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Civra A, Francese R, Gamba P, Testa G, Cagno V, Poli G, Lembo D. 25-Hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol inhibit human rotavirus infection by sequestering viral particles into late endosomes. Redox Biol 2018; 19:318-330. [PMID: 30212801 PMCID: PMC6138790 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel innate immune strategy, involving specific cholesterol oxidation products as effectors, has begun to reveal connections between cholesterol metabolism and immune response against viral infections. Indeed, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), physiologically produced by enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol, act as inhibitors of a wide spectrum of enveloped and non-enveloped human viruses. However, the mechanisms underlying their protective effects against non-enveloped viruses are almost completely unexplored. To get insight into this field, we investigated the antiviral activity of 25HC and 27HC against a non-enveloped virus causing acute gastroenteritis in children, the human rotavirus (HRV). We found that 25HC and 27HC block the infectivity of several HRV strains at 50% inhibitory concentrations in the low micromolar range in the absence of cell toxicity. Both molecules affect the final step of virus penetration into cells by preventing the association of two cellular proteins: the oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) and the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein-A (VAP-A). By altering the activity of these cellular mediators, 25HC and 27HC disturb the recycling of cholesterol between the endoplasmic reticulum and the late endosomes which are exploited by HRV to penetrate into the cell. The substantial accumulation of cholesterol in the late endosomal compartment results in sequestering viral particles inside these vesicles thereby preventing cytoplasmic virus replication. These findings suggest that cholesterol oxidation products of enzymatic origin might be primary effectors of host restriction strategies to counteract HRV infection and point to redox active lipids involvement in viral infections as a research area of focus to better focus in order to identify novel antiviral agents targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Rachele Francese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy.
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Nasiri K, Nassiri M, Tahmoorespur M, Haghparast A, Zibaee S. Design and Construction of Chimeric VP8-S2 Antigen for Bovine Rotavirus and Bovine Coronavirus. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:91-8. [PMID: 27123423 PMCID: PMC4845540 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bovine Rotavirus and Bovine Coronavirus are the most important causes of diarrhea in newborn calves and in some other species such as pigs and sheep. Rotavirus VP8 subunit is the major determinant of the viral infectivity and neutralization. Spike glycoprotein of coronavirus is responsible for induction of neutralizing antibody response. METHODS In the present study, several prediction programs were used to predict B and T-cells epitopes, secondary and tertiary structures, antigenicity ability and enzymatic degradation sites. Finally, a chimeric antigen was designed using computational techniques. The chimeric VP8-S2 antigen was constructed. It was cloned and sub-cloned into pGH and pET32a(+) expression vector. The recombinant pET32a(+)-VP8-S2 vector was transferred into E.oli BL21CodonPlus (DE3) as expression host. The recombinant VP8-S2 protein was purified by Ni-NTA chromatography column. RESULTS The results of colony PCR, enzyme digestion and sequencing showed that the VP8-S2 chimeric antigen has been successfully cloned and sub-cloned into pGH and pET32a(+).The results showed that E.coli was able to express VP8-S2 protein appropriately. This protein was expressed by induction of IPTG at concentration of 1mM and it was confirmed by Ni-NTA column, dot-blotting analysis and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that E.coli can be used as an appropriate host to produce the recombinant VP8-S2 protein. This recombinant protein may be suitable to investigate to produce immunoglobulin, recombinant vaccine and diagnostic kit in future studies after it passes biological activity tests in vivo in animal model and or other suitable procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Nasiri
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. ; Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Tahmoorespur
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Zibaee
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Mashhad, Iran
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Civra A, Giuffrida MG, Donalisio M, Napolitano L, Takada Y, Coulson BS, Conti A, Lembo D. Identification of Equine Lactadherin-derived Peptides That Inhibit Rotavirus Infection via Integrin Receptor Competition. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12403-14. [PMID: 25814665 PMCID: PMC4424369 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and children under the age of 5 years in both developed and developing countries. Human lactadherin, a milk fat globule membrane glycoprotein, inhibits human rotavirus infection in vitro, whereas bovine lactadherin is not active. Moreover, it protects breastfed infants against symptomatic rotavirus infections. To explore the potential antiviral activity of lactadherin sourced by equines, we undertook a proteomic analysis of milk fat globule membrane proteins from donkey milk and elucidated its amino acid sequence. Alignment of the human, bovine, and donkey lactadherin sequences revealed the presence of an Asp-Gly-Glu (DGE) α2β1 integrin-binding motif in the N-terminal domain of donkey sequence only. Because integrin α2β1 plays a critical role during early steps of rotavirus host cell adhesion, we tested a minilibrary of donkey lactadherin-derived peptides containing DGE sequence for anti-rotavirus activity. A 20-amino acid peptide containing both DGE and RGD motifs (named pDGE-RGD) showed the greatest activity, and its mechanism of antiviral action was characterized; pDGE-RGD binds to integrin α2β1 by means of the DGE motif and inhibits rotavirus attachment to the cell surface. These findings suggest the potential anti-rotavirus activity of equine lactadherin and support the feasibility of developing an anti-rotavirus peptide that acts by hindering virus-receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Civra
