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Jagathesan K, Roy S. Recent Development of Transition Metal Complexes as Chemotherapeutic Hypoxia Activated Prodrug (HAP). ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400127. [PMID: 38634306 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a state characterized by low concentration of Oxygen. Hypoxic state is often found in the central region of solid tumors. Hypoxia is associated with abnormal neovascularization resulted in poor blood flow in tissues and increased proliferation of tumor cells, imbalance between O2 supply and O2 consumption in tumor cells, high concentration of proton and strong reducibility. And, these abnormalities enhance the survival potency of the hypoxic tumours and increase the resistance towards chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One of the approach for treating hypoxic region of tumour is to use reducing environment of hypoxic tumours for reducing a molecule (hypoxia activated prodrug, HAP) and as a result the active drug will be released in hypoxic region in a controlled manner from the prodrug and kill the hypoxic tumour. Co(III) and Pt(IV) complexes with monodentate active drug molecule in the axial position can be reduced to Co(II) and Pt(II) moieties and as a result, the axial ligands (active drug) could come out from the metal center and could show its anticancer activity. In this review we have highlighted the research articles where transition metal-based complexes are used as chemotherapeutic hypoxia activated prodrug molecules which are reported in last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jagathesan
- Dept. of Chemistry, School of Advance Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Sovan Roy
- Dept. of Chemistry, School of Advance Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
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Ferraro MG, Piccolo M, Misso G, Santamaria R, Irace C. Bioactivity and Development of Small Non-Platinum Metal-Based Chemotherapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050954. [PMID: 35631543 PMCID: PMC9147010 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Countless expectations converge in the multidisciplinary endeavour for the search and development of effective and safe drugs in fighting cancer. Although they still embody a minority of the pharmacological agents currently in clinical use, metal-based complexes have great yet unexplored potential, which probably hides forthcoming anticancer drugs. Following the historical success of cisplatin and congeners, but also taking advantage of conventional chemotherapy limitations that emerged with applications in the clinic, the design and development of non-platinum metal-based chemotherapeutics, either as drugs or prodrugs, represents a rapidly evolving field wherein candidate compounds can be fine-tuned to access interactions with druggable biological targets. Moving in this direction, over the last few decades platinum family metals, e.g., ruthenium and palladium, have been largely proposed. Indeed, transition metals and molecular platforms where they originate are endowed with unique chemical and biological features based on, but not limited to, redox activity and coordination geometries, as well as ligand selection (including their inherent reactivity and bioactivity). Herein, current applications and progress in metal-based chemoth are reviewed. Converging on the recent literature, new attractive chemotherapeutics based on transition metals other than platinum—and their bioactivity and mechanisms of action—are examined and discussed. A special focus is committed to anticancer agents based on ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, and iridium, but also to gold derivatives, for which more experimental data are nowadays available. Next to platinum-based agents, ruthenium-based candidate drugs were the first to reach the stage of clinical evaluation in humans, opening new scenarios for the development of alternative chemotherapeutic options to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Ferraro
- BioChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Marialuisa Piccolo
- BioChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Gabriella Misso
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (C.I.)
| | - Rita Santamaria
- BioChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Carlo Irace
- BioChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.P.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (C.I.)
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Synthesis and Optimization of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Ruthenium Polypyridyl Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020150. [PMID: 33498795 PMCID: PMC7910993 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ruthenium polypyridyl complex [Ru(dppz)2PIP]2+ (dppz: dipyridophenazine, PIP: (2-(phenyl)-imidazo[4,5-f ][1,10]phenanthroline), or Ru-PIP, is a potential anticancer drug that acts by inhibiting DNA replication. Due to the poor dissolution of Ru-PIP in aqueous media, a drug delivery agent would be a useful approach to overcome its limited bioavailability. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were synthesized via a co-condensation method by using a phenanthrolinium salt with a 16 carbon length chain (Phen-C16) as the template. Optimization of the synthesis conditions by Box–Behnken design (BBD) generated MSNs with high surface area response at 833.9 m2g−1. Ru-PIP was effectively entrapped in MSNs at 18.84%. Drug release profile analysis showed that Ru-PIP is gradually released, with a cumulative release percentage of approximately 50% at 72 h. The release kinetic profile implied that Ru-PIP was released from MSN by diffusion. The in vitro cytotoxicity of Ru-PIP, both free and MSN-encapsulated, was studied in Hela, A549, and T24 cancer cell lines. While treatment of Ru-PIP alone is moderately cytotoxic, encapsulated Ru-PIP exerted significant cytotoxicity upon all the cell lines, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values determined by MTT (([3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dephenyltetrazolium bromide]) assay at 48 h exposure substantially decreasing from >30 µM to <10 µM as a result of MSN encapsulation. The mechanistic potential of cytotoxicity on cell cycle distribution showed an increase in G1/S phase populations in all three cell lines. The findings indicate that MSN is an ideal drug delivery agent, as it is able to sustainably release Ru-PIP by diffusion in a prolonged treatment period.
