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Debbink K, Costantini V, Swanstrom J, Agnihothram S, Vinjé J, Baric R, Lindesmith L. Human norovirus detection and production, quantification, and storage of virus-like particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 31:15K.1.1-15K.1.45. [PMID: 24510290 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc15k01s31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses constitute a significant worldwide disease burden. Each year, noroviruses cause over 267 million infections, deaths in over 200,000 children under the age of five, and over 50% of U.S. food-borne illness. Due to the absence of a tissue culture model or small animal model to study human norovirus, virus-like particles (VLPs) and ELISA-based biological assays have been used to answer questions about norovirus evolution and immunity as well to provide a potential vaccine platform. This chapter outlines the protocols for norovirus detection in stool, as well as norovirus VLP design, production, purification, and storage using a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE)-based virus replicon particle (VRP) expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Debbink
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Jan Vinjé
- Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ralph Baric
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Santi L, Batchelor L, Huang Z, Hjelm B, Kilbourne J, Arntzen CJ, Chen Q, Mason HS. An efficient plant viral expression system generating orally immunogenic Norwalk virus-like particles. Vaccine 2008; 26:1846-54. [PMID: 18325641 PMCID: PMC2744496 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from enteric pathogens like Norwalk virus (NV) are well suited to study oral immunization. We previously described stable transgenic plants that accumulate recombinant NV-like particles (rNVs) that were orally immunogenic in mice and humans. The transgenic approach suffers from long generation time and modest level of antigen accumulation. We now overcome these constraints with an efficient tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-derived transient expression system using leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. We produced properly assembled rNV at 0.8 mg/g leaf 12 days post-infection (dpi). Oral immunization of CD1 mice with 100 or 250 microg/dose of partially purified rNV elicited systemic and mucosal immune responses. We conclude that the plant viral transient expression system provides a robust research tool to generate abundant quantities of rNV as enriched, concentrated VLP preparations that are orally immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Santi
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lance Batchelor
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Zhong Huang
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Brooke Hjelm
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Charles J. Arntzen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
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Vidal R, Roessler P, Solari V, Vollaire J, Jiang X, Matson DO, Mamani N, Prado V, O'Ryan ML. Novel recombinant norovirus causing outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Santiago, Chile. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:2271-5. [PMID: 16757638 PMCID: PMC1489406 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01890-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsid and polymerase (RdRp) genes of 13 norovirus outbreak strains from Chile were compared. The genes sequences were discordant for five strains, and recombination was confirmed for two of them by amplification of a 1,360-bp gene segment containing a fragment of both genes. These strains belonged to a novel genogroup by RdRp sequence and to genogroup GII/3 by capsid sequence. Determining the clinical and epidemiological impact of human calicivirus recombination will require future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Lopman BA, Gallimore C, Gray JJ, Vipond IB, Andrews N, Sarangi J, Reacher MH, Brown DW. Linking healthcare associated norovirus outbreaks: a molecular epidemiologic method for investigating transmission. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:108. [PMID: 16834774 PMCID: PMC1539008 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses are highly infectious pathogens that cause gastroenteritis in the community and in semi-closed institutions such as hospitals. During outbreaks, multiple units within a hospital are often affected, and a major question for control programs is: are the affected units part of the same outbreak or are they unrelated transmission events? In practice, investigators often assume a transmission link based on epidemiological observations, rather than a systematic approach to tracing transmission.Here, we present a combined molecular and statistical method for assessing:1) whether observed clusters provide evidence of local transmission and2) the probability that anecdotally|linked outbreaks truly shared a transmission event. METHODS 76 healthcare associated outbreaks were observed in an active and prospective surveillance scheme of 15 hospitals in the county of Avon, England from April 2002 to March 2003. Viral RNA from 64 out of 76 specimens from distinct outbreaks was amplified by reverse transcription-PCR and was sequenced in the polymerase (ORF 1) and capsid (ORF 2) regions. The genetic diversity, at the nucleotide level, was