- From the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Giuffrida
- the Institute of Sciences of Food Production-National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), c/o Bioindustry Park "SilvanoFumero", 10100 CollerettoGiacosa, Torino, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- From the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Napolitano
- the Institute of Sciences of Food Production-National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), c/o Bioindustry Park "SilvanoFumero", 10100 CollerettoGiacosa, Torino, Italy
| | - Yoshikazu Takada
- the Department of Dermatology and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, and
| | - Barbara S Coulson
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Amedeo Conti
- the Institute of Sciences of Food Production-National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), c/o Bioindustry Park "SilvanoFumero", 10100 CollerettoGiacosa, Torino, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- From the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy,
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Kovacs-Nolan J, Yoo D, Mine Y. Fine mapping of sequential neutralization epitopes on the subunit protein VP8 of human rotavirus. Biochem J 2003; 376:269-75. [PMID: 12901721 PMCID: PMC1223744 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2002] [Revised: 08/05/2003] [Accepted: 08/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The epitopes of the HRV (human rotavirus), especially those involved in virus neutralization, have not been determined in their entirety, and would have significant implications for HRV vaccine development. In the present study, we report on the epitope mapping and identification of sequential neutralization epitopes, on the Wa strain HRV subunit protein VP8, using synthetic overlapping peptides. Polyclonal antibodies against recombinant Wa VP8 were produced previously in chicken, and purified from egg yolk, which showed neutralizing activity against HRV in vitro. Overlapping VP8 peptide fragments were synthesized and probed with the anti-VP8 antibodies, revealing five sequential epitopes on VP8. Further analysis suggested that three of the five epitopes detected, M1-L10, I55-D66 and L223-P234, were involved in virus neutralization, indicating that sequential epitopes may also be important for the HRV neutralization. The interactions of the antibodies with the five epitopes were characterized by an examination of the critical amino acids involved in antibody binding. Epitopes comprised primarily of hydrophobic amino acid residues, followed by polar and charged residues. The more critical amino acids appeared to be located near the centre of the epitopes, with proline, isoleucine, serine, glutamine and arginine playing an important role in the binding of antibody to the VP8 epitopes.
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Enouf V, Chwetzoff S, Trugnan G, Cohen J. Interactions of rotavirus VP4 spike protein with the endosomal protein Rab5 and the prenylated Rab acceptor PRA1. J Virol 2003; 77:7041-7. [PMID: 12768023 PMCID: PMC156175 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.12.7041-7047.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus spike protein VP4 is implicated in several important functions, such as cell attachment, penetration, hemagglutination, neutralization, virulence, and host range. It is present at the plasma membrane and colocalizes with the cytoskeleton in infected cells. We looked for cellular partners responsible for the localization of VP4 by two-hybrid screening of a monkey CV1 cell cDNA library. In the screen we isolated repeatedly three cDNAs encoding either two isoforms (a and c) of Rab5 protein or the prenylated Rab acceptor (PRA1). The small GTPase Rab5 is a molecule regulating the vesicular traffic and the motility of early endosomes along microtubules. Rab5 interacts with a large number of effectors, in particular with PRA1. Interactions of VP4 with both partners, Rab5 and PRA1, were confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation from infected- or transfected-cell lysates. Interaction of Rab5 and PRA1 was restricted to free VP4, since neither triple-layered particles nor NSP4-VP4-VP7 heterotrimeric complexes could be coprecipitated. Site-directed and deletion mutants of VP4 were used to map a VP4 domain(s) interacting with Rab5 or PRA1. Of the 10 mutants tested, 2 interacted exclusively with a single partner. In contrast, the domain extending from amino acids 560 to 722 of VP4 is essential for both interactions. These results suggest that Rab5 and PRA1 may be involved in the localization and trafficking of VP4 in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Enouf
- Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, UMR CNRS-INRA 2472, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Nejmeddine M, Trugnan G, Sapin C, Kohli E, Svensson L, Lopez S, Cohen J. Rotavirus spike protein VP4 is present at the plasma membrane and is associated with microtubules in infected cells. J Virol 2000; 74:3313-20. [PMID: 10708448 PMCID: PMC111832 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.7.3313-3320.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
