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Sonnaert M, Papantoniou I, Luyten FP, Schrooten JI. Quantitative Validation of the Presto Blue Metabolic Assay for Online Monitoring of Cell Proliferation in a 3D Perfusion Bioreactor System. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:519-29. [PMID: 25336207 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine mature toward clinical applications, the need for online monitoring both for quantitative and qualitative use becomes essential. Resazurin-based metabolic assays are frequently applied for determining cytotoxicity and have shown great potential for monitoring 3D bioreactor-facilitated cell culture. However, no quantitative correlation between the metabolic conversion rate of resazurin and cell number has been defined yet. In this work, we determined conversion rates of Presto Blue, a resazurin-based metabolic assay, for human periosteal cells during 2D and 3D static and 3D perfusion cultures. Our results showed that for the evaluated culture systems there is a quantitative correlation between the Presto Blue conversion rate and the cell number during the expansion phase with no influence of the perfusion-related parameters, that is, flow rate and shear stress. The correlation between the cell number and Presto Blue conversion subsequently enabled the definition of operating windows for optimal signal readouts. In conclusion, our data showed that the conversion of the resazurin-based Presto Blue metabolic assay can be used as a quantitative readout for online monitoring of cell proliferation in a 3D perfusion bioreactor system, although a system-specific validation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Sonnaert
- 1Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,2Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- 1Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,3Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- 1Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,3Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Ir Schrooten
- 1Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,2Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Sonnaert M, Papantoniou I, Bloemen V, Kerckhofs G, Luyten FP, Schrooten J. Human periosteal-derived cell expansion in a perfusion bioreactor system: proliferation, differentiation and extracellular matrix formation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:519-530. [PMID: 25186024 DOI: 10.1002/term.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Perfusion bioreactor systems have shown to be a valuable tool for the in vitro development of three-dimensional (3D) cell-carrier constructs. Their use for cell expansion, however, has been much less explored. Since maintenance of the initial cell phenotype is essential in this process, it is imperative to obtain insight into the bioreactor-related variables determining cell fate. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of fluid flow-induced shear stress on the proliferation, differentiation and matrix deposition of human periosteal-derived cells in the absence of additional differentiation-inducing stimuli; 120 000 cells were seeded on additive manufactured 3D Ti6Al4V scaffolds and cultured for up to 28 days at different flow rates in the range 0.04-6 ml/min. DNA measurements showed, on average, a three-fold increase in cell content for all perfused conditions in comparison to static controls, whereas the magnitude of the flow rate did not have an influence. Contrast-enhanced nanofocus X-ray computed tomography showed substantial formation of an engineered neotissue in all perfused conditions, resulting in a filling (up to 70%) of the total internal void volume, and no flow rate-dependent differences were observed. The expression of key osteogenic markers, such as RunX2, OCN, OPN and Col1, did not show any significant changes in comparison to static controls after 28 days of culture, with the exception of OSX at high flow rates. We therefore concluded that, in the absence of additional osteogenic stimuli, the investigated perfusion conditions increased cell proliferation but did not significantly enhance osteogenic differentiation, thus allowing for this process to be used for cell expansion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sonnaert
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Bloemen
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.,Biomedical Engineering Research Team, Groep T, Leuven Engineering College (Association Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), Belgium
| | - G Kerckhofs
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liege, Belgium
| | - F P Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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