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Exploring Natural Product Activity and Species Source Candidates for Hunting ABCB1 Transporter Inhibitors: An In Silico Drug Discovery Study. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103104. [PMID: 35630581 PMCID: PMC9143904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) is responsible for a xenobiotic efflux pump that shackles intracellular drug accumulation. Additionally, it is included in the dud of considerable antiviral and anticancer chemotherapies because of the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomenon. In the search for prospective anticancer drugs that inhibit the ABCB1 transporter, the Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS) database, containing >35,000 molecules, was explored for identifying ABCB1 inhibitors. The performance of AutoDock4.2.6 software to anticipate ABCB1 docking score and pose was first assessed according to available experimental data. The docking scores of the NPASS molecules were predicted against the ABCB1 transporter. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted for molecules with docking scores lower than taxol, a reference inhibitor, pursued by molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) binding energy estimations. On the basis of MM-GBSA calculations, five compounds revealed promising binding affinities as ABCB1 inhibitors with ΔGbinding < −105.0 kcal/mol. The binding affinity and stability of the identified inhibitors were compared to the chemotherapeutic agent. Structural and energetical analyses unveiled great steadiness of the investigated inhibitors within the ABCB1 active site throughout 100 ns MD simulations. Conclusively, these findings point out that NPC104372, NPC475164, NPC2313, NPC197736, and NPC477344 hold guarantees as potential ABCB1 drug candidates and warrant further in vitro/in vivo tests.
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Shah AM, Yang W, Mohamed H, Zhang Y, Song Y. Microbes: A Hidden Treasure of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Front Nutr 2022; 9:827837. [PMID: 35369055 PMCID: PMC8968027 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.827837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes have gained a lot of attention for their potential in producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). PUFAs are gaining scientific interest due to their important health-promoting effects on higher organisms including humans. The current sources of PUFAs (animal and plant) have associated limitations that have led to increased interest in microbial PUFAs as most reliable alternative source. The focus is on increasing the product value of existing oleaginous microbes or discovering new microbes by implementing new biotechnological strategies in order to compete with other sources. The multidisciplinary approaches, including metabolic engineering, high-throughput screening, tapping new microbial sources, genome-mining as well as co-culturing and elicitation for the production of PUFAs, have been considered and discussed in this review. The usage of agro-industrial wastes as alternative low-cost substrates in fermentation for high-value single-cell oil production has also been discussed. Multidisciplinary approaches combined with new technologies may help to uncover new microbial PUFA sources that may have nutraceutical and biotechnological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabid Manzoor Shah
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yingtong Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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3
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Panter F, Bader CD, Müller R. Synergizing the potential of bacterial genomics and metabolomics to find novel antibiotics. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5994-6010. [PMID: 33995996 PMCID: PMC8098685 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic development based on natural products has faced a long lasting decline since the 1970s, while both the speed and the extent of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development have been severely underestimated. The discovery of antimicrobial natural products of bacterial and fungal origin featuring new chemistry and previously unknown mode of actions is increasingly challenged by rediscovery issues. Natural products that are abundantly produced by the corresponding wild type organisms often featuring strong UV signals have been extensively characterized, especially the ones produced by extensively screened microbial genera such as streptomycetes. Purely synthetic chemistry approaches aiming to replace the declining supply from natural products as starting materials to develop novel antibiotics largely failed to provide significant numbers of antibiotic drug leads. To cope with this fundamental issue, microbial natural products science is being transformed from a 'grind-and-find' study to an integrated approach based on bacterial genomics and metabolomics. Novel technologies in instrumental analytics are increasingly employed to lower detection limits and expand the space of detectable substance classes, while broadening the scope of accessible and potentially bioactive natural products. Furthermore, the almost exponential increase in publicly available bacterial genome data has shown that the biosynthetic potential of the investigated strains by far exceeds the amount of detected metabolites. This can be judged by the discrepancy between the number of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) encoded in the genome of each microbial strain and the number of secondary metabolites actually detected, even when considering the increased sensitivity provided by novel analytical instrumentation. In silico annotation tools for biosynthetic gene cluster classification and analysis allow fast prioritization in BGC-to-compound workflows, which is highly important to be able to process the enormous underlying data volumes. BGC prioritization is currently accompanied by novel molecular biology-based approaches to access the so-called orphan BGCs not yet correlated with a secondary metabolite. Integration of metabolomics, in silico genomics and molecular biology approaches into the mainstream of natural product research will critically influence future success and impact the natural product field in pharmaceutical, nutritional and agrochemical applications and especially in anti-infective research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Panter
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Chantal D Bader
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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4