VP4 is an unglycosylated protein of the outer layer of the capsid of rotavirus. It forms spikes that project from the outer layer of mature virions, which is mainly constituted by glycoprotein VP7. VP4 has been implicated in several important functions, such as cell attachment, penetration, hemagglutination, neutralization, virulence, and host range. Previous studies indicated that VP4 is located in the space between the periphery of the viroplasm and the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum in rotavirus-infected cells. Confocal microscopy of infected MA104 monolayers, immunostained with specific monoclonal antibodies, revealed that a significant fraction of VP4 was present at the plasma membrane early after infection. Another fraction of VP4 is cytoplasmic and colocalizes with beta-tubulin. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that at the early stage of viral infection, VP4 was present on the plasma membrane and that its N-terminal region, the VP8* subunit, was accessible to antibodies. Biotin labeling of the infected cell surface monolayer with a cell-impermeable reagent allowed the identification of the noncleaved form of VP4 that was associated with the glycoprotein VP7. The localization of VP4 was not modified in cells transfected with a plasmid allowing the expression of a fusion protein consisting of VP4 and the green fluorescent protein. The present data suggest that VP4 reaches the plasma membrane through the microtubule network and that other viral proteins are dispensable for its targeting and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nejmeddine
- Laboratoire de Virologie et d'Immunologie Moléculaire, INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
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Patton JT, Jones MT, Kalbach AN, He YW, Xiaobo J. Rotavirus RNA polymerase requires the core shell protein to synthesize the double-stranded RNA genome. J Virol 1997; 71:9618-26. [PMID: 9371626 PMCID: PMC230270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.12.9618-9626.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus cores contain the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome, RNA polymerase VP1, and guanylyltransferase VP3 and are enclosed within a lattice formed by the RNA-binding protein VP2. Analysis of baculovirus-expressed core-like particles (CLPs) has shown that VP1 and VP2 assemble into the simplest core-like structures with replicase activity and that VP1, but not VP3, is essential for replicase activity. To further define the role of VP1 and VP2 in the synthesis of dsRNA from viral mRNA, recombinant baculoviruses containing gene 1 (rBVg1) and gene 2 (rBVg2) of SA11 rotavirus were generated and used to express recombinant VP1 (rVP1) and rVP2, respectively. After purification, the proteins were assayed individually and together for the ability to catalyze the synthesis of dsRNA in a cell-free replication system. The results showed that dsRNA was synthesized only in assays containing rVP1 and rVP2, thus establishing that both proteins are essential for replicase activity. Even in assays containing a primer-linked mRNA template, neither rVP1 nor rVP2 alone directed RNA synthesis. Characterization of the cis-acting replication signals in mRNA recognized by the replicase of rVP1 and rVP2 showed that they were the same as those recognized by the replicase of virion-derived cores, thus excluding a role for VP3 in recognition of the mRNA template by the replicase. Analysis of RNA-protein interactions indicated that the mRNA template binds strongly to VP2 in replicase assays but that the majority of the dsRNA product neither is packaged nor stably associates with VP2. The results of replicase assays performed with mutant VP2 containing a deletion in its RNA-binding domain suggests that the essential role for VP2 in replication is linked to the protein's ability to bind the mRNA template for minus-strand synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Patton
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Lawton JA, Zeng CQ, Mukherjee SK, Cohen J, Estes MK, Prasad BV. Three-dimensional structural analysis of recombinant rotavirus-like particles with intact and amino-terminal-deleted VP2: implications for the architecture of the VP2 capsid layer. J Virol 1997; 71:7353-60. [PMID: 9311813 PMCID: PMC192080 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.10.7353-7360.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the leading cause of severe infantile gastroenteritis worldwide. These viruses are large, complex icosahedral particles consisting of three concentric capsid layers enclosing a genome of eleven segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The amino terminus of the innermost capsid protein VP2 possesses a nonspecific single-stranded RNA and dsRNA binding activity, and the amino terminus is also essential for the incorporation of the polymerase enzyme VP1 and guanylyltransferase VP3 into the core of the virion. Biochemical and structural studies have suggested that VP2, and especially the amino terminus, appears to act as a scaffold for proper assembly of the components of the viral core. To locate the amino terminus of VP2 within the core, we have used electron cryomicroscopy and image reconstruction to determine the three-dimensional structures of recombinant virus-like particles that contain either full-length or amino-terminal-deleted forms of VP2 coexpressed with the intermediate capsid protein VP6. A comparison of these structures indicates two significant changes along the inner surface of VP2 in the structure lacking the amino terminus: a loss of mass adjacent to the fivefold axes and a redistribution of mass along the fivefold axes. Examination of the VP2 layer suggests that the proteins are arranged as dimers of 120 quasi-equivalent molecules, with each dimer extending between neighboring fivefold axes. Our results indicate that the amino termini of both quasi-equivalent VP2 molecules are located near the icosahedral vertices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lawton
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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