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Wiśniewska J, Fandzloch M, Łakomska I. The reduction of ruthenium(III) complexes with triazolopyrimidine ligands by ascorbic acid and mechanistic insight into their action in anticancer therapy. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tian Z, Li J, Zhang S, Xu Z, Yang Y, Kong D, Zhang H, Ge X, Zhang J, Liu Z. Lysosome-Targeted Chemotherapeutics: Half-Sandwich Ruthenium(II) Complexes That Are Selectively Toxic to Cancer Cells. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:10498-10502. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Tian
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Shumiao Zhang
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Zhishan Xu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yuliang Yang
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Deliang Kong
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Hairong Zhang
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Xingxing Ge
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Junming Zhang
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
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Li J, Tian M, Tian Z, Zhang S, Yan C, Shao C, Liu Z. Half-Sandwich Iridium(III) and Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing P^P-Chelating Ligands: A New Class of Potent Anticancer Agents with Unusual Redox Features. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:1705-1716. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JuanJuan Li
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development
and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of
Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Meng Tian
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development
and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of
Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Zhenzhen Tian
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development
and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of
Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Shumiao Zhang
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development
and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of
Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development
and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of
Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Changfang Shao
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development
and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of
Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development
and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of
Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
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Fandzloch M, Dobrzańska L, Jezierska J, Filip-Psurska B, Wiśniewska J, Wietrzyk J, Salas JM, Łakomska I. In search of new anticancer drug – Dimethylsulfoxide ruthenium(III) complex with bulky triazolopyrimidine derivative and preliminary studies towards understanding the mode of action. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ruthenium(III) complexes with monodentate 5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one: Structural characterization, interaction with DNA and proteins. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Selvamurugan S, Viswanathamurthi P, Endo A, Hashimoto T, Natarajan K. Synthesis, spectral characterization, antioxidant, anticancer in vitro, and DNA cleavage studies of a series of ruthenium(II) complexes bearing Schiff base ligands. J COORD CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2013.858135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akira Endo
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
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Łakomska I, Fandzloch M, Muzioł T, Lis T, Jezierska J. Synthesis, characterization and antitumor properties of two highly cytotoxic ruthenium(iii) complexes with bulky triazolopyrimidine ligands. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:6219-26. [PMID: 23328694 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two ruthenium(III) complexes composed of 5,7-ditertbutyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dbtp) ligands were prepared and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography, IR, UV-Vis, EPR spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The crystal structures of trans-[RuCl(3)(H(2)O)(dbtp)(2)] 1 and mer-[RuCl(3)(dbtp)(3)]·0.815OCMe(2) 2 showed slightly distorted octahedral geometries with two 1 or three 2 monodentate dbtp ligands bound in a head-to-head orientation. In both complexes, the heterocyclic dbtp ligands were bound to the ruthenium(III) ion through the N3 nitrogen atom. A cytotoxicity assay of both ruthenium(III) compounds against two human cell lines (A549 - non-small cell lung carcinoma and T47D - breast carcinoma) was performed. The ruthenium(III) complexes showed excellent cytotoxicity with IC(50) values in the range of 0.02-2.4 μM against both cancer cell lines. