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de Oliva BHD, do Nascimento AB, de Oliveira JP, Guidone GHM, Schoeps BL, Silva LC, Barbosa MGL, Montini VH, de Oliveira Junior AG, Rocha SPD. Genomic insights into a Proteus mirabilis strain inducing avian cellulitis. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01508-6. [PMID: 39235714 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis, a microorganism distributed in soil, water, and animals, is clinically known for causing urinary tract infections in humans. However, recent studies have linked it to skin infections in broiler chickens, termed avian cellulitis, which poses a threat to animal welfare. While Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the primary cause of avian cellulitis, few cases of P. mirabilis involvement are reported, raising questions about the factors facilitating such occurrences. This study employed a pan-genomic approach to investigate whether unique genes exist in P. mirabilis strains causing avian cellulitis. The genome of LBUEL-A33, a P. mirabilis strain known to cause this infection, was assembled, and compared with other P. mirabilis strains isolated from poultry and other sources. Additionally, in silico serogroup analysis was conducted. Results revealed numerous genes unique to the LBUEL-A33 strain. No function in cellulitis was identified for these genes, and in silico investigation of the virulence potential of LBUEL-A33's exclusive proteins proved inconclusive. These findings support that multiple factors are necessary for P. mirabilis to cause avian cellulitis. Furthermore, this species likely employs its own unique arsenal of virulence factors, as many identified mechanisms are analogous to those of E. coli. While antigenic gene clusters responsible for serogroups were identified, no clear trend was observed, and the gene cluster of LBUEL-A33 did not show homology with any sequenced Proteus serogroups. These results reinforce the understanding that this disease is multifactorial, necessitating further research to unravel the mechanisms and underpin the development of control and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Henrique Dias de Oliva
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PO-BOX 6001, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Arthur Bossi do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PO-BOX 6001, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Paulo de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Migliorini Guidone
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PO-BOX 6001, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Lernic Schoeps
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PO-BOX 6001, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luana Carvalho Silva
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PO-BOX 6001, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mario Gabriel Lopes Barbosa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PO-BOX 6001, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Montini
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PO-BOX 6001, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio Paulo Dejato Rocha
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PO-BOX 6001, Londrina, 86051-980, Paraná, Brazil.
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2
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Turner TA, Lehman P, Ghimire S, Shahi SK, Mangalam A. Game of microbes: the battle within - gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2387794. [PMID: 39114974 PMCID: PMC11313001 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2387794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to the pathobiology of the disease. While human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have emerged as the strongest genetic factor, consensus on environmental risk factors are lacking. Recently, trillions of microbes residing in our gut (microbiome) have emerged as a potential environmental factor linked with the pathobiology of MS as PwMS show gut microbial dysbiosis (altered gut microbiome). Thus, there has been a strong emphasis on understanding the factors (host and environmental) regulating the composition of the gut microbiota and the mechanism(s) through which gut microbes contribute to MS disease, especially through immune system modulation. A better understanding of these interactions will help harness the enormous potential of the gut microbiota as a therapeutic approach to treating MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Ara Turner
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter Lehman
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Experimental Pathology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sudeep Ghimire
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shailesh K. Shahi
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ashutosh Mangalam
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Experimental Pathology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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3