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Ewan HS, Biyani SA, DiDomenico J, Logsdon D, Sobreira TJP, Avramova L, Cooks RG, Thompson DH. Aldol Reactions of Biorenewable Triacetic Acid Lactone Precursor Evaluated Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry High-Throughput Experimentation and Validated by Continuous Flow Synthesis. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:796-803. [PMID: 33211961 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) was used as a high-throughput experimentation (HTE) tool to rapidly identify derivatives of the biobased platform molecule triacetic acid lactone (TAL). TAL is a platform molecule capable of conversion to a wide range of useful commodity chemicals, agrochemicals, and advanced pharmaceutical intermediates. In the present study, a diverse family of aldol reaction mixtures were prepared in high-density microtiter plates with a liquid handling robot, then printed with a pin tool onto a PTFE surface for analysis by DESI-MS. Our DESI-MS results indicate that aldol products of TAL were obtained for each substrate tested, in good agreement with previously reported TAL reactivity. These HTE experiments also revealed solvent-dependent reactivity trends that facilitated reaction scale up. Our findings suggest that DESI-MS analysis can rapidly inform the selection of optimal reaction conditions from a wide variety of conditions for scale up using continuous synthesis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Samuel Ewan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multidisciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Shruti A. Biyani
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multidisciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Jaycie DiDomenico
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multidisciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - David Logsdon
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multidisciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Tiago J. P. Sobreira
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multidisciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Larisa Avramova
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multidisciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multidisciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - David H. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multidisciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
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5
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Chanana S, Thomas CS, Zhang F, Rajski SR, Bugni TS. hcapca: Automated Hierarchical Clustering and Principal Component Analysis of Large Metabolomic Datasets in R. Metabolites 2020; 10:E297. [PMID: 32708222 PMCID: PMC7407629 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10070297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial natural product discovery programs face two main challenges today: rapidly prioritizing strains for discovering new molecules and avoiding the rediscovery of already known molecules. Typically, these problems have been tackled using biological assays to identify promising strains and techniques that model variance in a dataset such as PCA to highlight novel chemistry. While these tools have shown successful outcomes in the past, datasets are becoming much larger and require a new approach. Since PCA models are dependent on the members of the group being modeled, large datasets with many members make it difficult to accurately model the variance in the data. Our tool, hcapca, first groups strains based on the similarity of their chemical composition, and then applies PCA to the smaller sub-groups yielding more robust PCA models. This allows for scalable chemical comparisons among hundreds of strains with thousands of molecular features. As a proof of concept, we applied our open-source tool to a dataset with 1046 LCMS profiles of marine invertebrate associated bacteria and discovered three new analogs of an established anticancer agent from one promising strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tim S. Bugni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.C.); (C.S.T.); (F.Z.); (S.R.R.)
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6
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Iwata T, Fukase K, Nakao Y, Tanaka K. Efficient Synthesis of Marine Alkaloid Ageladine A and its Structural Modification for Exploring New Biological Activity. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research
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7
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Loren BP, Ewan HS, Avramova L, Ferreira CR, Sobreira TJP, Yammine K, Liao H, Cooks RG, Thompson DH. High Throughput Experimentation Using DESI-MS to Guide Continuous-Flow Synthesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14745. [PMID: 31611590 PMCID: PMC6791872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of accelerated reactions with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) as a tool for predicting the outcome of microfluidic reactions. DESI-MS was employed as a high throughput experimentation tool to provide qualitative predictions of reaction outcomes, so that vast regions of chemical reactivity space may be more rapidly explored and areas of optimal efficiency identified. This work is part of a larger effort to accelerate reaction optimization to enable the rapid development of continuous-flow syntheses of small molecules in high yield. In order to build confidence in this approach, however, it is necessary to establish a robust predictive connection between reactions performed under analogous DESI-MS, batch, and microfluidic reaction conditions. In the present work, we explore the potential of high throughput DESI-MS experiments to identify trends in reactivity based on chemical structure, solvent, temperature, and stoichiometry that are consistent across these platforms. N-alkylation reactions were used as the test case due to their ease of reactant and product detection by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and their great importance in API synthesis. While DESI-MS narrowed the scope of possibilities for reaction selection among some parameters such as solvent, others like stoichiometry and temperature still required further optimization under continuous synthesis conditions. DESI-MS high throughput experimentation (HTE) reaction evaluation significantly reduced the search space for flow chemistry optimization, thus representing a significant savings in time and materials to achieve a desired transformation with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P Loren
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - H Samuel Ewan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Larisa Avramova
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christina R Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tiago J P Sobreira
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kathryn Yammine
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Huiying Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - David H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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8