analysed in relation to the epidemiological patterns. RESULTS Two out of four genetic and epidemiological clusters of outbreaks were unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, thus suggesting local transmission. There was anecdotal epidemiological evidence of a transmission link among 5 outbreaks pairs. By combining this epidemiological observation with viral sequence data, the evidence of a link remained convincing in 3 of these pairs. These results are sensitive to prior beliefs of the strength of epidemiological evidence especially when the outbreak strains are common in the background population. CONCLUSION The evidence suggests that transmission between hospitals units does occur. Using the proposed criteria, certain hypothesized transmission links between outbreaks were supported while others were refuted. The combined molecular/epidemiologic approach presented here could be applied to other viral populations and potentially to other pathogens for a more thorough view of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Lopman
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jim J Gray
- Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, UK
| | | | - Nick Andrews
- Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, UK
| | | | | | - David W Brown
- Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, UK
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Dai YC, Nie J, Zhang XF, Li ZF, Bai Y, Zeng ZR, Yu SY, Farkas T, Jiang X. Seroprevalence of antibodies against noroviruses among students in a Chinese military medical university. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4615-9. [PMID: 15472318 PMCID: PMC522286 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.10.4615-4619.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NVs) are important causes of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans, but the role of NVs as a cause of diseases in the Chinese people, particularly in Chinese military personnel, remains unclear. This study investigated antibody prevalence and factors that associate with the prevalence of antibody to NVs among students attending a military medical university. Serum specimens were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin G antibody to recombinant capsid antigens of three NVs (rNorwalk, rMxV, and rVA387). Of 588 serum samples tested, the antibody prevalence was 88.9, 54.1, or 90.0% for the three antigens, respectively. There were significant differences in the prevalence of antibody to rMxV between blood types (P < 0.05); the prevalence for type O was the highest (62.5%), and the prevalence for type B was the lowest (49.1%). The average optical density values for antibody to rNorwalk and rMxV were lowest among students with type B. The number of students who did not have antibody to any of the three antigens was the highest for blood type B (6.9%) compared to other blood types (0.8 to 3.4% [P < 0.006]). The antibody prevalence also varied with the hometown residencies of the students before joining the military, with the highest rates for students from rural areas, lower rates for students from small towns or villages, and the lowest rates for students from large cities. The numbers of students who did not have antibody to any of the three antigens were highest for students from the large cities, lower for students from small towns or villages, and lowest for students from rural areas. The distribution of ABO blood types did not differ among the three groups. These data suggest that NVs are prevalent in China and that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in NV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-chun Dai
- Department of Epidemiology, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Yoda T, Suzuki Y, Terano Y, Yamazaki K, Sakon N, Kuzuguchi T, Oda H, Tsukamoto T. Precise characterization of norovirus (Norwalk-like virus)-specific monoclonal antibodies with broad reactivity. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:2367-71. [PMID: 12791850 PMCID: PMC156499 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.6.2367-2371.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have been characterizing monoclonal antibodies against Norovirus (Norwalk-like virus). In the course of our study, two monoclonal antibodies generated against Norovirus genogroup II capsid protein were found to react not only to genogroup II but also to genogroup I recombinant capsid proteins. In addition, we showed that these two monoclonal antibodies reacted to a 40-amino-acid-fragment located close to the N-terminal region of genogroup II Norovirus. Similar reactivity was observed with the equivalent region of genogroup I Norovirus. In this study, we confirmed that the epitopes of the two monoclonal antibodies existed within an 11-amino-acid peptide. To obtain an idea of the reactive ranges of the two monoclonal antibodies toward different strains of Norovirus, their reactivities were investigated using 16 types of peptide constructed according to the data in GenBank and 8 recombinant capsid proteins (7 whole capsid proteins and 1 short [80-amino-acid] protein fragment). A characteristic broad reactivity of the two monoclonal antibodies is clearly shown by the results of this study. Thus, these monoclonal antibodies could be useful tools for detecting a broad range of Norovirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yoda
- Division of Food Microbiology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan.