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Vacheron J, Heiman CM, Garneau JR, Kupferschmied P, de Jonge R, Garrido-Sanz D, Keel C. Molecular and evolutionary basis of O-antigenic polysaccharide-driven phage sensitivity in environmental pseudomonads. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0204923. [PMID: 37800913 PMCID: PMC10715155 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02049-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The application of plant-beneficial microorganisms to protect crop plants is a promising alternative to the usage of chemicals. However, biocontrol research often faces difficulties in implementing this approach due to the inconsistency of the bacterial inoculant to establish itself within the root microbiome. Beneficial bacterial inoculants can be decimated by the presence of their natural predators, notably bacteriophages (also called phages). Thus, it is important to gain knowledge regarding the mechanisms behind phage-bacteria interactions to overcome this challenge. Here, we evidence that the major long O-antigenic polysaccharide (O-PS, O-antigen) of the widely used model plant-beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 is the receptor of its natural predator, the phage ΦGP100. We examined the distribution of the gene cluster directing the synthesis of this O-PS and identified signatures of horizontal gene acquisitions. Altogether, our study highlights the importance of bacterial cell surface structure variation in the complex interplay between phages and their Pseudomonas hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Vacheron
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara M. Heiman
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julian R. Garneau
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kupferschmied
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Garrido-Sanz
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Keel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Letarov AV. Bacterial Virus Forcing of Bacterial O-Antigen Shields: Lessons from Coliphages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17390. [PMID: 38139217 PMCID: PMC10743462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In most Gram-negative bacteria, outer membrane (OM) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules carry long polysaccharide chains known as the O antigens or O polysaccharides (OPS). The OPS structure varies highly from strain to strain, with more than 188 O serotypes described in E. coli. Although many bacteriophages recognize OPS as their primary receptors, these molecules can also screen OM proteins and other OM surface receptors from direct interaction with phage receptor-binding proteins (RBP). In this review, I analyze the body of evidence indicating that most of the E. coli OPS types robustly shield cells completely, preventing phage access to the OM surface. This shield not only blocks virulent phages but also restricts the acquisition of prophages. The available data suggest that OPS-mediated OM shielding is not merely one of many mechanisms of bacterial resistance to phages. Rather, it is an omnipresent factor significantly affecting the ecology, phage-host co-evolution and other related processes in E. coli and probably in many other species of Gram-negative bacteria. The phages, in turn, evolved multiple mechanisms to break through the OPS layer. These mechanisms rely on the phage RBPs recognizing the OPS or on using alternative receptors exposed above the OPS layer. The data allow one to forward the interpretation that, regardless of the type of receptors used, primary receptor recognition is always followed by the generation of a mechanical force driving the phage tail through the OPS layer. This force may be created by molecular motors of enzymatically active tail spikes or by virion structural re-arrangements at the moment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Letarov
- Winogradsky Institute of Micrbiology, Research Center Fundamentals of Biotechnology RAS, pr. 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7 bld. 2, Moscow 117312, Russia
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5
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Mei M, Pheng P, Kurzeja-Edwards D, Diggle SP. High prevalence of lipopolysaccharide mutants and R2-pyocin susceptible variants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations sourced from cystic fibrosis lung infections. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0177323. [PMID: 37877708 PMCID: PMC10714928 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01773-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients often experience chronic, debilitating lung infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The genetic and phenotypic diversity of P. aeruginosa populations in CF lungs raises questions about their susceptibility to non-traditional antimicrobials, like bacteriocins. In this study, we focused on R-pyocins, a type of bacteriocin with high potency and a narrow killing spectrum. Our findings indicate that a large number of infectious CF variants are susceptible to R2-pyocins, even within diverse bacterial populations, supporting their potential use as therapeutic agents. The absence of a clear correlation between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) phenotypes and R-pyocin susceptibility suggests that LPS packing density may play a significant role in R-pyocin susceptibility among CF variants. Understanding the relationship between LPS phenotypes and R-pyocin susceptibility is crucial for developing effective treatments for these chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Mei
