Insights into Membrane Insertion Based on Studies of Colicins. Protein Toxin Structure. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1996. pp. 5-23. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-22352-9_2]

Discovery of critical Tol A-binding residues in the bactericidal toxin colicin N: a biophysical approach

Colicins translocate across the Escherichia coli outer membrane and periplasm by interacting with several receptors. After first binding to outer membrane surface receptors via their central region, they interact with TolA or TonB proteins via their N-terminal regions. Finally, the toxic C-terminal region is inserted into or across the cytoplasmic membrane. We have measured the binding of colicin N to TolA by isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC) and tryptophan fluorescence. The isolated N-terminal domain exhibits a higher affinity for TolA (Kd = 1 microM) than does the whole colicin (18 microM), and similar behaviour has been observed when the N-terminal domain of the g3p protein of the bacteriophage fd, which also binds TolA, is examined in isolation and in situ. This may indicate a similar mechanism in which a cryptic TolA binding site is revealed after primary receptor binding. The isolated colicin N N-terminal domain appears to be unstructured in circular dichroism and fluorescence studies. We have used mutagenesis and ITC to characterize the TolA binding site and have shown it to be of a different sequence and much further from the N-terminus than previously thought.

Membrane insertion: The strategies of toxins (review)

Protein toxins are soluble molecules secreted by pathogenic bacteria which act at the plasma membrane or in the cytoplasm of target cells. They must therefore interact with a membrane at some point, either to modify its permeability properties or to reach the cytoplasm. As a consequence, toxins have the built-in capacity to adopt two generally incompatible states: water-soluble and transmembrane. Irrespective of their origin or function, the membrane interacting domain of most protein toxins seems to have adopted one out of two structural strategies to be able to undergo this metamorphosis. In the first group of toxins the membrane interacting domain has the structural characteristics of most known membrane proteins, i.e. it contains hydrophobic and amphipathic alpha-helices long enough to span a membrane. To render this 'membrane protein' water-soluble during the initial part of its life the hydrophobic helices are sheltered from the solvent by a barrel of amphipathic helices. In the second group of toxins the opposite strategy is adopted. The toxin is an intrinsically soluble protein and is composed mainly of beta-structure. These toxins manage to become membrane proteins by oligomerizing in order to combine amphipathic beta-sheet to generate sufficient hydrophobicity for membrane insertion to occur. Toxins from this latter group are thought to perforate the lipid bilayer as a beta-barrel such as has been described for bacterial porins, and has recently been shown for staphylococcal alpha-toxin. The two groups of toxins will be described in detail through the presentation of examples. Particular attention will be given to the beta-structure toxins, since four new structures have been solved over the past year: the staphyloccocal alpha-toxin channel, the anthrax protective antigen protoxin, the anthrax protective antigen-soluble heptamer and the CytB protoxin. Structural similarities with mammalian proteins implicated in the immune response and apoptosis will be discussed. Peptide toxins will not be covered in this review.