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Vinjé J, Vennema H, Maunula L, von Bonsdorff CH, Hoehne M, Schreier E, Richards A, Green J, Brown D, Beard SS, Monroe SS, de Bruin E, Svensson L, Koopmans MPG. International collaborative study to compare reverse transcriptase PCR assays for detection and genotyping of noroviruses. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1423-33. [PMID: 12682125 PMCID: PMC153862 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.4.1423-1433.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To allow more rapid and internationally standardized assessment of the spread of noroviruses (previously called Norwalk-like viruses [NLVs]) as important food-borne pathogens, harmonization of methods for their detection is needed. Diagnosis of NLVs in clinical diagnostic laboratories is usually performed by reverse transciptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays. In the present study, the performance of five different RT-PCR assays for the detection of NLVs was evaluated in an international collaborative study by five laboratories in five countries with a coded panel of 91 fecal specimens. The assays were tested for their sensitivity, detection limit, and ease of standardization. In total, NLVs could be detected by at least one RT-PCR assay in 69 (84%) of the samples that originally tested positive. Sensitivity ranged from 52 to 73% overall and from 54 to 100% and 58 to 85% for genogroup I and II viruses, respectively. In all, 64% of the false-negative results were obtained with a set of diluted stools (n = 20) that may have lost quality upon storage. Sensitivity was improved when these samples were excluded from analysis. No one single assay stood out as the best, although the p1 assay demonstrated the most satisfactory overall performance. To promote comparability of data, this assay will be recommended for newly starting groups in future collaborative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vinjé
- Research Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases in humans worldwide. Viruses are recognized as important causes of this disease, particularly in children. Since the Norwalk virus was identified as a cause of gastroenteritis, the number of viral agents associated with diarrheal disease in humans has steadily increased. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 years of age. Astrovirus, calicivirus and enteric adenovirus are also important etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis. Other viruses, such as toroviruses, coronaviruses, picobirnaviruses and pestiviruses, are increasingly being identified as causative agents of diarrhea. In recent years, the availability of diagnostic tests, mainly immunoassays or molecular biology techniques, has increased our understanding of this group of viruses. The future development of a safe and highly effective vaccine against rotavirus could prevent, at least, cases of severe diarrhea and reduce mortality from this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Wilhelmi
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sección de Virus Productores de Gastroenteritis, Madrid, Spain.
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Kingsley DH, Meade GK, Richards GP. Detection of both hepatitis A virus and Norwalk-like virus in imported clams associated with food-borne illness. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:3914-8. [PMID: 12147490 PMCID: PMC123989 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.8.3914-3918.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2002] [Accepted: 05/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Norwalk-like virus (NLV) were detected by reverse transcription-PCR in clams imported into the United States from China. An epidemiological investigation showed that these clams were associated with five cases of Norwalk-like gastroenteritis in New York State in August 2000 (Food and Drug Administration Import Alert 16-50). They were labeled "cooked" but appeared raw. Viral RNA extraction was performed by using dissected digestive tissues rather than whole shellfish meats; this was followed by glycine buffer elution, polyethylene glycol precipitation, Tri-Reagent treatment, and purification of poly(A) RNA with magnetic beads coupled to poly(dT) oligonucleotides. We identified HAV and NLV as genotype I and genogroup II strains, respectively. Both viruses have high levels of homology to Asian strains. An analysis of fecal coliforms revealed a most-probable number of 93,000/100 g of clam meat, which is approximately 300-fold higher than the hygienic standard for shellfish meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kingsley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware 19901, USA.
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Koopmans M, von Bonsdorff CH, Vinjé J, de Medici D, Monroe S. Foodborne viruses. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2002; 26:187-205. [PMID: 12069883 PMCID: PMC7110323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2001] [Revised: 03/18/2002] [Accepted: 03/22/2002] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne and waterborne viral infections are increasingly recognized as causes of illness in humans. This increase is partly explained by changes in food processing and consumption patterns that lead to the worldwide availability of high-risk food. As a result, vast outbreaks may occur due to contamination of food by a single foodhandler or at a single source. Although there are numerous fecal-orally transmitted viruses, most reports of foodborne transmission describe infections with Norwalk-like caliciviruses (NLV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV), suggesting that these viruses are associated with the greatest risk of foodborne transmission. NLV and HAV can be transmitted from person to person, or indirectly via food, water, or fomites contaminated with virus-containing feces or vomit. People can be infected without showing symptoms. The high frequency of secondary cases of NLV illness and - to a lesser extent - of hepatitis A following a foodborne outbreak results in amplification of the problem. The burden of illness is highest in the elderly, and therefore