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Koch MJ, Duy PQ, Grannan BL, Patel AB, Raymond SB, Agarwalla PK, Kahle KT, Butler WE. Angiographic Pulse Wave Coherence in the Human Brain. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:873530. [PMID: 35592552 PMCID: PMC9110661 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.873530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A stroke volume of arterial blood that arrives to the brain housed in the rigid cranium must be matched over the cardiac cycle by an equivalent volume of ejected venous blood. We hypothesize that the brain maintains this equilibrium by organizing coherent arterial and venous pulse waves. To test this hypothesis, we applied wavelet computational methods to diagnostic cerebral angiograms in four human patients, permitting the capture and analysis of cardiac frequency phenomena from fluoroscopic images acquired at faster than cardiac rate. We found that the cardiac frequency reciprocal phase of a small region of interest (ROI) in a named artery predicts venous anatomy pixel-wise and that the predicted pixels reconstitute venous bolus passage timing. Likewise, a small ROI in a named vein predicts arterial anatomy and arterial bolus passage timing. The predicted arterial and venous pixel groups maintain phase complementarity across the bolus travel. We thus establish a novel computational method to analyze vascular pulse waves from minimally invasive cerebral angiograms and provide the first direct evidence of arteriovenous coupling in the intact human brain. This phenomenon of arteriovenous coupling may be a physiologic mechanism for how the brain precisely maintains mechanical equilibrium against volume displacement and kinetic energy transfer resulting from cyclical deformations with each heartbeat. The study also paves the way to study deranged arteriovenous coupling as an underappreciated pathophysiologic disturbance in a myriad of neurological pathologies linked by mechanical disequilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Koch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Phan Q. Duy
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Grannan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Aman B. Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Scott B. Raymond
- Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Pankaj K. Agarwalla
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- MGH Hydrocephalus and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - William E. Butler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Butler WE. Wavelet brain angiography suggests arteriovenous pulse wave phase locking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187014. [PMID: 29140981 PMCID: PMC5687712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When a stroke volume of arterial blood arrives to the brain, the total blood volume in the bony cranium must remain constant as the proportions of arterial and venous blood vary, and by the end of the cardiac cycle an equivalent volume of venous blood must have been ejected. I hypothesize the brain to support this process by an extraluminally mediated exchange of information between its arterial and venous circulations. To test this I introduce wavelet angiography methods to resolve single moving vascular pulse waves (PWs) in the brain while simultaneously measuring brain pulse motion. The wavelet methods require angiographic data acquired at significantly faster rate than cardiac frequency. I obtained these data in humans from brain surface optical angiograms at craniotomy and in piglets from ultrasound angiograms via cranial window. I exploit angiographic time of flight to resolve arterial from venous circulation. Initial wavelet reconstruction proved unsatisfactory because of angiographic motion alias from brain pulse motion. Testing with numerically simulated cerebral angiograms enabled the development of a vascular PW cine imaging method based on cross-correlated wavelets of mixed high frequency and high temporal resolution respectively to attenuate frequency and motion alias. Applied to the human and piglet data, the method resolves individual arterial and venous PWs and finds them to be phase locked each with separate phase relations to brain pulse motion. This is consistent with arterial and venous PW coordination mediated by pulse motion and points to a testable hypothesis of a function of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E. Butler
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Neurosurgical Service, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stecco A, Cassarà A, Zuccalà A, Anoaica MB, Genovese E, Car PG, Panzarasa GP, Guzzardi G, Carriero A. Quantitative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics at phase contrast cine-MRI: predictivity of neurosurgical "Shunt" responsiveness in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Sci 2017; 64:420-426. [PMID: 28869371 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.17.04092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aqueductal stroke volume (ACSV) measured by phase-contrast cine (PCC)-MRI has been proposed with controversy as a tool for the selection of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) as candidates for shunt-surgery. The aim of this study was to assess if PCC-MRI scan measurements of ACSV could select properly these patients. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed charts and MRI of 38 shunted patients (72.16±6.16 years). ACSV measurements were performed 7-30 days before shunt and at the first and sixth months after surgery. Normally distributed variables were compared in the two groups (improved/unimproved) by t-test for baseline values and with repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Twenty-six patients (68,4%) improved after VPS (mean time of symptom onset was 8.15±7.19 months). Mean preoperative ACSV value was 271.85±143.03, which decreased by 21.6% (mean 213±125.14) at the first month and 40.3% sixth months after VPS (mean 162.15±91.5). Twelve patients (31.6%) did not improve (mean time of symptom onset was 29±5.62 months). Mean preoperative ACSV value was 79.83±31.24, decreased to 8.7% (mean 72.83±28.66) at first month after VPS. 21.2% (mean 62.83±31.12) after six months. We found statistical difference between preoperative ACSV of improved and unimproved patients (P<0.01), onset time of symptoms (P<0.01) and the changes in ACSV after one and six months in both groups (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS ACSV is useful to stratify patients with NPH after surgery (improved /not improved) suggesting to proceed with serial ACSV measurements before deciding treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Stecco
- Department of Radiology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy -
| | - Alessia Cassarà
- Department of Radiology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Zuccalà
- Department of Radiology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Mihaela B Anoaica
- Department of Radiology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Egidio Genovese
- Department of Radiology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Pier G Car
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Gabriele P Panzarasa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Guzzardi