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory+Children’s Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Preston Pheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Detriana Kurzeja-Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen P. Diggle
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Wiesmann CL, Wang NR, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Haney CH. Origins of symbiosis: shared mechanisms underlying microbial pathogenesis, commensalism and mutualism of plants and animals. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuac048. [PMID: 36521845 PMCID: PMC10719066 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the outcome of symbiosis, whether it is pathogenic, mutualistic or commensal, bacteria must first colonize their hosts. Intriguingly, closely related bacteria that colonize diverse hosts with diverse outcomes of symbiosis have conserved host-association and virulence factors. This review describes commonalities in the process of becoming host associated amongst bacteria with diverse lifestyles. Whether a pathogen, commensal or mutualist, bacteria must sense the presence of and migrate towards a host, compete for space and nutrients with other microbes, evade the host immune system, and change their physiology to enable long-term host association. We primarily focus on well-studied taxa, such as Pseudomonas, that associate with diverse model plant and animal hosts, with far-ranging symbiotic outcomes. Given the importance of opportunistic pathogens and chronic infections in both human health and agriculture, understanding the mechanisms that facilitate symbiotic relationships between bacteria and their hosts will help inform the development of disease treatments for both humans, and the plants we eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Wiesmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nicole R Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Zhexian Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cara H Haney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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7
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Wang J, Qin C, Xu Y, Yin J, Hu J, Guo X. Structural and Genetic Identification of the O-Antigen from an Escherichia coli Isolate, SD2019180, Representing a Novel Serogroup. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15040. [PMID: 37894721 PMCID: PMC10606467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The O-antigen is one of the outermost surface components of Gram-negative bacteria. Its large structural variation provides the molecular basis for bacterial serological diversity. Here, we established the structure of the O-antigen from an Escherichia coli strain, SD2019180, which appeared to be completely different from the known E. coli serogroups. The O-antigen tetrasaccharide biological repeating unit was identified as → 2)-[β-d-GlcpA-(1 → 4)]-[α-d-Galp-(1 → 3)]-α-l-Fucp-(1 → 3)-α-d-GlcpNAc-(1 →. Furthermore, we analyzed the O-antigen gene cluster of SD2019180 and confirmed its role in O-antigen synthesis by using deletion and complementation experiments. Our findings indicate that SD2019180 is a novel serogroup of Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chunjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Ave. 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Ave. 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Ave. 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Lihu Ave. 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xi Guo
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
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Dong A, Liu C, Hua X, Yu Y, Guo Y, Wang D, Liu X, Chen H, Wang H, Zhu L. Bioinformatic analysis of structures and encoding genes of Escherichia coli surface polysaccharides sheds light on the heterologous biosynthesis of glycans. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:168. [PMID: 37016299 PMCID: PMC10072801 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface polysaccharides (SPs), such as lipopolysaccharide (O antigen) and capsular polysaccharide (K antigen), play a key role in the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Gene cluster for polysaccharide antigen biosynthesis encodes various glycosyltransferases (GTs), which drive the process of SP synthesis and determine the serotype. RESULTS In this study, a total of 7,741 E. coli genomic sequences were chosen for systemic data mining. The monosaccharides in both O and K antigens were dominated by D-hexopyranose, and the SPs in 70-80% of the strains consisted of only the five most common hexoses (or some of them). The linkages between the two monosaccharides were mostly α-1,3 (23.15%) and β-1,3 (20.49%) bonds. Uridine diphosphate activated more than 50% of monosaccharides for glycosyltransferase reactions. These results suggest that the most common pathways could be integrated into chassis cells to promote glycan biosynthesis. We constructed a database (EcoSP, http://ecosp.dmicrobe.cn/ ) for browse this information, such as monosaccharide synthesis pathways. It can also be used for serotype analysis and GT annotation of known or novel E. coli sequences, thus facilitating the diagnosis and typing. CONCLUSIONS Summarizing and analyzing the properties of these polysaccharide antigens and GTs are of great significance for designing glycan-based vaccines and the synthetic glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhi Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Hangzhou Digital-Micro Biotech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Hua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunsong Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongshu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiankai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Hangzhou Digital-Micro Biotech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hengliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