is likely to increase due to the aging population. For HAV, the burden of illness may increase following hygienic control measures, due to a decreasing population of naturally immune individuals and a concurrent increase in the population at risk. Recent advances in the research of NLV and HAV have led to the development of molecular methods which can be used for molecular tracing of virus strains. These methods can be and have been used for the detection of common source outbreaks. While traditionally certain foods have been implicated in virus outbreaks, it is clear that almost any food item can be involved, provided it has been handled by an infected person. There are no established methods for detection of viruses in foods other than shellfish. Little information is available on disinfection and preventive measures specifically for these viruses. Studies addressing this issue are hampered by the lack of culture systems. As currently available routine monitoring systems exclusively focus on bacterial pathogens, efforts should be made to combine epidemiological and virological information for a combined laboratory-based rapid detection system for foodborne viruses. With better surveillance, including typing information, outbreaks of foodborne infections could be reported faster to prevent further spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Koopmans
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Research Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Yoda T, Terano Y, Suzuki Y, Yamazaki K, Oishi I, Kuzuguchi T, Kawamoto H, Utagawa E, Takino K, Oda H, Shibata T. Characterization of Norwalk virus GI specific monoclonal antibodies generated against Escherichia coli expressed capsid protein and the reactivity of two broadly reactive monoclonal antibodies generated against GII capsid towards GI recombinant fragments. BMC Microbiol 2001; 1:24. [PMID: 11710959 PMCID: PMC59833 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-1-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2001] [Accepted: 10/08/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norwalk virus causes outbreaks of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. The virus capsid is composed of a single 60 kDa protein. In a previous study, the capsid protein of recombinant Norwalk virus genogroup II was expressed in an E. coli system and monoclonal antibodies were generated against it. The analysis of the reactivity of those monoclonal antibodies suggested that the N-terminal domain might contain more antigenic epitopes than the C-terminal domain. In the same study, two broadly reactive monoclonal antibodies were observed to react with genogroup I recombinant protein. RESULTS In the present study, we used the recombinant capsid protein of genogroup I and characterized the obtained 17 monoclonal antibodies by using 19 overlapping fragments. Sixteen monoclonal antibodies recognized sequential epitopes on three antigenic regions, and the only exceptional monoclonal antibody recognized a conformational epitope. As for the two broadly reactive monoclonal antibodies generated against genogroup II, we indicated that they recognized fragment 2 of genogroup I. Furthermore, genogroup I antigen from a patient's stool was detected by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using genogroup I specific monoclonal antibody and biotinated broadly reactive monoclonal antibody. CONCLUSION The reactivity analysis of above monoclonal antibodies suggests that the N-terminal domain may contain more antigenic epitopes than the C-terminal domain as suggested in our previous study. The detection of genogroup I antigen from a patient's stool by our system suggested that the monoclonal antibodies generated against E. coli expressed capsid protein can be used to detect genogroup I antigens in clinical material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yoda
- Division of Food Microbiology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Terano
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nasahara 4-20-1, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Pathology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamazaki
- Division of Virology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Isao Oishi
- Division of Pathology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kuzuguchi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, the Gifu Prefectural Institute for Bio-industrial Technology, 3481-2 kamihachiya Hachiya-cho, Minokamo, Gifu 505-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, the Gifu Prefectural Institute for Bio-industrial Technology, 3481-2 kamihachiya Hachiya-cho, Minokamo, Gifu 505-0004, Japan
| | - Etsuko Utagawa
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Koichi Takino
- Gifu Research Laboratory, Immunology Division, JBS Inc., Kaidu, Gifu 503-0617 Japan
| | - Hajime Oda
- Division of Industrial Health, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Shibata
- Division of Food Microbiology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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12
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Guo M, Qian Y, Chang KO, Saif LJ. Expression and self-assembly in baculovirus of porcine enteric calicivirus capsids into virus-like particles and their use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody detection in swine. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1487-93. [PMID: 11283075 PMCID: PMC87958 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.4.1487-1493.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine enteric calicivirus (PEC) causes diarrhea and intestinal lesions in pigs. PEC strain Cowden grows to low to moderate titers in cell culture but only with the addition of intestinal contents from uninfected gnotobiotic pigs (W. T. Flynn and L. J. Saif, J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:206--212, 1988; A. V. Parwani, W. T. Flynn, K. L. Gadfield, and L. J. Saif, Arch. Virol. 