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Zhang Y, Yang J, Bao R, Chen Y, Zhou D, He B, Zhong M, Li Y, Liu F, Li Q, Yang Y, Han C, Sun Y, Cao Y, Yan H. Unpolarized release of vaccinia virus and HIV antigen by colchicine treatment enhances intranasal HIV antigen expression and mucosal humoral responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24296. [PMID: 21935396 PMCID: PMC3174162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of a strong mucosal immune response is essential to building successful HIV vaccines. Highly attenuated recombinant HIV vaccinia virus can be administered mucosally, but even high doses of immunization have been found unable to induce strong mucosal antibody responses. In order to solve this problem, we studied the interactions of recombinant HIV vaccinia virus Tiantan strain (rVTT-gagpol) in mucosal epithelial cells (specifically Caco-2 cell layers) and in BALB/c mice. We evaluated the impact of this virus on HIV antigen delivery and specific immune responses. The results demonstrated that rVTT-gagpol was able to infect Caco-2 cell layers and both the nasal and lung epithelia in BALB/c mice. The progeny viruses and expressed p24 were released mainly from apical surfaces. In BALB/c mice, the infection was limited to the respiratory system and was not observed in the blood. This showed that polarized distribution limited antigen delivery into the whole body and thus limited immune response. To see if this could be improved upon, we stimulated unpolarized budding of the virus and HIV antigens by treating both Caco-2 cells and BALB/c mice with colchicine. We found that, in BALB/c mice, the degree of infection and antigen expression in the epithelia went up. As a result, specific immune responses increased correspondingly. Together, these data suggest that polarized budding limits antigen delivery and immune responses, but unpolarized distribution can increase antigen expression and delivery and thus enhance specific immune responses. This conclusion can be used to optimize mucosal HIV vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Bao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaoqing Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dihan Zhou
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Benxia He
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Maohua Zhong
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaoming Li
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Han
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Huang X, Lu B, Yu W, Fang Q, Liu L, Zhuang K, Shen T, Wang H, Tian P, Zhang L, Chen Z. A novel replication-competent vaccinia vector MVTT is superior to MVA for inducing high levels of neutralizing antibody via mucosal vaccination. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4180. [PMID: 19159014 PMCID: PMC2613559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal vaccination offers great advantage for inducing protective immune response to prevent viral transmission and dissemination. Here, we report our findings of a head-to-head comparison of two viral vectors modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) and a novel replication-competent modified vaccinia Tian Tan (MVTT) for inducing neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) via intramuscular and mucosal vaccinations in mice. MVTT is an attenuated variant of the wild-type VTT, which was historically used as a smallpox vaccine for millions of Chinese people. The spike glycoprotein (S) of SARS-CoV was used as the test antigen after the S gene was constructed in the identical genomic location of two vectors to generate vaccine candidates MVTT-S and MVA-S. Using identical doses, MVTT-S induced lower levels (∼2-3-fold) of anti- SARS-CoV neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) than MVA-S through intramuscular inoculation. MVTT-S, however, was capable of inducing consistently 20-to-100-fold higher levels of Nabs than MVA-S when inoculated via either intranasal or intraoral routes. These levels of MVTT-S-induced Nab responses were substantially (∼10-fold) higher than that induced via the intramuscular route in the same experiments. Moreover, pre-exposure to the wild-type VTT via intranasal or intraoral route impaired the Nab response via the same routes of MVTT-S vaccination probably due to the pre-existing anti-VTT Nab response. The efficacy of intranasal or intraoral vaccination, however, was still 20-to-50-fold better than intramuscular inoculation despite the subcutaneous pre-exposure to wild-type VTT. Our data have implications for people who maintain low levels of anti-VTT Nabs after historical smallpox vaccination. MVTT is therefore an attractive live viral vector for mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Huang
- Modern Virology Research Center and AIDS Center, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lu
- Modern Virology Research Center and AIDS Center, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Modern Virology Research Center and AIDS Center, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Fang