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Afonnikova S, Komissarov A, Kuchur P. Unique or not unique? Comparative genetic analysis of bacterial O-antigens from the Oxalobacteraceae family. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2022; 26:810-818. [PMID: 36694719 PMCID: PMC9834719 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-22-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plants and animals have symbiotic relationships with microorganisms, including bacteria. The interactions between bacteria and their hosts result in different outcomes for the host organism. The outcome can be neutral, harmful or have beneficial effects for participants. Remarkably, these relationships are not static, as they change throughout an organism's lifetime and on an evolutionary scale. One of the structures responsible for relationships in bacteria is O-antigen. Depending on the characteristics of its components, the bacteria can avoid the host's immune response or establish a mutualistic relationship with it. O-antigen is a key component in Gram-negative bacteria's outer membrane. This component facilitates interaction between the bacteria and host immune system or phages. The variability of the physical structure is caused by the genomic variability of genes encoding O-antigen synthesis components. The genes and pathways of O-polysaccharide (OPS) synthesis were intensively investigated mostly for Enterobacteriaceae species. Considering high genetic and molecular diversity of this structure even between strains, these findings may not have caught the entire variety possibly presented in non-model species. The current study presents a comparative analysis of genes associated with O-antigen synthesis in bacteria of the Oxalobacteraceae family. In contrast to existing studies based on PCR methods, we use a bioinformatics approach and compare O- antigens at the level of clusters rather than individual genes. We found that the O-antigen genes of these bacteria are represented by several clusters located at a distance from each other. The greatest similarity of the clusters is observed within individual bacterial genera, which is explained by the high variability of O-antigens. The study describes similarities of OPS genes inherent to the family as a whole and also considers individual unique cases of O-antigen genetic variability inherent to individual bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.D. Afonnikova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, RussiaNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - P.D. Kuchur
- ITMO University, SCAMT Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
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10
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Lopez P, Bridel S, Saulnier D, David R, Magariños B, Torres BS, Bernardet JF, Duchaud E. Genomic characterization of Tenacibaculum maritimum O-antigen gene cluster and development of a multiplex PCR-based serotyping scheme. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2876-e2888. [PMID: 35731505 PMCID: PMC9796276 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tenacibaculum maritimum is a devastating bacterial pathogen affecting a large variety of marine fish species. It is responsible for significant economic losses in aquaculture farms worldwide. Different typing methods have been proposed to analyse bacterial diversity and population structure. Serological heterogeneity has been observed and up to four different serotypes have been described so far. However, the underlying molecular factors remain unknown. By combining conventional serotyping and genome-wide association study, we identified the genomic loci likely involved in the O-antigen biosynthesis. This finding allowed the development of a robust multiplex PCR-based serotyping scheme able to detect subgroups within each serotype and therefore performs better than conventional serotyping. This scheme was successfully applied to a large number of isolates from worldwide origin and retrieved from a large variety of fish species. No obvious correlations were observed between the mPCR-based serotype and the host species or the geographic origin of the isolates. Strikingly, the distribution of mPCR-based serotypes does not follow the core genome phylogeny. Nevertheless, this simple and cost-effective mPCR-based serotyping method could be useful for different applications such as population structure analysis, disease surveillance, vaccine formulation and efficacy follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lopez
- IfremerIRDInstitut Louis MalardéUniv Polynésie FrançaiseEIOLabex CorailTaravaoFrench Polynesia,Université Paris‐SaclayINRAEUVSQVIMJouy‐en‐JosasFrance
| | - Sébastien Bridel
- Université Paris‐SaclayINRAEUVSQVIMJouy‐en‐JosasFrance,Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial PathogensInstitut Pasteur, Université de ParisParis75015France
| | - Denis Saulnier
- IfremerIRDInstitut Louis MalardéUniv Polynésie FrançaiseEIOLabex CorailTaravaoFrench Polynesia
