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Patil PB, Begum S, Joshi M, Kleman MI, Olausson M, Sumitran-Holgersson S. Phenotypic and in vivo functional characterization of immortalized human fetal liver cells. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:705-14. [PMID: 24730442 PMCID: PMC4059185 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.830328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the establishment and characterization of immortalized human fetal liver progenitor cells by expression of the Simian virus 40 large T (SV40 LT) antigen. Well-characterized cells at various passages were transplanted into nude mice with acute liver injury and tested for functional capacity. The SV40LT antigen-immortalized fetal liver cells showed a morphology similar to primary cells. Cultured cells demonstrated stable phenotypic expression in various passages, of hepatic markers such as albumin, CK 8, CK18, transcription factors HNF-4α and HNF-1α and CYP3A/7. The cells did not stain for any of the tested cancer-associated markers. Albumin, HNF-4α and CYP3A7 expression was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Flow cytometry showed expression of some progenitor cell markers. In vivo study showed that the cells expressed both fetal and differentiated hepatocytes markers. Our study suggests new approaches to expand hepatic progenitor cells, analyze their fate in animal models aiming at cell therapy of hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep B. Patil
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Correspondence: Professor, Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson, Laboratory of Transplantation Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Science Park, Medicinaregatan 8A, S-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden. +46 0 31 3432100.
| | - Setara Begum
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Correspondence: Professor, Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson, Laboratory of Transplantation Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Science Park, Medicinaregatan 8A, S-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden. +46 0 31 3432100.
| | - Meghnad Joshi
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Olausson
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zheng W, Wang H, Xue L, Zhang Z, Tong T. Regulation of cellular senescence and p16(INK4a) expression by Id1 and E47 proteins in human diploid fibroblast. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:31524-32. [PMID: 15138269 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400365200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Id1, a member of Id family of helix-loop-helix transcriptional regulatory proteins, is implicated in cellular senescence by repressing p16(INK4a) expression, but the mechanisms and cellular effects in human diploid fibroblasts remain unknown. Here we analyzed the patterns of p16(INK4a) and Id1 expression during the lifespan of 2BS cells and presented the inverse correlation between these two proteins. Immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated the presence of endogenous interaction of Id1 and E47 proteins that was strong in young 2BS cells and weakened during replicative senescence and, thereby, influenced the transcription activation of p16(INK4a) by E47. Furthermore, we found that E47 protein could bind to the E-box-containing region in p16(INK4a) promoter in senescent cells by chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses, suggesting that E47 is indeed ultimately involved in the regulation of p16(INK4a) transcription in vivo. Silencing Id1 expression in young cells by RNA interference induced an increased p16(INK4a) level and premature cellular senescence, whereas silencing E47 expression inhibited the expression of p16(INK4a) and delayed the onset of senescent phenotype. The present study demonstrated not only the capacity of Id1 to regulate p16(INK4a) gene expression by E47, but also the phenotypic consequence of the regulation on cellular senescence, moreover, raised the possibility of Id1-specific gene silencing for human cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University, Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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Kimura E, Abe K, Suzuki K, Sorimachi H. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K interacts with and is proteolyzed by calpain in vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2003; 67:1786-96. [PMID: 12951515 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.67.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Calpain is a cytosolic "modulator protease" that modulates cellular functions in response to Ca2+. To identify in vivo substrates of calpain, yeast two-hybrid screening was done using the 5-EF-hand (penta-EF-hand; PEF) domain of the micro-calpain large subunit (domain IV), since several possible in vivo substrates for calpain have been previously reported to bind to the 5-EF-hand domains. Other than the regulatory subunit of calpain, which binds to the domain IV, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP) K and R were identified, and shown to be proteolyzed by micro-calpain in vitro. When expressed in COS7 cells, hnRNP K and micro-calpain co-localized in the cytosol, and Ca2+-ionophore stimulation of the cells resulted in proteolysis of hnRNP K, indicating that hnRNP K is an in vivo substrate for calpain. Now, hnRNP K is considered to function as a scaffold protein for its binding proteins, such as PKCdelta and C/EBPbeta, which were reported to be calpain substrates, suggesting that hnRNP-K is a scaffold for calpain to proteolyze these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Taurin S, Seyrantepe V, Orlov SN, Tremblay TL, Thibault P, Bennett MR, Hamet P, Pshezhetsky AV. Proteome analysis and functional