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Park SI, Cho CH, Ciniglia C, Huang TY, Liu SL, Bustamante DE, Calderon MS, Mansilla A, McDermott T, Andersen RA, Yoon HS. Revised classification of the Cyanidiophyceae based on plastid genome data with descriptions of the Cavernulicolales ord. nov. and Galdieriales ord. nov. (Rhodophyta). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:444-466. [PMID: 36792488 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Cyanidiophyceae, an extremophilic red algal class, is distributed worldwide in extreme environments. Species grow either in acidic hot environments or in dim light conditions (e.g., "cave Cyanidium"). The taxonomy and classification systems are currently based on morphological, eco-physiological, and molecular phylogenetic characters; however, previous phylogenetic results showed hidden diversity of the Cyanidiophyceae and suggested a revision of the classification system. To clarify phylogenetic relationships within this red algal class, we employ a phylogenomic approach based on 15 plastomes (10 new) and 15 mitogenomes (seven new). Our phylogenies show consistent relationships among four lineages (Galdieria, "cave Cyanidium", Cyanidium, and Cyanidioschyzon lineages). Each lineage is distinguished by organellar genome characteristics. The "cave Cyanidium" lineage is a distinct clade that diverged after the Galdieria clade but within a larger monophyletic clade that included the Cyanidium and Cyanidioschyzon lineages. Because the "cave Cyanidium" lineage is a mesophilic lineage that differs substantially from the other three thermoacidophilic lineages, we describe it as a new order (Cavernulicolales). Based on this evidence, we reclassified the Cyanidiophyceae into four orders: Cyanidiales, Cyanidioschyzonales, Cavernulicolales ord. nov., and Galdieriales ord. nov. The genetic distance among these four orders is comparable to, or greater than, the distances found between other red algal orders and subclasses. Three new genera (Cavernulicola, Gronococcus, Sciadococcus), five new species (Galdieria javensis, Galdieria phlegrea, Galdieria yellowstonensis, Gronococcus sybilensis, Sciadococcus taiwanensis), and a new nomenclatural combination (Cavernulicola chilensis) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung In Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chung Hyun Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Claudia Ciniglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Tzu-Yen Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Shao-Lun Liu
- Department of Life Science & Center for Ecology and Environment, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Danilo E Bustamante
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Peru
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Chile
| | - Martha S Calderon
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Peru
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Chile
| | - Andres Mansilla
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Chile
- Laboratorio de Macroalgas Antárticas y Subantárticas, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Timothy McDermott
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Robert A Andersen
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, USA
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Miyagishima SY, Tanaka K. The Unicellular Red Alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae-The Simplest Model of a Photosynthetic Eukaryote. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:926-941. [PMID: 33836072 PMCID: PMC8504449 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Several species of unicellular eukaryotic algae exhibit relatively simple genomic and cellular architecture. Laboratory cultures of these algae grow faster than plants and often provide homogeneous cellular populations exposed to an almost equal environment. These characteristics are ideal for conducting experiments at the cellular and subcellular levels. Many microalgal lineages have recently become genetically tractable, which have started to evoke new streams of studies. Among such algae, the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae is the simplest organism; it possesses the minimum number of membranous organelles, only 4,775 protein-coding genes in the nucleus, and its cell cycle progression can be highly synchronized with the diel cycle. These properties facilitate diverse omics analyses of cellular proliferation and structural analyses of the intracellular relationship among organelles. C. merolae cells lack a rigid cell wall and are thus relatively easily disrupted, facilitating biochemical analyses. Multiple chromosomal loci can be edited by highly efficient homologous recombination. The procedures for the inducible/repressive expression of a transgene or an endogenous gene in the nucleus and for chloroplast genome modification have also been developed. Here, we summarize the features and experimental techniques of C. merolae and provide examples of studies using this alga. From these studies, it is clear that C. merolae-either alone or in comparative and combinatory studies with other photosynthetic organisms-can provide significant insights into the biology of photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ya Miyagishima
- * Corresponding authors: Shin-Ya Miyagishima, E-mail: ; Fax, +81-55-981-9412; Kan Tanaka, E-mail:
| | - Kan Tanaka
- * Corresponding authors: Shin-Ya Miyagishima, E-mail: ; Fax, +81-55-981-9412; Kan Tanaka, E-mail:
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Parys E, Krupnik T, Kułak I, Kania K, Romanowska E. Photosynthesis of the Cyanidioschyzon merolae cells in blue, red, and white light. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 147:61-73. [PMID: 33231791 PMCID: PMC7728651 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis and respiration rates, pigment contents, CO2 compensation point, and carbonic anhydrase activity in Cyanidioschizon merolae cultivated in blue, red, and white light were measured. At the same light quality as during the growth, the photosynthesis of cells in blue light was significantly lowered, while under red light only slightly decreased as compared with white control. In white light, the quality of light during growth had no effect on the rate of photosynthesis at low O2 and high CO2 concentration, whereas their atmospheric level caused only slight decrease. Blue light reduced markedly photosynthesis rate of cells grown in white and red light, whereas the effect of red light was not so great. Only cells grown in the blue light showed increased respiration rate following the period of both the darkness and illumination. Cells grown in red light had the greatest amount of chlorophyll a, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene, while those in blue light had more phycocyanin. The dependence on O2 concentration of the CO2 compensation point and the rate of photosynthesis indicate that this alga possessed photorespiration. Differences in the rate of photosynthesis at different light qualities are discussed in relation to the content of pigments and transferred light energy together with the possible influence of related processes. Our data showed that blue and red light regulate photosynthesis in C. merolae for adjusting its metabolism to unfavorable for photosynthesis light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeniusz Parys
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Krupnik
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Kułak
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Kania
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Romanowska
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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Extremophilic Fungi and Their Role in Control of Pathogenic Microbes. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60659-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Puzorjov A, McCormick AJ. Phycobiliproteins from extreme environments and their potential applications. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3827-3842. [PMID: 32188986 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The light-harvesting phycobilisome complex is an important component of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and red algae. Phycobilisomes are composed of phycobiliproteins, including the blue phycobiliprotein phycocyanin, that are considered high-value products with applications in several industries. Remarkably, several cyanobacteria and red algal species retain the capacity to harvest light and photosynthesise under highly selective environments such as hot springs, and flourish in extremes of pH and elevated temperatures. These thermophilic organisms produce thermostable phycobiliproteins, which have superior qualities much needed for wider adoption of these natural pigment-proteins in the food, textile, and other industries. Here we review the available literature on the thermostability of phycobilisome components from thermophilic species and discuss how a better appreciation of phycobiliproteins from extreme environments will benefit our fundamental understanding of photosynthetic adaptation and could provide a sustainable resource for several industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Puzorjov
- SynthSys and Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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