibited through restructuring diverse cyclin/CDK/p21 complexes by p16. These results provide novel insights into the roles of p16, pRb and cyclin E in G1/S control and multistep oncogenesis, with implications for gene therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lukas
- Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen
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Abstract
The eucaryotic cell cycle is regulated by the periodic synthesis and destruction of cyclins that associate with and activate cyclin-dependent kinases. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, such as p21 and p16, also play important roles in cell cycle control by coordinating internal and external signals and impeding proliferation at several key checkpoints. Understanding how these proteins interact to regulate the cell cycle has become increasingly important to researchers and clinicians with the discovery that many of the genes that encode cell cycle regulatory activities are targets for alterations that underlie the development of cancer. Several therapeutic agents, such as DNA-damaging drugs, microtubule inhibitors, antimetabolites, and topoisomerase inhibitors, take advantage of this disruption in normal cell cycle regulation to target checkpoint controls and ultimately induce growth arrest or apoptosis of neoplastic cells. Other therapeutic drugs being developed, such as UCN-01, specifically inhibit cell cycle regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Johnson
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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