- Modern Virology Research Center and AIDS Center, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhuang
- Modern Virology Research Center and AIDS Center, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Shen
- Modern Virology Research Center and AIDS Center, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Modern Virology Research Center and AIDS Center, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Po Tian
- Modern Virology Research Center and AIDS Center, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- AIDS Research Center, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang X, Cassis-Ghavami F, Eller M, Currier J, Slike BM, Chen X, Tartaglia J, Marovich M, Spearman P. Direct comparison of antigen production and induction of apoptosis by canarypox virus- and modified vaccinia virus ankara-human immunodeficiency virus vaccine vectors. J Virol 2007; 81:7022-33. [PMID: 17409140 PMCID: PMC1933324 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02654-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant poxvirus vectors are undergoing intensive evaluation as vaccine candidates for a variety of infectious pathogens. Avipoxviruses, such as canarypox virus, are replication deficient in mammalian cells by virtue of a poorly understood species-specific restriction. Highly attenuated vaccinia virus strains such as modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) are similarly unable to complete replication in most mammalian cells but have an abortive-late phenotype, in that the block to replication occurs post-virus-specific DNA replication. In this study, an identical expression cassette for human immunodeficiency virus gag, pro, and env coding sequences was placed in canarypox virus and MVA vector backbones in order to directly compare vector-borne expression and to analyze differences in vector-host cell interactions. Antigen production by recombinant MVA was shown to be greater than that from recombinant canarypox virus in the mammalian cell lines and in the primary human cells tested. This observation was primarily due to a longer duration of antigen production in recombinant MVA-infected cells. Apoptosis induction was found to be more profound with the empty canarypox virus vector than with MVA. Remarkably, however, the inclusion of a gag/pro/env expression cassette altered the kinetics of apoptosis induction in recombinant MVA-infected cells to levels equal to those found in canarypox virus-infected cells. Antigen production by MVA was noted to be greater in human dendritic cells and resulted in enhanced T-cell stimulation in an in vitro antigen presentation assay. These results reveal differences in poxvirus vector-host cell interactions that should be relevant to their use as immunization vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiugen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Todd S, Anderson C, Jolly DJ, Craik CS. HIV protease as a target for retrovirus vector-mediated gene therapy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1477:168-88. [PMID: 10708857 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The dimeric aspartyl protease of HIV has been the subject of intense research for almost a decade. Knowledge of the substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism of this enzyme initially guided the development of several potent peptidomimetic small molecule inhibitors. More recently, the solution of the HIV protease structure led to the structure-based design of improved peptidomimetic and non-peptidomimetic antiviral compounds. Despite the qualified success of these inhibitors, the high mutation rate associated with RNA viruses continues to hamper the long-term clinical efficacy of HIV protease inhibitors. The dimeric nature of the viral protease has been conducive to the investigation of dominant-negative inhibitors of the enzyme. Some of these inhibitors are defective protease monomers that interact with functional monomers to form inactive protease heterodimers. An advantage of macromolecular inhibitors as compared to small-molecule inhibitors is the increased surface area of interaction between the inhibitor and the target gene product. Point mutations that preserve enzyme activity but confer resistance to small-molecule inhibitors are less likely to have an adverse effect on macromolecular interactions. The use of efficient retrovirus vectors has facilitated the delivery of these macromolecular inhibitors to primary human lymphocytes. The vector-transduced cells were less susceptible to HIV infection in vitro, and showed similar levels of protection compared to other macromolecular inhibitors of HIV replication, such as RevM10. These preliminary results encourage the further development of dominant-negative HIV protease inhibitors as a gene therapy-based antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Todd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0446, USA.