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Ayotte Y, Marando VM, Vaillancourt L, Bouchard P, Heffron G, Coote PW, Larda ST, LaPlante SR. Exposing Small-Molecule Nanoentities by a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Assay. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7885-7896. [PMID: 31422659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules can self-assemble in aqueous solution into a wide range of nanoentity types and sizes (dimers, n-mers, micelles, colloids, etc.), each having their own unique properties. This has important consequences in the context of drug discovery including issues related to nonspecific binding, off-target effects, and false positives and negatives. Here, we demonstrate the use of the spin-spin relaxation Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill NMR experiment, which is sensitive to molecular tumbling rates and can expose larger aggregate species that have slower rotational correlations. The strategy easily distinguishes lone-tumbling molecules versus nanoentities of various sizes. The technique is highly sensitive to chemical exchange between single-molecule and aggregate states and can therefore be used as a reporter when direct measurement of aggregates is not possible by NMR. Interestingly, we found differences in solution behavior for compounds within structurally related series, demonstrating structure-nanoentity relationships. This practical experiment is a valuable tool to support drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Ayotte
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie , 531 Boulevard des Prairies , Laval , Québec H7V 1B7 , Canada
| | - Victoria M Marando
- NMX Research and Solutions, Inc. , 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest , Laval , Québec , H7V 5B7 , Canada
| | - Louis Vaillancourt
- NMX Research and Solutions, Inc. , 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest , Laval , Québec , H7V 5B7 , Canada
| | - Patricia Bouchard
- NMX Research and Solutions, Inc. , 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest , Laval , Québec , H7V 5B7 , Canada
| | - Gregory Heffron
- Harvard Medical School , 240 Longwood Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Paul W Coote
- NMX Research and Solutions, Inc. , 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest , Laval , Québec , H7V 5B7 , Canada.,Harvard Medical School , 240 Longwood Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Sacha T Larda
- NMX Research and Solutions, Inc. , 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest , Laval , Québec , H7V 5B7 , Canada
| | - Steven R LaPlante
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie , 531 Boulevard des Prairies , Laval , Québec H7V 1B7 , Canada.,NMX Research and Solutions, Inc. , 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest , Laval , Québec , H7V 5B7 , Canada.,Harvard Medical School , 240 Longwood Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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LFB: A Novel Antimicrobial Brevinin-Like Peptide from the Skin Secretion of the Fujian Large Headed Frog, Limnonectes fujianensi. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060242. [PMID: 31234333 PMCID: PMC6627297 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are a natural source of abundant antimicrobial peptides and thus have been widely investigated for isolation of such biomolecules. Many new antimicrobial peptide families have been discovered from amphibians. In this study, a novel antimicrobial peptide named Limnonectes fujianensis Brevinvin (LFB) has been identified in the skin secretion from the Fujian large headed frog, Limnonectes fujianensis. The cDNA sequence was cloned from a skin secretion library and the predicted mature peptide was identified through MS/MS fragmentation sequencing of reverse phase HPLC fractions on the same sample. LFB was predicted to be an amphipathic, hydrophobic, alpha helical, and beta turn peptide that inserts into a lipid bilayer in order to kill the cells. In antimicrobial assays, a synthetic replicate of this novel antimicrobial peptide demonstrated significant activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the yeast, Candida albicans. This novel peptide was highly potent (MIC 4.88 uM) against Gram-negative bacterium, and also has the ability to inhibit the growth of human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 18.9 μM down to 2.0 μM. These findings help to enrich our understanding of Brevinin-like peptides. Moreover, the data presented here validate frog secretion as a source of potential novel antimicrobial peptides, that also exhibit anti-tumor properties, that could be useful for the treatment of cancer.
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Arthur PK, Yeboah AB, Issah I, Balapangu S, Kwofie SK, Asimeng BO, Foster EJ, Tiburu EK. Electrochemical Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Corresponds to Cell Viability upon Exposure to Dioclea reflexa Seed Extracts and Antifungal Drugs. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2019; 9:bios9010045. [PMID: 30897802 PMCID: PMC6468906 DOI: 10.3390/bios9010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dioclea reflexa bioactive compounds have been shown to contain antioxidant properties. The extracts from the same plant are used in traditional medical practices to treat various diseases with impressive outcomes. In this study, ionic mobility in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in the presence of D. reflexa seed extracts was monitored using electrochemical detection methods to link cell death to ionic imbalance. Cells treated with ethanol, methanol, and water extracts were studied using cyclic voltammetry and cell counting to correlate electrochemical behavior and cell viability, respectively. The results were compared with cells treated with pore-forming Amphotericin b (Amp b), as well as Fluconazole (Flu) and the antimicrobial drug Rifampicin (Rif). The D. reflexa seed water extract (SWE) revealed higher anodic peak current with 58% cell death. Seed methanol extract (SME) and seed ethanol extract (SEE) recorded 31% and 22% cell death, respectively. Among the three control drugs, Flu revealed the highest cell death of about 64%, whereas Amp b and Rif exhibited cell deaths of 35% and 16%, respectively, after 8 h of cell growth. It was observed that similar to SWE, there was an increase in the anodic peak current in the presence of different concentrations of Amp b, which also correlated with enhanced cell death. It was concluded from this observation that Amp b and SWE might follow similar mechanisms to inhibit cell growth. Thus, the individual bioactive compounds from the water extracts of D. reflexa seeds could further be purified and tested to validate their potential therapeutic application. The strategy to link electrochemical behavior to biochemical responses could be a simple, fast, and robust screening technique for new drug targets and to understand the mechanism of action of such drugs against disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kobina Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana.
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana.
| | - Anthony Boadi Yeboah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon P.O. Box LG 25, Ghana.
| | - Ibrahim Issah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon P.O. Box LG 25, Ghana.
| | - Srinivasan Balapangu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon P.O. Box LG 25, Ghana.
| | - Samuel K Kwofie
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon P.O. Box LG 25, Ghana.
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Bernard O Asimeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon P.O. Box LG 25, Ghana.
| | - E Johan Foster
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Elvis K Tiburu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon P.O. Box LG 25, Ghana.