120:115--122, 1991). Cloning and sequence analysis of the PEC Cowden full-length genome revealed that it is most closely related genetically to the human Sapporo-like viruses. In this study, the complete PEC capsid gene was subcloned into the plasmid pBlueBac4.5 and the recombinant baculoviruses were identified by plaque assay and PCR. The PEC capsid protein was expressed in insect (Sf9) cells inoculated with the recombinant baculoviruses, and the recombinant capsid proteins self- assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) that were released into the cell supernatant and purified by CsCl gradient centrifugation. The PEC VLPs had the same molecular mass (58 kDa) as the native virus capsid and reacted with pig hyperimmune and convalescent-phase sera to PEC Cowden in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. The PEC capsid VLPs were morphologically and antigenically similar to the native virus by immune electron microscopy. High titers (1:102,400 to 204,800) of PEC-specific antibodies were induced in guinea pigs inoculated with PEC VLPs, suggesting that the VLPs could be useful for future candidate PEC vaccines. A fixed-cell ELISA and VLP ELISA were developed to detect PEC serum antibodies in pigs. For the fixed-cell ELISA, Sf9 cells were infected with recombinant baculoviruses expressing PEC capsids, followed by cell fixation with formalin. For the VLP ELISA, the VLPs were used for the coating antigen. Our data indicate that both tests were rapid, specific, and reproducible and might be used for large-scale serological investigations of PEC antibodies in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
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Huang PW, Laborde D, Land VR, Matson DO, Smith AW, Jiang X. Concentration and detection of caliciviruses in water samples by reverse transcription-PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:4383-8. [PMID: 11010887 PMCID: PMC92313 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.10.4383-4388.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human caliciviruses (HuCVs) cause waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Standard indicators of a safe water supply do not adequately predict contamination of water by viruses, including HuCVs. We developed a method to concentrate and detect HuCVs in water samples by using a cultivable primate calicivirus (Pan-1) as a model. Viable Pan-1 was seeded in different types of water and then filtered with a 1MDS filter, eluted with beef extract (BE), and reconcentrated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. The viruses in the final samples were tested by plaque assay or by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR following extraction of the RNA with Trizol. Pan-1 was more sensitive to high-pH treatment than poliovirus was; a pH 9.0 BE solution was found to recover 35% more viable Pan-1 than a pH 9.5 BE solution recovered. Pan-1 was recovered from small volumes of deionized, finished, ground, and surface waters at efficiencies of 94, 73, 67, and 64%, respectively, when samples were assayed after elution without further concentration. When larger volumes of water (up to 40 liters) were tested after elution and concentration with PEG, 38, 19, and 14% of the seeded Pan-1 were recovered from finished, ground, and surface waters, respectively. The limit of detection of Pan-1 by RT-PCR was estimated to be 0.75 to 1.5 PFU in 40 liters of finished water. This method may be adapted for monitoring HuCVs in drinking water and other types of water for public health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Huang
- Center for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters and Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23510-1001, USA
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14
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Abstract
Serum specimens from 1,109 individuals at different ages in Beijing, China, were collected between April 1996 and March 1997 and tested for IgG antibodies against human caliciviruses using enzyme immune assays (EIAs). Baculovirus-expressed recombinant Norwalk virus (rNV) and Mexican virus (rMxV) capsid proteins were used as antigens. The seroprevalence was 89% for rNV and 91% for rMxV. Similar seroprevalence between the two antigens was observed in individual age groups and both genders. Infants had a high seroprevalence (99% for NV and 94% for MxV) at birth. The lowest seroprevalence (41% for rNV and 36% for rMxV) was at 7-11 months of age. A sharp increase in seroprevalence occurred in early childhood, with 65% and 70% at one, 85% and 90% at three, and 100% and 98% at 8-9 years of age for rNV and rMxV, respectively. Forty-three individuals had antibody against rNV but not rMxV and 63 individuals had antibody against rMxV but not rNV, indicating different levels of exposure to the two strains in these individuals. This is the first report of surveillance of antibodies against NV-like viruses in China. The observed high prevalence and early age antibody acquisition suggest that infection by these two human calicivirus strains is common in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jing
- Beijing Municipal Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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Seah EL, Marshall JA, Wright PJ. Open reading frame 1 of the Norwalk-like virus Camberwell: completion of sequence and expression in mammalian cells. J Virol 1999; 73:10531-5. [PMID: 10559373 PMCID: PMC113110 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.12.10531-10535.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/1999] [Accepted: 08/27/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ORF1 sequence was determined for Camberwell virus, a genogroup 2 Norwalk-like virus, completing the full genome of 7,555 nucleotides. ORF1 cDNA was cloned into a simian virus 40-based expression vector, and the viral proteins synthesized following transfection into COS cells were analyzed. By using antisera directed against the helicase, protease, or polymerase regions, eight polypeptides ranging in size from 19 to 117 kDa were detected by radioimmunoprecipitation. The cleavage sites determining the amino and carboxy termini of the 3C-like protease were identified at E(1008)/A and E(1189)/G, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Seah
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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