- Department of Radiology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Carriero
- Department of Radiology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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Chen G, Zheng J, Xiao Q, Liu Y. Application of phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging in endoscopic aqueductoplasty. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:1643-1648. [PMID: 23837047 PMCID: PMC3702705 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in endoscopic aqueductoplasty (EA) for patients with obstructive hydrocephalus. The clinical diagnosis of hydrocephalus caused by aqueduct obstruction in 23 patients was confirmed by phase-contrast cine MRI examination. The patients were treated with EA and MRI was repeated during the follow-up. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow velocity in the aqueduct was measured to determine whether the aqueduct was obstructed. The results of phase-contrast cine MRI examinations indicated that there was no CSF flow in the aqueduct for all patients prior to surgery. Aqueductoplasty was successfully performed in all patients. The results of phase-contrast cine MRI examinations performed a week after surgery demonstrated an average CSF flow velocity of 4.74±1.77 cm/sec. During the follow-up, intracranial hypertension recurred in two patients in whom CSF flow was not observed in the aqueduct by the phase-contrast cine MRI scan. Aqueduct re-occlusion was revealed by an endoscopic exploration. By measuring the CSF flow velocity, phase-contrast cine MRI accurately identifies aqueduct obstruction. Cine MRI is a nontraumatic, simple and reliable method for determining whether the aqueduct is successfully opened following aqueductoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008
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Wagshul ME, Eide PK, Madsen JR. The pulsating brain: A review of experimental and clinical studies of intracranial pulsatility. Fluids Barriers CNS 2011; 8:5. [PMID: 21349153 PMCID: PMC3042979 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-8-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of adequate blood flow to the brain is critical for normal brain function; cerebral blood flow, its regulation and the effect of alteration in this flow with disease have been studied extensively and are very well understood. This flow is not steady, however; the systolic increase in blood pressure over the cardiac cycle causes regular variations in blood flow into and throughout the brain that are synchronous with the heart beat. Because the brain is contained within the fixed skull, these pulsations in flow and pressure are in turn transferred into brain tissue and all of the fluids contained therein including cerebrospinal fluid. While intracranial pulsatility has not been a primary focus of the clinical community, considerable data have accrued over the last sixty years and new applications are emerging to this day. Investigators have found it a useful marker in certain diseases, particularly in hydrocephalus and traumatic brain injury where large changes in intracranial pressure and in the biomechanical properties of the brain can lead to significant changes in pressure and flow pulsatility. In this work, we review the history of intracranial pulsatility beginning with its discovery and early characterization, consider the specific technologies such as transcranial Doppler and phase contrast MRI used to assess various aspects of brain pulsations, and examine the experimental and clinical studies which have used pulsatility to better understand brain function in health and with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Wagshul
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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van Lindert EJ, Beems T, Grotenhuis JA. The role of different imaging modalities: is MRI a conditio sine qua non for ETV? Childs Nerv Syst 2006; 22:1529-36. [PMID: 16944173 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-006-0189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the different imaging modalities used for the diagnosis and classification of hydrocephalus, their role in defining the optimal treatment of hydrocephalus and to define the optimal preoperative diagnostics for endoscopic third ventriculocisternostomy (ETV). METHODS An overview on available imaging modalities for hydrocephalus will be given and their pros and cons discussed. In addition, different aspects of the treatment of hydrocephalus by shunts and by ETV will be highlighted. DISCUSSION The role of the technical aspects of performing an ETV, the role of the surgeon's philosophy, the role of the urgency of the procedure, and the role of informed consent on the requirements for the imaging of the hydrocephalus will be discussed. CONCLUSION The authors conclude that MRI is a conditio sine qua non for ETV in elective surgical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J van Lindert
- Neurosurgical Department, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Hoffmann KT, Lehmann TN, Baumann C, Felix R. CSF flow imaging in the management of third ventriculostomy with a reversed fast imaging with steady-state precession sequence. Eur Radiol 2003; 13:1432-7. [PMID: 12764663 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-002-1776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2002] [Revised: 10/08/2002] [Accepted: 11/04/2002] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was evaluation of a fast and slow-flow sensitive 2D steady-state free-precession sequence for its capability to prove the patency of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (TVS) in obstructive hydrocephalus, and to exclude communicating third ventricle prior to TVS. We compared gated and ungated variants of this sequence for this purpose. Twenty-three patients with obstructive hydrocephalus underwent 36 MR examinations with a 2D reversed fast imaging with steady-state precession (PSIF) sequence in a retrospectively cardiac gated (cine) and a faster but ungated version beside T1- and T2-weighted sequences in three planes. Thirteen patients were examined both before and after TVS, 4 patients solely before, and 6 patients solely after TVS. Imaging diagnoses were compared with intraoperative findings and clinical findings after TVS. Preoperative diagnosis of non-communicating third ventricle and cisterns was intraoperatively confirmed in 16 of 17 cases. Preoperative MRI was inconclusive in 1 case. Postoperative MRI revealed sufficient TVS in 16 of 19 cases and obstructed TVS in 3 of 19 cases due to several reasons. Findings at MRI were consistent in 19 of 19 cases with the clinical course and intraoperative results. The faster but ungated PSIF sequence was found to be diagnostically equivalent to the cardiac gated cine sequence. The CSF flow imaging with a 2D reversed fast imaging with steady-state precession sequence in conjunction with conventional T1- and T2-weighted images is a fast and reliable tool for pre- and postoperative functional evaluation in third ventriculostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl T Hoffmann
- Department of Radiology, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt University Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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