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11
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Arango C, Acosta-Gonzalez A, Parra-Giraldo CM, Sánchez-Quitian ZA, Kerr R, Díaz LE. Characterization of Actinobacterial Communities from Arauca River Sediments (Colombia) Reveals Antimicrobial Potential Presented in Low Abundant Isolates. Open Microbiol J 2018; 12:181-194. [PMID: 29997703 PMCID: PMC5997859 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801812010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New strategies have been arisen to set a rapid and effective screening for selection of microorganism with bioactive potential. This study suggests that combination of physicochemical pretreatments and taxonomic dereplication of microbial collections through MALDI-TOF MS, facilitates the detection of low abundance actinobacteria with potential as a source of antimicrobial agents. MATERIAL AND METHODS An unstudied microbial community from a tropical river sediment in Colombian Orinoquía is described, applying an extended cultivation strategy using physicochemical pretreatments, biological screenings and taxonomic dereplication through MALDI-TOF MS approach. RESULTS Actinobacteria-like isolates (790) were growth and their antimicrobial activity was assessed against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, extended-spectrum β-lactamase Klebsiella pnumoniae, and clinical isolates of Cladosporium cladosporioides and Epicoccum nigrum. Seventy-eight isolates, belonging to the Streptomycetaceae family according to 16S rDNA analysis were found to have antimicrobial activity and were categorized as low abundance actinobacteria by MALDI-TOF MS. CONCLUSION The results suggest that combination of physicochemical pretreatments and taxonomic dereplication of microbial collections through MALDI-TOF MS, facilitates the detection of low abundance actinobacteria with potential as a source of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Arango
- Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Común, Km 7 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chia, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Acosta-Gonzalez
- Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Común, Km 7 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chia, Colombia
| | - Claudia M. Parra-Giraldo
- Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Común, Km 7 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chia, Colombia
| | - Zilpa A. Sánchez-Quitian
- Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Común, Km 7 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chia, Colombia
| | - Russell Kerr
- University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Luis E. Díaz
- Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Común, Km 7 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chia, Colombia
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12
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Thomford NE, Senthebane DA, Rowe A, Munro D, Seele P, Maroyi A, Dzobo K. Natural Products for Drug Discovery in the 21st Century: Innovations for Novel Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1578. [PMID: 29799486 PMCID: PMC6032166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic properties of plants have been recognised since time immemorial. Many pathological conditions have been treated using plant-derived medicines. These medicines are used as concoctions or concentrated plant extracts without isolation of active compounds. Modern medicine however, requires the isolation and purification of one or two active compounds. There are however a lot of global health challenges with diseases such as cancer, degenerative diseases, HIV/AIDS and diabetes, of which modern medicine is struggling to provide cures. Many times the isolation of "active compound" has made the compound ineffective. Drug discovery is a multidimensional problem requiring several parameters of both natural and synthetic compounds such as safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy to be evaluated during drug candidate selection. The advent of latest technologies that enhance drug design hypotheses such as Artificial Intelligence, the use of 'organ-on chip' and microfluidics technologies, means that automation has become part of drug discovery. This has resulted in increased speed in drug discovery and evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of candidate compounds whilst allowing novel ways of drug design and synthesis based on natural compounds. Recent advances in analytical and computational techniques have opened new avenues to process complex natural products and to use their structures to derive new and innovative drugs. Indeed, we are in the era of computational molecular design, as applied to natural products. Predictive computational softwares have contributed to the discovery of molecular targets of natural products and their derivatives. In future the use of quantum computing, computational softwares and databases in modelling molecular interactions and predicting features and parameters needed for drug development, such as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics, will result in few false positive leads in drug development. This review discusses plant-based natural product drug discovery and how innovative technologies play a role in next-generation drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Dimakatso Alice Senthebane
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Arielle Rowe
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Daniella Munro
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Palesa Seele
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Alfred Maroyi
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag, Alice X1314, South Africa.
| | - Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
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Zhang Y, Zhang R, Nazari M, Bagley MC, Miller ES, Williams PG, Muddiman DC, Lindsey JS. Mass spectrometric detection of chlorophyll a and the tetrapyrrole secondary metabolite tolyporphin A in the filamentous cyanobacterium HT-58-2. Approaches to high-throughput screening of intact cyanobacteria. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461750078x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tolyporphins are unusual tetrapyrrole macrocycles produced by the filamentous cyanobacterium–microbial community HT-58-2, the only known source to date. Numerous cyanobacterial samples have been collected worldwide but most have not been screened for secondary metabolites. Identification of tolyporphins typically has entailed lipophilic extraction followed by chromatographic fractionation and spectroscopic and/or mass spectrometric analysis. For quantitation, lengthy lipophilic extraction, sample processing and HPLC separation are needed. Examination by MALDI-TOF-MS (with the matrix 1,5-diaminonaphthalene) of lipophilic crude extracts of small-scale HT-58-2 samples (2 mL) without chromatographic fractionation enabled semi-quantitation of tolyporphin A over a 41-day growth period. Screening for tolyporphin A in intact or slightly sheared and vortexed HT-58-2 samples (no lipophilic extraction), and confirmation of identity by tandem MS, were carried out by IR-MALDESI-FTMS. Tolyporphin A was identified by the molecular ion and four characteristic fragments. The molecular ion of chlorophyll [Formula: see text] also was observed. The sheared and vortexed sample contained substantial numbers of intact cells as demonstrated by regrowth of the filamentous cyanobacterium–microbial culture. The semi-quantitative and rapid qualitative methods developed herein should facilitate examination of other tolyporphin-producing organisms among the vast worldwide strains of cyanobacteria as well as investigation of the biosynthesis of tolyporphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Milad Nazari
