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Wade R, Augyte S, Harden M, Nuzhdin S, Yarish C, Alberto F. Macroalgal germplasm banking for conservation, food security, and industry. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000641. [PMID: 32058997 PMCID: PMC7046291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ex situ seed banking was first conceptualized and implemented in the early 20th century to maintain and protect crop lines. Today, ex situ seed banking is important for the preservation of heirloom strains, biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration, and diverse research applications. However, these efforts primarily target microalgae and terrestrial plants. Although some collections include macroalgae (i.e., seaweeds), they are relatively few and have yet to be connected via any international, coordinated initiative. In this piece, we provide a brief introduction to macroalgal germplasm banking and its application to conservation, industry, and mariculture. We argue that concerted effort should be made globally in germline preservation of marine algal species via germplasm banking with an overview of the technical advances for feasibility and ensured success. Seaweed germplasm banking is an important resource for biodiversity conservation, human food security, and industry innovation. This Perspective article maintains that an international, coordinative initiative is needed to fully develop and capitalize on this resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Wade
- University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Simona Augyte
- University of Connecticut Stamford, Stamford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Maddelyn Harden
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sergey Nuzhdin
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Yarish
- University of Connecticut Stamford, Stamford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Filipe Alberto
- University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Dautermann O, Lohr M. A functional zeaxanthin epoxidase from red algae shedding light on the evolution of light-harvesting carotenoids and the xanthophyll cycle in photosynthetic eukaryotes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:879-891. [PMID: 28949044 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The epoxy-xanthophylls antheraxanthin and violaxanthin are key precursors of light-harvesting carotenoids and participate in the photoprotective xanthophyll cycle. Thus, the invention of zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) catalyzing their formation from zeaxanthin has been a fundamental step in the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes. ZEP genes have only been found in Viridiplantae and chromalveolate algae with secondary plastids of red algal ancestry, suggesting that ZEP evolved in the Viridiplantae and spread to chromalveolates by lateral gene transfer. By searching publicly available sequence data from 11 red algae covering all currently recognized red algal classes we identified ZEP candidates in three species. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the red algal ZEP is most closely related to ZEP proteins from photosynthetic chromalveolates possessing secondary plastids of red algal origin. Its enzymatic activity was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of red algal pigment extracts and by cloning and functional expression of the ZEP gene from Madagascaria erythrocladioides in leaves of the ZEP-deficient aba2 mutant of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Unlike other ZEP enzymes examined so far, the red algal ZEP introduces only a single epoxy group into zeaxanthin, yielding antheraxanthin instead of violaxanthin. The results indicate that ZEP evolved before the split of Rhodophyta and Viridiplantae and that chromalveolates acquired ZEP from the red algal endosymbiont and not by lateral gene transfer. Moreover, the red algal ZEP enables engineering of transgenic plants incorporating antheraxanthin instead of violaxanthin in their photosynthetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Dautermann
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Lohr
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Hafting JT, Craigie JS, Stengel DB, Loureiro RR, Buschmann AH, Yarish C, Edwards MD, Critchley AT. Prospects and challenges for industrial production of seaweed bioactives. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:821-837. [PMID: 26986880 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale seaweed cultivation has been instrumental in globalizing the seaweed industry since the 1950s. The domestication of seaweed cultivars (begun in the 1940s) ended the reliance on natural cycles of raw material availability for some species, with efforts driven by consumer demands that far exceeded the available supplies. Currently, seaweed cultivation is unrivaled in mariculture with 94% of annual seaweed biomass utilized globally being derived from cultivated sources. In the last decade, research has confirmed seaweeds as rich sources of potentially valuable, health-promoting compounds. Most existing seaweed cultivars and current cultivation techniques have been developed for producing commoditized biomass, and may not necessarily be optimized for the production of valuable bioactive compounds. The future of the seaweed industry will include the development of high value markets for functional foods, cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Entry into these markets will require a level of standardization, efficacy, and traceability that has not previously been demanded of seaweed products. Both internal concentrations and composition of bioactive compounds can fluctuate seasonally, geographically, bathymetrically, and according to genetic variability even within individual species, especially where life history stages can be important. History shows that successful expansion of seaweed products into new markets requires the cultivation of domesticated seaweed cultivars. Demands of an evolving new industry based upon efficacy and standardization will require the selection of improved cultivars, the domestication of new species, and a refinement of existing cultivation techniques to improve quality control and traceability of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff T Hafting
- Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - James S Craigie
- Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Dagmar B Stengel
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences & Ryan Institute for Environmental, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rafael R Loureiro
- Department of Biology, Ave Maria University, Ave Maria, Florida, USA
| | | | - Charles Yarish
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Conneticut, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Alan T Critchley
- Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Wang X, Zhao P, Luo Q, Yan X, Xu J, Chen J, Chen H. Metabolite changes during the life history of Porphyra haitanensis. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:660-666. [PMID: 25284486 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant metabolomics is essentially the comprehensive analysis of complex metabolites of plant extracts. Metabolic fingerprinting is an important part of plant metabolomics research. In this study, metabolic fingerprinting of different stages of the life history of the red alga Porphyra haitanensis was performed. The stages included conchocelis filaments, sporangial branchlets, conchosporangia, discharged conchospores and conchosporangial branchlets after conchospore discharge. Metabolite extracts were analysed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. Analyses profiles were subjected to principal components analysis and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis using the SIMCA-P software for biomarker selection and identification. Based on the MS/MS spectra and data from the literature, potential biomarkers, mainly of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine, were identified. Identification of these biomarkers suggested that plasma membrane phospholipids underwent major changes during the life history of P. haitanensis. The levels of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine increased in sporangial branchlets and decreased in discharged conchospores. Moreover, levels of sphingaine (d18:0) decreased in sporangial branchlets and increased in discharged conchospores, which indicates that membrane lipids were increasingly synthesised as energy storage in sporangial branchlets, while energy was consumed in sporangial branchlets to discharged conchospores. A metabolomic study of different growth phases of P. haitanensis will enhance our understanding of its physiology and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
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Yang LE, Huang XQ, Hang Y, Deng YY, Lu QQ, Lu S. The P450-type carotene hydroxylase PuCHY1 from Porphyra suggests the evolution of carotenoid metabolism in red algae. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:902-915. [PMID: 24942088 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carotene hydroxylases catalyze the hydroxylation of α- and β-carotene hydrocarbons into xanthophylls. In red algae, β-carotene is a ubiquitously distributed carotenoid, and hydroxylated carotenoids such as zeaxanthin and lutein are also found. However, no enzyme with carotene hydroxylase activity had been previously identified in red algae. Here, we report the isolation of a gene encoding a cytochrome P450-type carotene hydroxylase (PuCHY1) from Porphyra umbilicalis, a red alga with an ancient origin. Sequence comparisons found PuCHY1 belongs to the CYP97B subfamily, which has members from different photosynthetic organisms ranging from red algae to land plants. Functional complementation in Escherichia coli suggested that PuCHY1 catalyzed the conversion from β-carotene to zeaxanthin. When we overexpressed PuCHY1 in the Arabidopsis thaliana chy2 mutant, pigment analysis showed a significant accumulation of hydroxylated carotenoids, including neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and lutein in the leaves of transgenic plants. These results confirmed a β-hydroxylation activity of PuCHY1, and also suggested a possible ϵ-hydroxylation function. The pigment profile and gene expression analyses of the algal thallus under high-light stress suggested that P. umbilicalis is unlikely to operate a partial xanthophyll cycle for photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-En Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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He L, Zhu J, Lu Q, Niu J, Zhang B, Lin A, Wang G. Genetic similarity analysis within Pyropia yezoensis blades developed from both conchospores and blade archeospores using AFLP(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2013; 49:517-522. [PMID: 27007040 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pyropia yezoensis (Ueda) M. S. Hwang et H. G. Choi (previously called Porphyra yezoensis) is an economically important alga. The blades generated from conchospores are genetic chimeras, which are not suitable for genetic similarity analysis. In this study, two types of blades from a single filament of P. yezoensis sporophyte filament were obtained. One type, ConB, consisted of 40 blades that had germinated from conchospores. The other type, ArcB, consisted of 88 blades that had germinated from archeospores released from ConB. Both of them were analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism. The low genetic similarity levels for both conchospore-germinated and archeospore-germinated blades demonstrated that the conchcelis we used was cross-fertilized. Furthermore, a higher polymorphic loci ratio (98.6%) was detected in ArcB than in ConB (80.7%), and the average genetic similarity of ArcB (average 0.61) was lower than that of ConB (average 0.71). These differences indicated that genetic analysis using ArcB gives more accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwen He
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS), Qingdao, 266071, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianyi Zhu
- Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - Qinqin Lu
- State Germplasm Bank for Porphyra, Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Jianfeng Niu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS), Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Baoyu Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS), Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Apeng Lin
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS), Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guangce Wang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS), Qingdao, 266071, China
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Miranda LN, Hutchison K, Grossman AR, Brawley SH. Diversity and abundance of the bacterial community of the red Macroalga Porphyra umbilicalis: did bacterial farmers produce macroalgae? PLoS One 2013; 8:e58269. [PMID: 23526971 PMCID: PMC3603978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroalgae harbor microbial communities whose bacterial biodiversity remains largely uncharacterized. The goals of this study were 1) to examine the composition of the bacterial community associated with Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing from Schoodic Point, ME, 2) determine whether there are seasonal trends in species diversity but a core group of bacteria that are always present, and 3) to determine how the microbial community associated with a laboratory strain (P.um.1) established in the presence of antibiotics has changed. P. umbilicalis blades (n = 5, fall 2010; n = 5, winter 2011; n = 2, clonal P.um.1) were analyzed by pyrosequencing over two variable regions of the 16 S rDNA (V5–V6 and V8; 147,880 total reads). The bacterial taxa present were classified at an 80% confidence threshold into eight phyla (Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus, Firmicutes, and the candidate division TM7). The Bacteroidetes comprised the majority of bacterial sequences on both field and lab blades, but the Proteobacteria (Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria) were also abundant. Sphingobacteria (Bacteroidetes) and Flavobacteria (Bacteroidetes) had inverse abundances on natural versus P.um.1 blades. Bacterial communities were richer and more diverse on blades sampled in fall compared to winter. Significant differences were observed between microbial communities among all three groups of blades examined. Only two OTUs were found on all 12 blades, and only one of these, belonging to the Saprospiraceae (Bacteroidetes), was abundant. Lewinella (as 66 OTUs) was found on all field blades and was the most abundant genus. Bacteria from the Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes that are known to digest the galactan sulfates of red algal cell walls were well-represented. Some of these taxa likely provide essential morphogenetic and beneficial nutritive factors to P. umbilicalis and may have had unexpected effects upon evolution of macroalgal form as well as function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilibeth N Miranda
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America.