| | - Rarahu David
- DRM, Direction des Ressources MarinesFare Ute Immeuble Le caillPapeeteFrench Polynesia
| | - Beatriz Magariños
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología/CIBUSUniversidad de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Beatriz S. Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología/CIBUSUniversidad de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | | | - Eric Duchaud
- Université Paris‐SaclayINRAEUVSQVIMJouy‐en‐JosasFrance
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11
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Maczuga NT, Tran ENH, Morona R. Topology of the Shigella flexneri Enterobacterial Common Antigen polymerase WzyE. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35470793 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacteriales have evolved a specialized outer membrane polysaccharide [Enterobacterial Common Antigen (ECA)] which allows them to persist in various environmental niches. Biosynthesis of ECA initiates on the cytoplasmic leaflet of the inner membrane (IM) where glycosyltransferases assemble ECA repeat units (RUs). Complete RUs are then translocated across the IM and assembled into polymers by ECA-specific homologues of the Wzy-dependent pathway. Consisting of the membrane proteins Wzx, Wzy and Wzz, the Wzy-dependent pathway is the most common polysaccharide biosynthetic pathway in Gram-negative bacteria where it is most notably involved in LPS O antigen (Oag) biosynthesis. As such, the majority of research directed towards these proteins has been orientated towards Oag biosynthetic homologues with little directed towards ECA homologues. Belonging to the Shape, Elongation, Division and Sporulation (SEDS) protein family, Wzy proteins are polymerases, and are characterized as possessing little or no peptide homology among homologues as well as being polytopic membrane proteins with functionally relevant residues within periplasmic loops, as defined by C-terminal reporter fusion topology mapping. Here, we present the first the first major study into the ECA polymerase WzyE. Multiple sequence alignments and topology mapping showed that WzyE is unlike WzyB proteins involved with Oag biosynthesis WzyE displays high peptide conservation across Enterobacteriales. In silico structures and reporter mapping allowed us to identify possible functionally conserved residues with WzyESF's periplasmic loops, which we showed were crucial for its function. This work provides novel insight into Wzy proteins and suggests that WzyE is an optimal model to investigate Wzy proteins and the Wzy-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Maczuga
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth N H Tran
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Renato Morona
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Mishra S, Ghanim M. Interactions of Liberibacter Species with Their Psyllid Vectors: Molecular, Biological and Behavioural Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074029. [PMID: 35409386 PMCID: PMC8999863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Liberibacter is a group of plant pathogenic bacteria, transmitted by insect vectors, psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), and has emerged as one of the most devastating pathogens which have penetrated into many parts of the world over the last 20 years. The pathogens are known to cause plant diseases, such as Huanglongbing (citrus greening disease), Zebra chip disease, and carrot yellowing, etc., threatening some very important agricultural sectors, including citrus, potato and others. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the causative agent of citrus greening disease, is one of the most important pathogens of this group. This pathogen has infected most of the citrus trees in the US, Brazil and China, causing tremendous decline in citrus productivity, and, consequently, a severely negative impact on economic and personnel associated with citrus and related industries in these countries. Like other members in this group, CLas is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP, Diaphorina citri) in a persistent circulative manner. An additional important member of this group is Ca. L. solanacearum (CLso), which possesses nine haplotypes and infects a variety of crops, depending on the specific haplotype and the insect vector species. Ongoing pathogen control strategies, that are mainly based on use of chemical pesticides, lack the necessary credentials of being technically feasible, and environmentally safe. For this reason, strategies based on interference with Liberibacter vector transmission have been adopted as alternative strategies for the prevention of infection by these pathogens. A significant amount of research has been conducted during the last 10-15 years to understand the aspects of transmission of these bacterial species by their psyllid vectors. These research efforts span biological, ecological, behavioural and molecular aspects of Liberibacter–psyllid interactions, and will be reviewed in this manuscript. These attempts directed towards devising new means of disease control, endeavoured to explore alternative strategies, instead of relying on using chemicals for reducing the vector populations, which is the sole strategy currently employed and which has profound negative effects on human health, beneficial organisms and the environment.