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxic values of the ruthenium(III) compounds were 35-times for 1 and 172-times for 2 higher against T47D than the clinically used antitumor drug cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Łakomska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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Tfouni E, Truzzi DR, Tavares A, Gomes AJ, Figueiredo LE, Franco DW. Biological activity of ruthenium nitrosyl complexes. Nitric Oxide 2012; 26:38-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kamatchi TS, Chitrapriya N, Lee H, Fronczek CF, Fronczek FR, Natarajan K. Ruthenium(II)/(III) complexes of 4-hydroxy-pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid with PPh3/AsPh3 as co-ligand: Impact of oxidation state and co-ligands on anticancer activity in vitro. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:2066-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11273b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ramachandran E, Kalaivani P, Prabhakaran R, Rath NP, Brinda S, Poornima P, Padma VV, Natarajan K. Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, DNA binding, antioxidant and cytotoxicity studies of Ni(ii) and Pd(ii) thiosemicarbazone complexes. Metallomics 2012; 4:218-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00143d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Burgess J, Parsons SA, Singh K, Waltham E, López P, Sánchez F, Rangel M, Schlindwein W. Ruthenium complexes of 3-hydroxy-4-pyranones and of 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinones. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-008-9079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chen J, Chen L, Liao S, Zheng K, Ji L. The hydrolysis process of the anticancer complex [ImH][trans-RuCl4(Im)2]: a theoretical study. Dalton Trans 2007:3507-15. [PMID: 17680040 DOI: 10.1039/b706551e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A hydrolysis process of the anticancer drug [ImH][trans-RuCl4(Im)2] (ICR, Im=imidazole) has been investigated using density functional theory (DFT), and the aqueous solution effect has been considered and calculated by the conductor-like polarizable calculation model (CPCM). The stationary points on the potential energy surfaces for the first and second hydrolysis steps (including two different paths) were fully optimized and characterized. The results show that the computed values of free energy barriers DeltaG degrees (aq) and rate constants (k) in aqueous solution, in particular for the first hydrolysis step, are in excellent agreement with the experimental results. The analysis of electronic characteristics of species in the hydrolysis process suggests that the nucleophilic attack abilities (A) of hydrolysis products by biomolecular targets is in the sequence of A()<A()<A() (, and express the hydrolysis products of the first hydrolysis step, and of the second hydrolysis step through path 1 and path 2, respectively). On the basis of our present limited work, the following can reasonably be suggested: path 1 in the second hydrolysis step has thermodynamic preference over path 2, and thus the cis-diaqua species may dominate. The theoretical results provide the structural properties as well as the detailed energy profiles for the hydrolysis process of ICR, so such results may contribute to understanding the reaction mechanism of this drug with the biomolecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, and Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Vilaplana RA, Delmani F, Manteca C, Torreblanca J, Moreno J, García-Herdugo G, González-Vílchez F. Synthesis, interaction with double-helical DNA and biological activity of the water soluble complex cis-dichloro-1,2-propylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetato ruthenium (III) (RAP). J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:1834-41. [PMID: 16959320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects exerted by the new complex cis-dichloro-1,2-propylenediaminetetraacetato ruthenium (III), H[RuCl(2)(PDTA-H(2))] [1, RAP], on DNA and cultured tumor cells (ovarian carcinoma TG cell line) were studied. The comparative study of circular dichroism (CD) spectra obtained from DNA and RAP-DNA system evidences the interaction of the complex with DNA. Compound 1 also interacted with tumor TG cells to slow their proliferation rate. BrdU incorporation was enhanced in cells treated with compound 1, as evidenced by a single-cell electrophoresis method (comet assay), in accordance with RAP-induced DNA damage. DNA migration of compound 1-treated cells was similar to that induced by noxious agents other than cross-linking chemicals. The stability of [RuCl(2)(PDTA-H(2))]-DNA binding is suggested by the high degree of damage that persisted after removal of compound 1 from the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario A Vilaplana