expression identify mortalin as an antiapoptotic gene induced by elevation of [Na+]i/[K+]i ratio in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 2002; 91:915-22. [PMID: 12433836 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000043020.45534.3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in remodeling of vessel walls, one of the major determinants of long-term blood pressure elevation and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recently, we have found that apoptosis in cultured VSMCs can be inhibited by inversion of the intracellular [Na+]/[K+] ratio after the sustained blockage of the Na+,K+-ATPase by ouabain. To understand the mechanism of ouabain action, we analyzed subsets of hydrophilic and hydrophobic VSMC proteins from control and ouabain-treated cells by 2-dimensional electrophoresis. Ouabain treatment led to overexpression of numerous soluble and hydrophobic cellular proteins. Among proteins that showed the highest level of ouabain-induced expression, we identified mortalin (also known as GRP75 or PBP-74), a member of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) superfamily and a marker for cellular mortal and immortal phenotypes. Northern and Western blotting and immunocytochemistry all have confirmed that treatment of VSMCs with ouabain results in potent induction of mortalin expression. Transient transfection of cells with mortalin cDNA led to at least a 6-hour delay in the development of apoptosis after serum deprivation. The expression of tumor suppressor gene, p53, in mortalin-transfected cells was delayed to the same extent, and the expressed protein showed abnormal perinuclear distribution, suggesting that p53 is retained and inactivated by mortalin. Our studies therefore define a new [Na+]i/[K+]i-responsive signaling pathway that may play an important role in the regulation of programmed cell death in VSMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Blotting, Northern
- Cells, Cultured
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/biosynthesis
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mass Spectrometry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Ouabain/pharmacology
- Potassium/metabolism
- Proteome/chemistry
- Proteome/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BN
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Sodium/metabolism
- Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transfection
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Taurin
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Evolution through natural selection can be described as driven by a perpetual conflict of individuals competing for limited resources. Recently, I postulated that the shortage of resources godfathered the evolutionary achievements of the differentiation-apoptosis programming [Rev. Neurosci. 12 (2001) 217]. Unicellular deprivation-induced differentiation into germ cell-like spores can be regarded as the archaic reproduction events which were fueled by the remains of the fratricided cells of the apoptotic fruiting body. Evidence has been accumulated suggesting that conserved through the ages as the evolutionary legacy of the germ-soma conflict, the somatic loss of immortality during the ontogenetic segregation of primordial germ cells recapitulates the archaic fate of the fruiting body. In this heritage, somatic death is a germ cell-triggered event and has been established as evolutionary-fixed default state following asymmetric reproduction in a world of finite resources. Aging, on the other hand, is the stress resistance-dependent phenotype of the somatic resilience that counteracts the germ cell-inflicted death pathway. Thus, aging is a survival response and, in contrast to current beliefs, is antagonistically linked to death that is not imposed by group selection but enforced upon the soma by the selfish genes of the "enemy within". Environmental conditions shape the trade-off solutions as compromise between the conflicting germ-soma interests. Mechanistically, the neuroendocrine system, particularly those components that control energy balance, reproduction and stress responses, orchestrate these events. The reproductive phase is a self-limited process that moulds onset and progress of senescence with germ cell-dependent factors, e.g. gonadal hormones. These degenerate the regulatory pacemakers of the pineal-hypothalamic-pituitary network and its peripheral, e.g. thymic, gonadal and adrenal targets thereby eroding the trophic milieu. The ensuing cellular metabolic stress engenders adaptive adjustments of the glucose-fatty acid cycle, responses that are adequate and thus fitness-boosting under fuel shortage (e.g. during caloric restriction) but become detrimental under fuel abundance. In a Janus-faced capacity, the cellular stress response apparatus expresses both tolerogenic and mutagenic features of the social and asocial deprivation responses [Rev. Neurosci. 12 (2001) 217]. Mediated by the derangement of the energy-Ca(2+)-redox homeostatic triangle, a mosaic of dedifferentiation/apoptosis and mutagenic responses actuates the gradual exhaustion of functional reserves and eventually results in a multitude of aging-related diseases. This scenario reconciles programmed and stochastic features of aging and resolves the major inconsistencies of current theories by linking ultimate and proximate causes of aging. Reproduction, differentiation, apoptosis, stress response and metabolism are merged into a coherent regulatory network that stages aging as a naturally selected, germ cell-triggered and reproductive phase-modulated deprivation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Heininger
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Duan J, Zhang Z, Tong T. Senescence delay of human diploid fibroblast induced by anti-sense p16INK4a expression. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48325-31. [PMID: 11606567 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104814200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