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Banahene N, Kavunja HW, Swarts BM. Chemical Reporters for Bacterial Glycans: Development and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:3336-3413. [PMID: 34905344 PMCID: PMC8958928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria possess an extraordinary repertoire of cell envelope glycans that have critical physiological functions. Pathogenic bacteria have glycans that are essential for growth and virulence but are absent from humans, making them high-priority targets for antibiotic, vaccine, and diagnostic development. The advent of metabolic labeling with bioorthogonal chemical reporters and small-molecule fluorescent reporters has enabled the investigation and targeting of specific bacterial glycans in their native environments. These tools have opened the door to imaging glycan dynamics, assaying and inhibiting glycan biosynthesis, profiling glycoproteins and glycan-binding proteins, and targeting pathogens with diagnostic and therapeutic payload. These capabilities have been wielded in diverse commensal and pathogenic Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and mycobacterial species─including within live host organisms. Here, we review the development and applications of chemical reporters for bacterial glycans, including peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, glycoproteins, teichoic acids, and capsular polysaccharides, as well as mycobacterial glycans, including trehalose glycolipids and arabinan-containing glycoconjugates. We cover in detail how bacteria-targeting chemical reporters are designed, synthesized, and evaluated, how they operate from a mechanistic standpoint, and how this information informs their judicious and innovative application. We also provide a perspective on the current state and future directions of the field, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary teams to create novel tools and extend existing tools to support fundamental and translational research on bacterial glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Banahene
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
- Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Herbert W. Kavunja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
- Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
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14
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Doorduijn DJ, Heesterbeek DAC, Ruyken M, de Haas CJC, Stapels DAC, Aerts PC, Rooijakkers SHM, Bardoel BW. Polymerization of C9 enhances bacterial cell envelope damage and killing by membrane attack complex pores. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010051. [PMID: 34752492 PMCID: PMC8604303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement proteins can form membrane attack complex (MAC) pores that directly kill Gram-negative bacteria. MAC pores assemble by stepwise binding of C5b, C6, C7, C8 and finally C9, which can polymerize into a transmembrane ring of up to 18 C9 monomers. It is still unclear if the assembly of a polymeric-C9 ring is necessary to sufficiently damage the bacterial cell envelope to kill bacteria. In this paper, polymerization of C9 was prevented without affecting binding of C9 to C5b-8, by locking the first transmembrane helix domain of C9. Using this system, we show that polymerization of C9 strongly enhanced damage to both the bacterial outer and inner membrane, resulting in more rapid killing of several Escherichia coli and Klebsiella strains in serum. By comparing binding of wildtype and ‘locked’ C9 by flow cytometry, we also show that polymerization of C9 is impaired when the amount of available C9 per C5b-8 is limited. This suggests that an excess of C9 is required to efficiently form polymeric-C9. Finally, we show that polymerization of C9 was impaired on complement-resistant E. coli strains that survive killing by MAC pores. This suggests that these bacteria can specifically block polymerization of C9. All tested complement-resistant E. coli expressed LPS O-antigen (O-Ag), compared to only one out of four complement-sensitive E. coli. By restoring O-Ag expression in an O-Ag negative strain, we show that the O-Ag impairs polymerization of C9 and results in complement-resistance. Altogether, these insights are important to understand how MAC pores kill bacteria and how bacterial pathogens can resist MAC-dependent killing. In this paper, we focus on how complement proteins, an essential part of the immune system, kill Gram-negative bacteria via so-called membrane attack complex (MAC) pores. The MAC is a large pore that consists of five different proteins. The final component, C9, assembles a ring of up to 18 C9 molecules that damages the bacterial cell envelope. Here, we aimed to better understand if this polymeric-C9 ring is necessary to kill bacteria and if bacteria can interfere in its assembly. We uncover that polymerization of C9 increased the damage to the entire bacterial cell envelope, which resulted in more rapid killing of several Gram-negative species. We also show that some clinical Escherichia coli strains can block polymerization of C9 and survive MAC-dependent killing by modifying sugars in the bacterial cell envelope, namely the O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide. These insights help us to better understand how the immune system kills bacteria and how pathogenic bacteria can survive killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J. Doorduijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dani A. C. Heesterbeek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Ruyken
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla J. C. de Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne A. C. Stapels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Piet C. Aerts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart W. Bardoel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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15