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Laboratorio de Química Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41071 Sevilla, Spain
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Schluga P, Hartinger CG, Egger A, Reisner E, Galanski MS, Jakupec MA, Keppler BK. Redox behavior of tumor-inhibiting ruthenium(III) complexes and effects of physiological reductants on their binding to GMP. Dalton Trans 2006:1796-802. [PMID: 16568190 DOI: 10.1039/b511792e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation of ruthenium(III) anticancer complexes as hypothesized in the activation-by-reduction theory is the central topic of the present paper. The redox behavior of tetrachlorobis(azole)ruthenate(III)-type complexes was studied by NMR spectroscopy and square wave voltammetry. The influence of reducing agents on the binding behavior toward the DNA-modeling nucleotide GMP was determined by capillary electrophoresis, accompanied by identification of arising peaks by online coupling to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The determination of redox potentials revealed that the biologically relevant reductants ascorbic acid and glutathione are capable of reducing the studied Ru(III) complexes under physiological conditions. Characteristic differences in reduction kinetics dependent on the pH value can be explained by higher reduction strength of ascorbic acid and glutathione at higher pH compared to the pH-independent redox response of ruthenium(III) complexes. Binding behavior of (H2ind)[trans-RuCl4(Hind)2] (Hind = 1H-indazole) toward GMP was found to be increased upon addition of two equivalents of glutathione but not of ascorbic acid. In contrast, only a minor influence on the GMP-binding under reductive conditions was found for (H2im)[trans-RuCl4(Him)2] (KP418, Him = 1H-imidazole).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Schluga
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry-Bioinorganic, Environmental and Radiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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Gava B, Zorzet S, Spessotto P, Cocchietto M, Sava G. Inhibition of B16 Melanoma Metastases with the Ruthenium Complex Imidazoliumtrans-Imidazoledimethylsulfoxide-tetrachlororuthenate and Down-Regulation of Tumor Cell Invasion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 317:284-91. [PMID: 16368900 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.095141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimetastatic ruthenium complex imidazolium trans-imidazoledimethylsulfoxide-tetrachlorouthenate (NAMI-A) is tested in the B16 melanoma model in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of B6D2F1 mice carrying intra-footpad B16 melanoma with 35 mg/kg/day NAMI-A for 6 days reduces metastasis weight independently of whether NAMI-A is given before or after surgical removal of the primary tumor. Metastasis reduction is unrelated to NAMI-A concentration, which is 10-fold lower than on primary site (1 versus 0.1 mM), and is correlated to the reduction of plasma gelatinolitic activity and to the decrease of cells expressing CD44, CD54, and integrin-beta(3) adhesion molecules. Metastatic cells also show the reduction of the S-phase cells with accumulation in the G(0)/G(1) phase. In vitro, on the highly metastatic B16F10 cell line, NAMI-A reduces cell Matrigel invasion and its ability to cross a layer of endothelial cells after short exposure (1 h) to 1 to 100 microM concentrations. In these conditions, NAMI-A reduces the gelatinase activity of tumor cells, and it also increases cell adhesion to poly-L-lysine and, in particular, to fibronectin, and this effect is associated to the increase of F-actin condensation. This work shows the selective effectiveness of NAMI-A on the metastatic melanoma and suggests that metastasis inhibition is due to the negative modulation of tumor cell invasion processes, a mechanism in which the reduction of the gelatinolitic activity of tumor cells plays a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy.