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Chan CX, Blouin NA, Zhuang Y, Zäuner S, Prochnik SE, Lindquist E, Lin S, Benning C, Lohr M, Yarish C, Gantt E, Grossman AR, Lu S, Müller K, W Stiller J, Brawley SH, Bhattacharya D. Porphyra (Bangiophyceae) Transcriptomes Provide Insights Into Red Algal Development And Metabolism. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2012; 48:1328-1342. [PMID: 27009986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The red seaweed Porphyra (Bangiophyceae) and related Bangiales have global economic importance. Here, we report the analysis of a comprehensive transcriptome comprising ca. 4.7 million expressed sequence tag (EST) reads from P. umbilicalis (L.) J. Agardh and P. purpurea (Roth) C. Agardh (ca. 980 Mbp of data generated using 454 FLX pyrosequencing). These ESTs were isolated from the haploid gametophyte (blades from both species) and diploid conchocelis stage (from P. purpurea). In a bioinformatic analysis, only 20% of the contigs were found to encode proteins of known biological function. Comparative analysis of predicted protein functions in mesophilic (including Porphyra) and extremophilic red algae suggest that the former has more putative functions related to signaling, membrane transport processes, and establishment of protein complexes. These enhanced functions may reflect general mesophilic adaptations. A near-complete repertoire of genes encoding histones and ribosomal proteins was identified, with some differentially regulated between the blade and conchocelis stage in P. purpurea. This finding may reflect specific regulatory processes associated with these distinct phases of the life history. Fatty acid desaturation patterns, in combination with gene expression profiles, demonstrate differences from seed plants with respect to the transport of fatty acid/lipid among subcellular compartments and the molecular machinery of lipid assembly. We also recovered a near-complete gene repertoire for enzymes involved in the formation of sterols and carotenoids, including candidate genes for the biosynthesis of lutein. Our findings provide key insights into the evolution, development, and biology of Porphyra, an important lineage of red algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheong Xin Chan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | - Nicolas A Blouin
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Yunyun Zhuang
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Simone Zäuner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Simon E Prochnik
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, 94958, USA
| | - Erika Lindquist
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, 94958, USA
| | - Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Martin Lohr
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles Yarish
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, Connecticut, 06901, USA
| | - Elisabeth Gantt
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Kirsten Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John W Stiller
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, 27834, USA
| | - Susan H Brawley
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
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Blouin NA, Lane CE. Red algal parasites: models for a life history evolution that leaves photosynthesis behind again and again. Bioessays 2012; 34:226-35. [PMID: 22247039 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many of the most virulent and problematic eukaryotic pathogens have evolved from photosynthetic ancestors, such as apicomplexans, which are responsible for a wide range of diseases including malaria and toxoplasmosis. The primary barrier to understanding the early stages of evolution of these parasites has been the difficulty in finding parasites with closely related free-living lineages with which to make comparisons. Parasites found throughout the florideophyte red algal lineage, however, provide a unique and powerful model to investigate the genetic origins of a parasitic lifestyle. This is because they share a recent common ancestor with an extant free-living red algal species and parasitism has independently arisen over 100 times within this group. Here, we synthesize the relevant hypotheses with respect to how these parasites have proliferated. We also place red algal research in the context of recent developments in understanding the genome evolution of other eukaryotic photosynthesizers turned parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Blouin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
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Seckbach J. Overview on Cyanidian Biology. CELLULAR ORIGIN, LIFE IN EXTREME HABITATS AND ASTROBIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3795-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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