p16(INK4a), a tumor suppressor gene that inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and cyclin-dependent kinase 6, is also implicated in the mechanisms underlying replicative senescence, because its RNA and protein accumulate as cells approach their finite number of population doublings in tissue culture. To further explore the involvement of p16(INK4a) in replicative senescence, we constructed a retroviral vector containing antisense p16(INK4a), pDOR-ASp16, and introduced it into early passages of human diploid fibroblasts. The introduction of this construct significantly suppressed the expression of wild-type p16(INK4a). It also imposed a finite increase in proliferative life span and significant delay of several other cell senescent features, such as cell flattening, cell cycle arrest, and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase positivity. Moreover, telomere shortening and decline in DNA repair capacity, which normally accompany cell senescence, are also postponed by the ASp16 transfection. The life span of fibroblasts was significantly extended, but the onset of replicative senescence could not be totally prevented. Telomerase could not be activated even though telomere shortening was slowed. These observations suggest that the telomere pathway of senescence cannot be bypassed by ASp16 expression. These data not only strongly support a role for p16(INK4a) in replicative senescence but also raise the possibility of using the antisense p16(INK4a) therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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Weihrauch M, Benicke M, Lehnert G, Wittekind C, Wrbitzky R, Tannapfel A. Frequent k- ras -2 mutations and p16(INK4A)methylation in hepatocellular carcinomas in workers exposed to vinyl chloride. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:982-9. [PMID: 11286481 PMCID: PMC2363841 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC) is a know animal and human carcinogen associated with liver angiosarcomas (LAS) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). In VC-associated LAS mutations of the K- ras -2 gene have been reported; however, no data about the prevalence of such mutations in VC associated HCCs are available. Recent data indicate K- ras -2 mutations induce P16 methylation accompanied by inactivation of the p16 gene. The presence of K- ras -2 mutations was analysed in tissue from 18 patients with VC associated HCCs. As a control group, 20 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis B (n = 7), hepatitis C (n = 5) and alcoholic liver cirrhosis (n = 8) was used. The specific mutations were determined by direct sequencing of codon 12 and 13 of the K- ras -2 gene in carcinomatous and adjacent non-neoplastic liver tissue after microdissection. The status of p16 was evaluated by methylation-specific PCR (MSP), microsatellite analysis, DNA sequencing and immunohistochemical staining. All patients had a documented chronic quantitated exposure to VC (average 8883 ppmy, average duration: 245 months). K- ras -2 mutations were found in 6 of 18 (33%) examined VC-associated HCCs and in 3 cases of adjacent non-neoplastic liver tissue. There were 3 G --> A point mutations in the tumour tissue. All 3 mutations found in non-neoplastic liver from VC-exposed patients were also G --> A point mutations (codon 12- and codon 13-aspartate mutations). Hypermethylation of the 5' CpG island of the p16 gene was found in 13 of 18 examined carcinomas (72%). Of 6 cancers with K- ras -2 mutations, 5 specimens also showed methylated p16. Within the control group, K- ras -2 mutation were found in 3 of 20 (15%) examined HCC. p16 methylation occurred in 11 out of 20 (55%) patients. K- ras -2 mutations and p16 methylation are frequent events in VC associated HCCs. We observed a K- ras -2 mutation pattern characteristic of chloroethylene oxide, a carcinogenic metabolite of VC. Our results strongly suggest that K- ras -2 mutations play an important role in the pathogenesis of VC-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weihrauch
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Hannover, Germany
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Wadhwa R, Takano S, Mitsui Y, Kaul SC. NIH 3T3 cells malignantly transformed by mot-2 show inactivation and cytoplasmic sequestration of the p53 protein. Cell Res 1999; 9:261-9. [PMID: 10628835 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we have reported that a high level of expression of mot-2 protein results in malignant transformation of NIH 3T3 cells as analyzed by anchorage independent growth and nude mice assays [Kaul et al., Oncogene, 17, 907-11, 1998]. Mot-2 was found to interact with tumor suppressor protein p53. The transient overexpression of mot-2 was inhibitory to transcriptional activation function of p53 [Wadhwa et al., J. Biol. Chem., 273, 29586-91, 1998]. We demonstrate here that mot-2 transfected stable clone of NIH 3T3 that showed malignant properties indeed show inactivation of p53 function as assayed by exogenous p53 dependent reporter. The expression level of p53 in response to UV-irradiation was lower in NIH 3T3/mot-2 as compared to NIH 3T3 cells and also exhibited delay in reaching peak. Furthermore, upon serum starvation p53 was seen to translocate to the nucleus in NIH 3T3, but not in its mot-2 derivative. The data suggests that mot-2 mediated cytoplasmic sequestration and inactivation of p53 may operate, at least in part, for malignant phenotype of NIH 3T3/mot-2 cells. NIH 3T3/mot-2 cells show inactivation of p53 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wadhwa
- Chugai Research Institute for Molecular Medicine, Niihari-Mura, Ibaraki, Japan.
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