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Michael C. Bagley
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Eric S. Miller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Philip G. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2275, USA
| | - David C. Muddiman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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14
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Yan YF, Zhang HH, Lv Q, Liu YM, Li YJ, Li BS, Wang PY, Shang WJ, Yue Z, Xie SY. Celastrol suppresses the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells by regulating microRNA-24 and microRNA-181b. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2515-2521. [PMID: 29434967 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence has indicated that celastrol may suppress cancer growth; however, the underlying mechanism requires further investigation. In the present study, A549 cells were treated with various concentrations of celastrol. Lung cancer cell proliferation was evaluated using an MTT assay and observed under a microscope. Cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin V fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double-labeled flow cytometry. The results demonstrated that celastrol suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose-independent manner. Celastrol may also decrease the phosphorylation levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and the B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2 associated C protein (Bax) ratio. As microRNA (miR-24 and miR-181b) were predicated to target STAT3, STAT3 activation was inhibited in miR-24-or miR-181b-treated A549 cells compared with the control treatment. The ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was further reduced in miR-24 or miR-181b-treated A549 cells. The results were further confirmed by detecting in another lung adenocarcinoma cell line, LTEP-a-2. In summary, the results of the present study demonstrated that celastrol treatment suppressed the proliferation and induced apoptosis by regulating the expression levels of miR-24 and miR-181b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Han-Han Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Mei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - You-Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Sheng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Shang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Yang Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
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15
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Iwata T, Otsuka S, Tsubokura K, Kurbangalieva A, Arai D, Fukase K, Nakao Y, Tanaka K. One-Pot Evolution of Ageladine A through a Bio-Inspired Cascade towards Selective Modulators of Neuronal Differentiation. Chemistry 2016; 22:14707-16. [PMID: 27557614 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A bio-inspired cascade reaction has been developed for the construction of the marine natural product ageladine A and a de novo array of its N1-substituted derivatives. This cascade features a 2-aminoimidazole formation that is modeled after an arginine post-translational modification and an aza-electrocyclization. It can be effectively carried out in a one-pot procedure from simple anilines or guanidines, leading to structural analogues of ageladine A that had been otherwise synthetically inaccessible. We found that some compounds out of this structurally novel library show a significant activity in modulating the neural differentiation. Namely, these compounds selectively activate or inhibit the differentiation of neural stem cells to neurons, while being negligible in the differentiation to astrocytes. This study represents a successful case in which the native biofunction of a natural product could be altered by structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Iwata
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Satoshi Otsuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tsubokura
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Almira Kurbangalieva
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, A. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - Daisuke Arai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, A. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan, 420008, Russia.
- JST, PRESTO, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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16
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Chen Y, McClure RA, Kelleher NL. Screening for Expressed Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases and Polyketide Synthases Using LC-MS/MS-Based Proteomics. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1401:135-47. [PMID: 26831706 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3375-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based proteomics is a powerful technique for the profiling of protein expression in cells in a high-throughput fashion. Herein we report a protocol using LC-MS/MS-based proteomics for the screening of enzymes involved in natural product biosynthesis, such as nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs) from bacterial strains. Taking advantage of the large size of modular NRPSs and PKSs (often >200 kDa), size-based separation (SDS-PAGE) is employed prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. Based upon the protein identifications obtained through software search, we can accurately pinpoint the expressed NRPS and/or PKS gene clusters from a given strain and growth condition. The proteomics screening result can be used to guide the discovery of potentially new nonribosomal peptide and polyketide natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ryan A McClure
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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17
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Improving drug discovery with high-content phenotypic screens by systematic selection of reporter cell lines. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 34:70-77. [PMID: 26655497 PMCID: PMC4844861 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High-content, image-based screens enable the identification of compounds that induce cellular responses similar to those of known drugs but through different chemical structures or targets. A central challenge in designing phenotypic screens is choosing suitable imaging biomarkers. Here we present a method for systematically identifying optimal reporter cell lines for annotating compound libraries (ORACLs), whose phenotypic profiles most accurately classify a training set of known drugs. We generate a library of fluorescently tagged reporter cell lines, and let analytical criteria determine which among them--the ORACL--best classifies compounds into multiple, diverse drug classes. We demonstrate that an ORACL can functionally annotate large compound libraries across diverse drug classes in a single-pass screen and confirm high prediction accuracy by means of orthogonal, secondary validation assays. Our approach will increase the efficiency, scale and accuracy of phenotypic screens by maximizing their discriminatory power.