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Jakupec MA, Reisner E, Eichinger A, Pongratz M, Arion VB, Galanski MS, Hartinger CG, Keppler BK. Redox-Active Antineoplastic Ruthenium Complexes with Indazole: Correlation of in Vitro Potency and Reduction Potential. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2831-7. [PMID: 15828821 DOI: 10.1021/jm0490742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antineoplastic ruthenium(III) complexes are generally regarded as prodrugs, being activated by reduction. Within a homologous series of ruthenium(III) complexes, cytotoxic potency is therefore expected to increase with increasing ease of reduction. Complexes of the general formula [Ru(III)Cl((6-n))(ind)n](3-n)- (n = 0-4; ind = indazole; counterions = Hind(+) or Cl(-)) and the compound trans-[Ru(II)Cl(2)(ind)(4)] have been prepared and characterized electrochemically. Lever's parametrization method predicts that a higher indazole-to-chloride ratio results in a higher reduction potential, which is confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. In vitro antitumor potencies of these complexes in colon cancer cells (SW480) and ovarian cancer cells (CH1) vary by more than 2 orders of magnitude and increase in the following rank order: [Ru(III)Cl(6)](3-) < [Ru(III)Cl(4)(ind)(2)](-) < [Ru(III)Cl(5)(ind)](2-) << [Ru(III)Cl(3)(ind)(3)] < [Ru(III)Cl(2)(ind)(4)](+) approximately [Ru(II)Cl(2)(ind)(4)]. Thus, the observed differences in potency correlate with reduction potentials largely, though not perfectly, pointing to the influence of additional factors. Differences in the cellular uptake (probably resulting from different lipophilicity) contribute to this correlation but cannot solely account for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Bergamo A, Stocco G, Gava B, Cocchietto M, Alessio E, Serli B, Iengo E, Sava G. Distinct effects of dinuclear ruthenium(III) complexes on cell proliferation and on cell cycle regulation in human and murine tumor cell lines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:725-32. [PMID: 12606643 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.047803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the biological and antitumor activity of a series of dinuclear ruthenium complexes. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro effects of these new compounds on cell proliferation, cell distribution among cell cycle phases, and the expression of some proteins involved in cell cycle regulation. Results obtained show a mild cytotoxic activity against human and murine cell lines, more evident after prolonged exposure of cell challenge. Two of the eight dinuclear complexes [namely, compounds D3 (Na(2)[(RuCl(4)(dmso-S))(2)(mu-bipy)]) and D7 ([NH(4)][(RuCl(4)(dmso-S))(mu-pyz)(RuCl(3)(dmso-S)(dmso-O))]) modify cell cycle distribution similarly to imidazolium trans-imidazoledimethylsulfoxidetetrachlororuthenate (NAMI-A), whereas the others have a low or negligible effect on this parameter. If we correlate the induction of cell cycle modifications with ruthenium uptake by tumor cells and with the modulation of proteins regulating cell cycle, we may stress that the induction of G(2)-M cell cycle arrest is related to the achievement of a threshold concentration of ruthenium inside the cells, which is dependent on the cell line being used, and that only cyclin B, among cell cycle regulating proteins examined by immunoblotting assays, appears to be significantly modified. This in vitro study shows that dinuclear ruthenium complexes may have a behavior similar to that of the monomer NAMI-A. These results encourage the future experimentation of their pharmacological properties in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberta Bergamo
- Foundation Callerio-Onlus, Laboratories for Biological Research, Via A. Fleming 22-31, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Allardyce CS, Dyson PJ, Ellis DJ, Salter PA, Scopelliti R. Synthesis and characterisation of some water soluble ruthenium(II)–arene complexes and an investigation of their antibiotic and antiviral properties. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(02)01926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Katsaros N, Anagnostopoulou A. Rhodium and its compounds as potential agents in cancer treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002; 42:297-308. [PMID: 12050021 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor activity of the inorganic complex cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) led to the development of other types of non-organic cytostatic drugs. Numerous platinum other platinum and non-platinum metal compounds were shown to be effective against animal model tumors as well as tumors in man. However, the introduction of novel transition metal agents in clinical treatment is exceptionally slow. So far, Ru(II) and Ru(III) complexes have shown very promising properties while the Ru(III) compound, [ImH][trans-Cl4(Me2SO)(Im)Ru(III)] (Im=imidazole, NAMI-A), is the first ruthenium compound that successfully entered phase I clinical trials. Rhodium belongs to the same group as platinum and ruthenium. However, rhodium compounds, analogues to the corresponding platinum and ruthenium compounds that possess significant antitumor properties, were found to be less effective as anticancer agents mainly due to their toxic effects. Dimeric mu-Acetato dimers of Rh(II) as well as monomeric square planar Rh(I) and octahedral Rh(III) complexes have shown interesting antitumor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Katsaros
- National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece.