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Abstract
Gene therapy is now being studied for the treatment of a wide variety of acquired and inherited diseases. Viruses used as vectors for gene transfer include retroviruses, adenoviruses, vaccinia viruses, adeno-associated viruses, and herpesviruses. These vectors, developed in the laboratory and in animal studies, are now being introduced into the clinical arena Infection control practitioners will be involved invariably in reviewing the use of these agents in their clinics and hospitals. This review summarizes key aspects of the more common vectors and makes recommendations for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Evans
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, T.H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0293, USA
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Slifka MK, Shen H, Matloubian M, Jensen ER, Miller JF, Ahmed R. Antiviral cytotoxic T-cell memory by vaccination with recombinant Listeria monocytogenes. J Virol 1996; 70:2902-10. [PMID: 8627765 PMCID: PMC190148 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.5.2902-2910.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular bacterium that is able to escape phagocytic vesicles and replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells. As with viral vectors, this intracytoplasmic life cycle provides a means for introducing foreign proteins into the major histocompatibility complex class I pathway of antigen presentation. Using recombinant L. monocytogenes (rLM) strains expressing the full-length nucleoprotein (NP) or a single cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitope from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), we analyzed antiviral CTL responses induced by rLM vaccination. After vaccination, rLM was cleared from the host within 7 days while inducing an LCMV-specific ex vivo CD8+ effector CTL response. Virus-specific CTL memory was maintained for 6 months postvaccination, as demonstrated by vigorous secondary CTL responses after in vitro stimulation. A single immunization with rLM that expressed either the full-length NP gene or the CTL epitope alone resulted in LCMV NP-specific CTL precursor frequencies of approximately 1/10(4) CD8+ T cells. A second rLM vaccination resulted in enhanced virus-specific CTL activity and in vitro proliferation. rLM-vaccinated mice were protected against chronic viral infection by an accelerated virus-specific memory CTL response. These mice cleared infectious virus as well as viral antigen, suggesting that sterilizing immunity was achieved. In contrast to mice that received wild-type LM, rLM-vaccinated mice were protected from virally induced immunosuppression and splenic atrophy associated with chronic LCMV infection. The ability to elicit long-term cell-mediated immunity is fundamental in designing vaccines against intracellular pathogens, and these results demonstrate the efficacy of recombinant LM vaccination for inducing protective antiviral CTL memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Slifka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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van Poelwijk F, Broer R, Belsham GJ, Oudshoorn P, Vlak JM, Goldbach RW. A hybrid baculovirus-bacteriophage T7 transient expression system. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1995; 13:261-4. [PMID: 9634768 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0395-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid recombinant baculovirus-bacteriophage T7 expression system was developed for transient expression in insect cells of plasmids with foreign genes provided with a T7 promoter. The coding sequence for T7 RNA polymerase, with or without a nuclear localization signal, was inserted into the genome of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Recombinant viruses stably expressed T7 RNA polymerase in insect cells. Upon transfection of infected insect cells with plasmids containing the genes for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), the hepatitis B virus precore-, core- or e- antigens under control of the T7 promoter, transient expression of these genes was detected by ELISA. The results obtained indicate that this baculovirus/T7 system provides a simple and widely applicable tool for transient gene expression studies.
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Olkkonen VM, Dupree P, Simons K, Liljeström P, Garoff H. Expression of exogenous proteins in mammalian cells with the Semliki Forest virus vector. Methods Cell Biol 1994; 43 Pt A:43-53. [PMID: 7529866 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V M Olkkonen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
This chapter describes the use of several of the recombinant vaccinia expression systems, focuses on the systems that are most useful for cell biologists, and discusses their advantages and limitations. Vaccinia-mediated expression can be used for assessing cellular localization, posttranslational modifications, oligomerization, and transport and turnover rates. The system provides a rapid method for screening mutant proteins for expression and targeting. It is an excellent way of quickly deciding which mutant proteins might be worth further studying using stable expression systems. Expression of foreign genes using Vaccinia virus is based on recombinant viruses constructed by insertion of complementary DNA (cDNA) into the nonessential thymidine kinase (TK) gene. Both direct and indirect methods of expression are possible. The foreign gene can be inserted into the vaccinia genome by homologous recombination using a plasmid with flanking regions of vaccinia DNA. The recombinant virus is selected, expanded, and used to infect cells, which then express high levels of the foreign protein. Recombinant vaccinia viruses are generated by subcloning the foreign gene into a plasmid transfer vector so it is flanked by DNA from the vaccinia (TK) gene, which is nonessential for growth of the virus in tissue culture. This plasmid is then transfected into vaccinia-infected cells. Homologous recombination of the plasmid and the vaccinia genome generates a recombinant virus with an inactive TK gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Weisz
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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