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18
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A Novel Microbisporicin Producer Identified by Early Dereplication during Lantibiotic Screening. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:419383. [PMID: 26346738 PMCID: PMC4539421 DOI: 10.1155/2015/419383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing need of effective antibiotics against multi-drug resistant pathogens, lantibiotics are an attractive option of a new class of molecules. They are ribosomally synthetized and posttranslationally modified peptides possessing potent antimicrobial activity against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive pathogens, including those increasingly resistant to β-lactams and glycopeptides. Some of them (actagardine, mersacidin, planosporicin, and microbisporicin) inhibit cell wall biosynthesis in pathogens and their effect is not antagonized by vancomycin. Hereby, we apply an efficient strategy for lantibiotic screening to 240 members of a newly described genus of filamentous actinomycetes, named Actinoallomurus, that is considered a yet-poorly-exploited promising source for novel bioactive metabolites. By combining antimicrobial differential assay against Staphylococcus aureus and its L-form (also in the presence of a β-lactamase cocktail or Ac-Lys-D-alanyl-D-alanine tripeptide), with LC-UV-MS dereplication coupled with bioautography, a novel producer of the potent microbisporicin complex was rapidly identified. Under the commercial name of NAI-107, it is currently in late preclinical phase for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Gram-positive pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a lantibiotic produced by an Actinoallomurus sp. and on a microbisporicin producer not belonging to the Microbispora genus.
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19
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Duncan KR, Crüsemann M, Lechner A, Sarkar A, Li J, Ziemert N, Wang M, Bandeira N, Moore BS, Dorrestein PC, Jensen PR. Molecular networking and pattern-based genome mining improves discovery of biosynthetic gene clusters and their products from Salinispora species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:460-471. [PMID: 25865308 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequencing has revealed that bacteria contain many more biosynthetic gene clusters than predicted based on the number of secondary metabolites discovered to date. While this biosynthetic reservoir has fostered interest in new tools for natural product discovery, there remains a gap between gene cluster detection and compound discovery. Here we apply molecular networking and the new concept of pattern-based genome mining to 35 Salinispora strains, including 30 for which draft genome sequences were either available or obtained for this study. The results provide a method to simultaneously compare large numbers of complex microbial extracts, which facilitated the identification of media components, known compounds and their derivatives, and new compounds that could be prioritized for structure elucidation. These efforts revealed considerable metabolite diversity and led to several molecular family-gene cluster pairings, of which the quinomycin-type depsipeptide retimycin A was characterized and linked to gene cluster NRPS40 using pattern-based bioinformatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Duncan
- Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Max Crüsemann
- Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anna Lechner
- Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anindita Sarkar
- Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nadine Ziemert
- Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mingxun Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nuno Bandeira
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Paul R Jensen
- Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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20
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Jeon H, Lim C, Lee JM, Kim S. Chemical assay-guided natural product isolation via solid-supported chemodosimetric fluorescent probe. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2806-2811. [PMID: 28706669 PMCID: PMC5489024 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00360a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion of click chemistry, fluorogenic chemodosimetry and a solid support offers advantages in identifying compounds in complex natural product mixtures.
As a new model of chemical assay-guided natural product isolation, an effective chemodosimetric assay system was devised. Our chemical assay system features a fluorogenic chemodosimeter immobilized on a solid support, which offers advantages in identifying the desired compounds in complex natural product mixtures. To isolate only compounds with the target functional groups, the click chemistry concept was adopted. The model system presented here was developed for natural products with a terminal alkyne. Using our newly designed alkyne sensing beads with the aforementioned features, we have readily identified, quantified, and isolated compounds with a terminal alkyne group from plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Jeon
- College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul 151-742 , Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-2-880-2487
| | - Chaemin Lim
- College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul 151-742 , Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-2-880-2487
| | - Ji Min Lee
- College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul 151-742 , Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-2-880-2487
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul 151-742 , Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-2-880-2487
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21
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Fungi treated with small chemicals exhibit increased antimicrobial activity against facultative bacterial and yeast pathogens. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:540292. [PMID: 25121102 PMCID: PMC4119895 DOI: 10.1155/2014/540292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For decades, fungi have been the main source for the discovery of novel antimicrobial drugs. Recent sequencing efforts revealed a still high number of so far unknown “cryptic” secondary metabolites. The production of these metabolites is presumably epigenetically silenced under standard laboratory conditions. In this study, we investigated the effect of six small mass chemicals, of which some are known to act as epigenetic modulators, on the production of antimicrobial compounds in 54 spore forming fungi. The antimicrobial effect of fungal samples was tested against clinically facultative pathogens and multiresistant clinical isolates. In total, 30 samples of treated fungi belonging to six different genera reduced significantly growth of different test organisms compared to the untreated fungal sample (growth log reduction 0.3–4.3). For instance, the pellet of Penicillium restrictum grown in the presence of butyrate revealed significant higher antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and multiresistant S. aureus strains and displayed no cytotoxicity against human cells, thus making it an ideal candidate for antimicrobial compound discovery. Our study shows that every presumable fungus, even well described fungi, has the potential to produce novel antimicrobial compounds and that our approach is capable of rapidly filling the pipeline for yet undiscovered antimicrobial substances.