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Abstract
Estimates of the net equilibrium binding constants for [(H2O)(NH3)5RuII]2+, [Cl(NH3)5RuIII]2+, cis-[(H2O)2(NH3)4RuII]2+ and cis-[Cl2(NH3)4RuIII]+ with apotransferrin (Tf) and holotransferrin (Fe2Tf) suggests that RuIII, but not RuII complexes bind with a higher affinity to the iron binding sites. Several other presumably histidyl imidazole sites bind with approximately the same affinity (Keff = 10(2) to 10(3) M(-1) to both RuII and RuIII. Compared to HeLa cells, an order of magnitude higher level of nuclear DNA binding ([Ru]DNA/[P]DNA) was required to achieve the same level of toxicity in Jurkat Tag cells, which probably relates to the substantially higher levels of cis-[Cl2(NH3)4Ru]+ needed to inhibit 50% of the cell growth in the Jurkat Tag cell line. Against Jurkat Tag cells, the toxicity of the pentaammineruthenium(III) group is enhanced by approximately two orders of magnitude upon binding primarily to the Fe-sites in apotransferrin, whereas the toxicity of the tetraammineruthenium(III) moiety is only marginally increased. Binding to Fe2Tf does not increase the toxicity of either group. Significant dissociation over 24 h of the ammineruthenium(III) ions from apotransferrin requires reduction to RuII.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Frasca
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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Navarro M, Lehmann T, Cisneros-Fajardo EJ, Fuentes A, Sánchez-Delgado RA, Silva P, Urbina JA. Toward a novel metal-based chemotherapy against tropical diseases. Polyhedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)00495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hartmann M, Lipponer KG, Keppler BK. Imidazole release from the antitumor-active ruthenium complex imidazolium trans-tetrachlorobis(imidazole) ruthenate(III) by biologically occurring nucleophiles. Inorganica Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(97)05556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Depenbrock H, Schmelcher S, Peter R, Keppler BK, Weirich G, Block T, Rastetter J, Hanauske AR. Preclinical activity of trans-indazolium[tetrachlorobisindazoleruthenate(III)] (NSC 666158; IndCR; KP 1019) against tumour colony-forming units and haematopoietic progenitor cells. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33:2404-10. [PMID: 9616290 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(97)00277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trans-indazolium[tetrachlorobisindazoleruthenate(III)] (KP 1019) is a new heavy metal complex with promising activity against tumour cell lines and in animal models. We studied the antineoplastic effects of KP 1019 (final concentrations: 1, 10, 100 micrograms/ml) on in vitro proliferation of clonogenic cells from freshly explanted human tumours in a capillary soft agar cloning system, and compared the activity of KP 1019 with conventional antineoplastic agents. 53 of 75 specimens (71%) showed adequate growth in controls. KP 1019 inhibited tumour colony formation in a concentration-dependent manner in both short- (1 h) and long-term (21 d) exposure experiments. KP 1019 at 100 micrograms/ml with 1 h exposure was as active as bleomycin, cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, mitomycin-C and vinblastine, with only paclitaxel more active than KP 1019 (P = 0.002). The antitumour activity of KP 1019 was more pronounced after long-term exposure, indicating the potential schedule dependency of KP 1019. Activity was observed against non-small cell lung, breast and renal cancer. We conclude that if appropriate plasma levels can be achieved in patients, KP 1019 may have significant clinical activity against a variety of different tumour types.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Depenbrock
- Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Abteilung Hämatologie und Onkologie, Germany
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Rodriguez-Bailey VM, Clarke MJ. 1H and (31)P NMR of Pentaammineruthenium(III) Complexes of Exocyclically-Coordinated Adenine and Cytosine Ligands. Evidence for Rotamers with Distinct Acidities. Inorg Chem 1997; 36:1611-1618. [PMID: 11669751 DOI: 10.1021/ic9610142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1H NMR spectra of the paramagnetic complexes [L(NH(3))(5)Ru(III)], where L = derivatives of cytosine-kappa(N4) and adenine-kappa(N6), reveal rotameric isomers with distinct acid-base equilibria. (31)P NMR spectra of the 5'CMPkappa(N4) and 5'AMPkappa(N6) complexes indicate little interaction between the metal and phosphate centers. Differences between the (1)H and (31)P NMR of endo- and exocyclically-coordinated nucleosides and nucleotides are discussed and provide a means of distinguishing exocyclic from endocyclic nitrogen coordination.
