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Marešová D, Kotková K, Kozler P, Pokorný J. Forelimb Movement Disorder in Rat Experimental Model. Physiol Res 2019; 68:1037-1042. [PMID: 31647297 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of motor activity is an important part of the experimental models of neural disorders of rats. It is used to study effects of the CNS impairment, however studies on the peripheral nervous system lesions are much less frequent. The aim of the study was to extend the spectrum of experimental models of anterior limb movement disorders in rats by blockade of the right anterior limb brachial plexus with the local anesthetic Marcaine (Ma), or with aqua for injection administered into the same location (Aq) (with control intact group C). Two other groups with anterior limb movement disorders underwent induction of cellular brain edema by water intoxication (MaWI and AqWI). Results showed a lower spontaneous motor activity of animals in all experimental groups versus controls, and lower spontaneous motor activity of animals in the MaWI group compared to other experimental groups in all categories. There was no difference in spontaneous activity between the groups Ma, Aq and AqWI. Our study indicates that alterations of spontaneous motor activity may result from the impaired forelimb motor activity induced by the anesthetic effect of Marcaine, by the volumetric effect of water, as a result of induced brain edema, or due to combination of these individual effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marešová
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Kozler P, Marešová D, Pokorný J. Loss of body weight is accompanying cellular brain edema induced by water intoxication in the rat. Physiol Res 2019; 68:321-324. [PMID: 30628836 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of cellular cerebral edema (CE) was achieved by a standard method of water intoxication which consisted of fractionated intraperitoneal administration of distilled water (DW) together with the injection of desmopressin (DP). Using metabolic cage, fluid and food balance was studied in two groups of eight animals: group C - control; group CE - cellular edema induced by water intoxication. For each rat the intake (food pellets and water) and excretion (solid excrements and urine) were recorded for 48 h together with the initial and final body weight. CE animals consumed significantly less food, drank less water and eliminated the smallest amount of excrements. The induction of cellular cerebral edema was accompanied with a significant loss of body weight (representing on average 13 % of the initial values) mainly due to a reduction of food intake. This phenomenon has not yet been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kozler
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Vardjan N, Horvat A, Anderson JE, Yu D, Croom D, Zeng X, Lužnik Z, Kreft M, Teng YD, Kirov SA, Zorec R. Adrenergic activation attenuates astrocyte swelling induced by hypotonicity and neurotrauma. Glia 2016; 64:1034-49. [PMID: 27018061 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Edema in the central nervous system can rapidly result in life-threatening complications. Vasogenic edema is clinically manageable, but there is no established medical treatment for cytotoxic edema, which affects astrocytes and is a primary trigger of acute post-traumatic neuronal death. To test the hypothesis that adrenergic receptor agonists, including the stress stimulus epinephrine protects neural parenchyma from damage, we characterized its effects on hypotonicity-induced cellular edema in cortical astrocytes by in vivo and in vitro imaging. After epinephrine administration, hypotonicity-induced swelling of astrocytes was markedly reduced and cytosolic 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was increased, as shown by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer nanosensor. Although, the kinetics of epinephrine-induced cAMP signaling was slowed in primary cortical astrocytes exposed to hypotonicity, the swelling reduction by epinephrine was associated with an attenuated hypotonicity-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) excitability, which may be the key to prevent astrocyte swelling. Furthermore, in a rat model of spinal cord injury, epinephrine applied locally markedly reduced neural edema around the contusion epicenter. These findings reveal new targets for the treatment of cellular edema in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vardjan
- Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Anemari Horvat
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jamie E Anderson
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dou Yu
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah Croom
- Brain and Behaviour Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zala Lužnik
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kreft
- Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.,Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Yang D Teng
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of SCI Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sergei A Kirov
- Brain and Behaviour Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
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Kozler P, Riljak V, Pokorný J. Both water intoxication and osmotic BBB disruption increase brain water content in rats. Physiol Res 2014; 62:S75-80. [PMID: 24329706 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous experiments revealed that water intoxication and osmotic BBB disruption in the rat allow penetration of high-molecular substances into the brain and that resulting changes in the internal environment of the CNS lead to pathological development, such as the loss of integrity of myelin. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the previously described phenomena are associated with increased water content in the brain. To answer the question following methods were used: a) water intoxication: intraperitoneal administration of distilled water, b) osmotic BBB disruption: application of mannitol (20 %) selectively into the internal carotid artery, c) brain wet weight was measured after decapitation, and subsequently (after six days in thermostat set at 86 °C) the dry weight were estimated d) in animals with 20 % and 30 % hyperhydration the degree of myelin deterioration was estimated e) animal locomotor activity was tested by continuous behavior tracking and analysis. Brain water content after water intoxication and following the administration of mannitol was higher than in the control group. Different degrees of hyperhydration led to different levels of brain water content and to different degrees of myelin impairment. Hyperhydration corresponding to 20 % of the body weight brought about lower locomotor activity. Increased water content in the brain after the BBB osmotic disruption is surprising because this method is frequently used in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kozler
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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