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22
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AcT-2: a novel myotropic and antimicrobial type 2 tryptophyllin from the skin secretion of the Central American red-eyed leaf frog, Agalychnis callidryas. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:158546. [PMID: 24693226 PMCID: PMC3947715 DOI: 10.1155/2014/158546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophyllins are a diverse family of amphibian peptides originally found in extracts of phyllomedusine frog skin by chemical means. Their biological activities remain obscure. Here we describe the isolation and preliminary pharmacological characterization of a novel type 2 tryptophyllin, named AcT-2, from the skin secretion of the red-eyed leaf frog, Agalychnis callidryas. The peptide was initially identified during smooth muscle pharmacological screening of skin secretion HPLC fractions and the unique primary structure—GMRPPWF-NH2—was established by both Edman degradation and electrospray MS/MS fragmentation sequencing. A. cDNA encoding the biosynthetic precursor of AcT-2 was successfully cloned from a skin secretion-derived cDNA library by means of RACE PCR and this contained an open-reading frame consisting of 62 amino acid residues with a single AcT-2 encoding sequence located towards the C-terminus. A synthetic replicate of AcT-2 was found to relax arterial smooth muscle (EC50 = 5.1 nM) and to contract rat urinary bladder smooth muscle (EC50 = 9.3 μM). The peptide could also inhibit the growth of the microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, (MIC = 256 mg/L) Escherichia coli (MIC = 512 mg/L), and Candida albicans (128 mg/L). AcT-2 is thus the first amphibian skin tryptophyllin found to possess both myotropic and antimicrobial activities.
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23
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Simultaneous structure-activity studies and arming of natural products by C-H amination reveal cellular targets of eupalmerin acetate. Nat Chem 2013; 5:510-7. [PMID: 23695633 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have a venerable history of, and enduring potential for the discovery of useful biological activity. To fully exploit this, the development of chemical methodology that can functionalize unique sites within these complex structures is highly desirable. Here, we describe the use of rhodium(II)-catalysed C-H amination reactions developed by Du Bois to carry out simultaneous structure-activity relationship studies and arming (alkynylation) of natural products at 'unfunctionalized' positions. Allylic and benzylic C-H bonds in the natural products undergo amination while olefins undergo aziridination, and tertiary amine-containing natural products are converted to amidines by a C-H amination-oxidation sequence or to hydrazine sulfamate zwitterions by an unusual N-amination. The alkynylated derivatives are ready for conversion into cellular probes that can be used for mechanism-of-action studies. Chemo- and site-selectivity was studied with a diverse library of natural products. For one of these-the marine-derived anticancer diterpene, eupalmerin acetate-quantitative proteome profiling led to the identification of several protein targets in HL-60 cells, suggesting a polypharmacological mode of action.
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Schenone M, Dančík V, Wagner BK, Clemons PA. Target identification and mechanism of action in chemical biology and drug discovery. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:232-40. [PMID: 23508189 PMCID: PMC5543995 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Target-identification and mechanism-of-action studies have important roles in small-molecule probe and drug discovery. Biological and technological advances have resulted in the increasing use of cell-based assays to discover new biologically active small molecules. Such studies allow small-molecule action to be tested in a more disease-relevant setting at the outset, but they require follow-up studies to determine the precise protein target or targets responsible for the observed phenotype. Target identification can be approached by direct biochemical methods, genetic interactions or computational inference. In many cases, however, combinations of approaches may be required to fully characterize on-target and off-target effects and to understand mechanisms of small-molecule action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Schenone
- Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vlado Dančík
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bridget K Wagner
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul A Clemons
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Silver LL. Are natural products still the best source for antibacterial discovery? The bacterial entry factor. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 3:487-500. [PMID: 23484922 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.5.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the reasons for the low output of new antibacterial agents from recent discovery efforts has been the reliance on synthetic chemicals in screening for inhibitors of new bacterial targets. As the bulk of antibacterials are natural product-derived, is a return to natural products for screening warranted? OBJECTIVE As bacterial entry is required for inhibition of many targets, this review concentrates on the potential for natural products and compounds from synthetic libraries to enter and be retained in the bacterial cytoplasm. METHODS Papers investigating the physicochemical nature of synthetic libraries, natural products and antibacterials were reviewed; the requirements for entry into the bacterial cytoplasm were delineated. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Until rules for cytoplasmic entry are developed and routinely used for design of synthetic libraries, natural products still provide a rich resource for antibacterial discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn L Silver
- LL Silver Consulting, LLC, 3403 Park Place, Springfield, NJ 07081, USA +1 973 218 1466 ;
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural products have long been instrumental for discovering antibiotics, but many pharmaceutical companies abandoned this field and new antibiotics declined. In contrast, microbial resistance to current antibiotics has approached critical levels. AREAS COVERED This article gives historical perspectives by providing background about present-day economic realities and medical needs for antibiotic research, whose pipeline is mostly focused toward older known agents and newer semi-synthetic derivatives. Future research trends and projected technological developments open many innovative opportunities to discover novel antibacterials and find ways to control pathogenic bacteria without conventional antibiotics that provoke resistance. EXPERT OPINION The successful registration of daptomycin, retapamulin and fidaxomicin indicate the re-emergence of natural products has already begun. Semi-synthetic derivatives from other under-explored classes are progressing. More effort is being put into approaches such as total synthesis, discovery of new structural scaffolds for synthesis, alterations of biosynthetic pathways, combinatorial biosynthesis, new screening targets and new resources from which to isolate natural products. A return to successful screening of actinomycetes depends on solving the rate-limiting dereplication obstacle. Long-term solutions need to come from greater exploration of the massive numbers of uncultured microbes. An ultimate solution to the antibiotic-promoted microbial resistance cycle may lie in finding ways to control bacteria by non-lethal means.