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Clarke MJ, Bailey VM, Doan PE, Hiller CD, LaChance-Galang KJ, Daghlian H, Mandal S, Bastos CM, Lang D. 1H NMR, EPR, UV-Vis, and Electrochemical Studies of Imidazole Complexes of Ru(III). Crystal Structures of cis-[(Im)(2)(NH(3))(4)Ru(III)]Br(3) and [(1MeIm)(6)Ru(II)]Cl(2).2H(2)O. Inorg Chem 1996; 35:4896-4903. [PMID: 11666690 DOI: 10.1021/ic960355c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Comparisons of the spectroscopic properties of a number of Ru(III) complexes of imidazole ligands provide methods of distinguishing between various types of bonding that can occur in proteins and nucleic acids. In particular, EPR and (1)H NMR parameters arising from the paramagnetism of Ru(III) should aid in determining binding sites of Ru(III) drugs in macromolecules. Electrochemical studies on several imidazole complexes of ruthenium suggest that imidazole may serve as a significant pi-acceptor ligand in the presence of anionic ligands. Crystal structures are reported on two active immunosuppressant complexes. cis-[(Im)(2)(NH(3))(4)Ru(III)]Br(3) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P&onemacr; (No. 2) with the cell parameters a = 8.961(2) Å, b = 12.677(3) Å, c = 7.630(2) Å, alpha = 98.03(2) degrees, beta = 100.68(2) degrees, gamma = 81.59(2) degrees, and Z = 2 (R = 0.044). [(1MeIm)(6)Ru(II)]Cl(2).2H(2)O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n (No. 14) with the cell parameters a = 7.994(2) Å, b = 13.173(4) Å, c = 14.904(2) Å, beta = 97.89(1) degrees, and Z = 2 (R = 0.052). The average Ru(II)-N bond distance is 2.106(8) Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Clarke
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Procept, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Anderson C, Beauchamp AL. 1H NMR study of the solvolysis of the paramagnetic tetrachloro-bis(imidazole)ruthenium(III) anion in water, methanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide. CAN J CHEM 1995. [DOI: 10.1139/v95-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The1H NMR signals of the Ru(III) species present in solution are considerably broadened and shifted by paramagnetism, but they can be used to follow chloride displacement in the trans-[RuCl4Im2]−ion. This anion remains predominant for several hours at room temperature in D2O, but its signals are progressively replaced by those of a monoaqua [RuCl3(D2O)Im2] complex. Over a period of days, two new sets of peaks appear, corresponding to two isomers of [RuCl2(D2O)2Im2]+. The same behaviour is observed for the 1-methyl-and 4-methylimidazole analogues. These reactions can be driven backwards by addition of KCl, but [RuCl4Im2]−is not quantitatively regenerated in solution even for 6 M NaCl. Within several months, the [RuCl2(D2O)2Im2]+isomers further aquate to a single species [RuCl(D2O)3Im2]2+. In CD3OD, displacement of the first chloride of [RuCl4Im2]−takes place faster, over several hours, but substitution stops at the [RuCl3(CD3OD)Im2] stage. In DMSO, substitution occurs very slowly. The [RuCl3(DMSO)Im2]:[RuCl4Im2]−mixture (1:2) obtained after 12 days starts to show very slow reduction to two Ru(II) species, one of which precipitates as yellow crystals. From X-ray diffraction work (monoclinic, P21/n, a = 9.951, b = 8.564, c = 10.527 Å, β = 92.95°, R = 0.033), the compound was identified as [RuCl2(DMSO-d6)2Im2], where the metal has a trans-trans-trans coordination and the DMSO ligands are S-bonded. Keywords: paramagnetic ruthenium anion, solvolysis, chloro complexes.
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mer-[Ru(terpy)Cl3] (terpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) shows biological activity, forms interstrand cross-links in DNA and binds two guanine derivatives in a trans configuration. Inorganica Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1693(94)04320-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Heijden M, Van Vliet PM, Haasnoot JG, Reedijk J. Synthesis and characterization of cis-(2,2′-bipyridine)(2,2′-biquinoline) dichlororuthenium(II) and its co-ordination chemistry with imidazole derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1039/dt9930003675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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