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Imhoff JF, Labes A, Wiese J. Bio-mining the microbial treasures of the ocean: New natural products. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:468-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
In recent years the interest for natural substances in dermatotherapy and cosmetics has increased. Peat is a complex natural source of humic substances that are of potential interest in both dermatology and cosmetology. Humic substances in peat have been partially characterized and pharmacologic and biologic activities have been documented. Possible clinical applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Yuliana ND, Khatib A, Choi YH, Verpoorte R. Metabolomics for bioactivity assessment of natural products. Phytother Res 2011; 25:157-69. [PMID: 20658470 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural products historically have been a rich source of lead molecules in drug discovery, based on their capability to create unique and diverse chemical structures. However, it is also true that the vast number of metabolites typically present in natural products and their huge dynamic range results in the loss of many possibly bioactive natural compounds, becoming an inextricable obstacle for drug development. Recently, new strategies which favour a holistic approach as opposed to the traditional reductionist methods used previously, have been introduced with the purpose of overcoming the bottlenecks in natural product research. This approach is based on the application of new technologies, including metabolomics, for example. Metabolomics allows a systematic study of a complex mixture such as a phytochemical preparation, which can be linked to observations obtained through biological testing systems without the need for isolating active principles. This may put drug discovery from natural products back in the limelight again. In this review paper, the description of some examples of successful metabolomics applications in several important fields related to drug discovery from natural sources aims at raising the potential of metabolomics in reducing the gap between natural products (NP) and modern drug discovery demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Dewi Yuliana
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Isolation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) inhibitors from frankincense using a molecularly imprinted polymer. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:1081-9. [PMID: 20437079 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1), a transcriptional activator, is highly involved in the pathology of cancer. Inhibition of HIF-1 retards tumor growth and enhances treatment efficiency when used in combination with chemo- or radiation therapy. The recent validation of HIF-1 as an important drug target in cancer treatment has stimulated efforts to identify and isolate natural or synthetic HIF-1 inhibitors. In the present study, quercetin, a known inhibitor of HIF-1, was imprinted in a polymer matrix in order to prepare a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP), which was subsequently used for the selective isolation of new inhibitors from frankincense, a gum resin used as anticancer remedy in traditional medicine. The frankincense components isolated by Solid Phase Extraction on MIP (MIP-SPE), efficiently inhibited the transcriptional activity of HIF-1 and decreased the protein levels of HIF-1α, the regulated subunit of HIF-1. The selective retention of acetyl 11-ketoboswellic acid (AKBA, one of the main bioactive components of frankincense) by MIP led to the revealing of its inhibitory activity on the HIF-1 signaling pathway. AKBA was selectively retained by SPE on the quercetin imprinted polymer, with an imprinting effect of 8.1 ± 4.6. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of MIP application in the screening, recognition and isolation of new bioactive compounds that aim selected molecular targets, a potential that has been poorly appreciated until.
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Penesyan A, Kjelleberg S, Egan S. Development of novel drugs from marine surface associated microorganisms. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:438-59. [PMID: 20411108 PMCID: PMC2857370 DOI: 10.3390/md8030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface, marine derived microbial natural products have been largely unexplored. The marine environment is a habitat for many unique microorganisms, which produce biologically active compounds ("bioactives") to adapt to particular environmental conditions. For example, marine surface associated microorganisms have proven to be a rich source for novel bioactives because of the necessity to evolve allelochemicals capable of protecting the producer from the fierce competition that exists between microorganisms on the surfaces of marine eukaryotes. Chemically driven interactions are also important for the establishment of cross-relationships between microbes and their eukaryotic hosts, in which organisms producing antimicrobial compounds ("antimicrobials"), may protect the host surface against over colonisation in return for a nutrient rich environment. As is the case for bioactive discovery in general, progress in the detection and characterization of marine microbial bioactives has been limited by a number of obstacles, such as unsuitable culture conditions, laborious purification processes, and a lack of de-replication. However many of these limitations are now being overcome due to improved microbial cultivation techniques, microbial (meta-) genomic analysis and novel sensitive analytical tools for structural elucidation. Here we discuss how these technical advances, together with a better understanding of microbial and chemical ecology, will inevitably translate into an increase in the discovery and development of novel drugs from marine microbial sources in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit Penesyan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; E-Mails:
(A.P.);
(S.K.)
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; E-Mails:
(A.P.);
(S.K.)
| | - Suhelen Egan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; E-Mails:
(A.P.);
(S.K.)
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Blunt JW, Copp BR, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:165-237. [DOI: 10.1039/b906091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Tanrikulu Y, Schneider G. Pseudoreceptor models in drug design: bridging ligand- and receptor-based virtual screening. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:667-77. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bugni TS, Harper MK, McCulloch MW, Reppart J, Ireland CM. Fractionated marine invertebrate extract libraries for drug discovery. Molecules 2008; 13:1372-83. [PMID: 18596663 PMCID: PMC2505051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13061372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-throughput screening and drug discovery paradigm has necessitated a change in preparation of natural product samples for screening programs. In an attempt to improve the quality of marine natural products samples for screening, several fractionation strategies were investigated. The final method used HP20SS as a solid support to effectively desalt extracts and fractionate the organic components. Additionally, methods to integrate an automated LCMS fractionation approach to shorten discovery time lines have been implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chris M. Ireland
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1 (801) 581-8305; Fax: +1 (801) 585-6208
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