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Syed I, Wooten RM. Interactions Between Pathogenic Burkholderia and the Complement System: A Review of Potential Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:701362. [PMID: 34660335 PMCID: PMC8515183 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.701362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Burkholderia contains over 80 different Gram-negative species including both plant and human pathogens, the latter of which can be classified into one of two groups: the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex (Bpc) or the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Bpc pathogens Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are highly virulent, and both have considerable potential for use as Tier 1 bioterrorism agents; thus there is great interest in the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections. While Bcc pathogens Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia multivorans, and Burkholderia cepacia are not considered bioterror threats, the incredible impact these infections have on the cystic fibrosis community inspires a similar demand for vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections as well. Understanding how these pathogens interact with and evade the host immune system will help uncover novel therapeutic targets within these organisms. Given the important role of the complement system in the clearance of bacterial pathogens, this arm of the immune response must be efficiently evaded for successful infection to occur. In this review, we will introduce the Burkholderia species to be discussed, followed by a summary of the complement system and known mechanisms by which pathogens interact with this critical system to evade clearance within the host. We will conclude with a review of literature relating to the interactions between the herein discussed Burkholderia species and the host complement system, with the goal of highlighting areas in this field that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Syed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
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16
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Drzewiecka D, Palusiak A, Siwińska M, Zabłotni A. The prevailing O serogroups among the serologically differentiated clinical Proteus spp. strains in central Poland. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18982. [PMID: 34556711 PMCID: PMC8460819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98228-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the years 2006–2011, 617 Proteus spp. strains isolated mostly from urine and wounds or other clinical sources were collected in Łódź, Poland, to determine the offensive O serotypes frequently occurring among patients. P. mirabilis exhibited the most intensive swarming growth and was dominating species (86.9%), followed by P. genomospecies, P. vulgaris, and P. penneri. Ninety four per cent strains were recognized as S (smooth) forms. Serological studies (involving ELISA—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting using native and adsorbed rabbit antisera) enabled classification of 80% S isolates into respective Proteus O serogroups among the 83 ones, described so far. The remaining strains seemed to be serologically unique. Despite the observed big serological variety of Proteus spp. isolates, we found the O78 serogroup recently described in Poland as dominating and identified other widespread serotypes: O3, O6, O10, O11, O27, O28, and O30 reported earlier as predominating also in other countries; O77 and O79 detected lately in Poland; O16, O18, O20, and O50. No unique structural feature of the prevalent O serotypes has been indicated. However, the prevalence of some O serogroups indicates that particular serotypes may be in some ways beneficial to the strains producing these kinds of O antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Drzewiecka
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Agata Palusiak
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Siwińska
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zabłotni
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
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17
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Stranahan LW, Arenas-Gamboa AM. When the Going Gets Rough: The Significance of Brucella Lipopolysaccharide Phenotype in Host-Pathogen Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:713157. [PMID: 34335551 PMCID: PMC8319746 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.713157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella is a facultatively intracellular bacterial pathogen and the cause of worldwide zoonotic infections, infamous for its ability to evade the immune system and persist chronically within host cells. Despite the frequent association with attenuation in other Gram-negative bacteria, a rough lipopolysaccharide phenotype is retained by Brucella canis and Brucella ovis, which remain fully virulent in their natural canine and ovine hosts, respectively. While these natural rough strains lack the O-polysaccharide they, like their smooth counterparts, are able to evade and manipulate the host immune system by exhibiting low endotoxic activity, resisting destruction by complement and antimicrobial peptides, entering and trafficking within host cells along a similar pathway, and interfering with MHC-II antigen presentation. B. canis and B. ovis appear to have compensated for their roughness by alterations to their outer membrane, especially in regards to outer membrane proteins. B. canis, in particular, also shows evidence of being less proinflammatory in vivo, suggesting that the rough phenotype may be associated with an enhanced level of stealth that could allow these pathogens to persist for longer periods of time undetected. Nevertheless, much additional work is required to understand the correlates of immune protection against the natural rough Brucella spp., a critical step toward development of much-needed vaccines. This review will highlight the significance of rough lipopolysaccharide in the context of both natural disease and host–pathogen interactions with an emphasis on natural rough Brucella spp. and the implications for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren W Stranahan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Angela M Arenas-Gamboa
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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18
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Enteric Fever Diagnosis: Current Challenges and Future Directions. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040410. [PMID: 33915749 PMCID: PMC8065732 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever is a life-threatening systemic febrile disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi (S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi). Unfortunately, the burden of the disease remains high primarily due to the global spread of various drug-resistant Salmonella strains despite continuous advancement in the field. An accurate diagnosis is critical for effective control of the disease. However, enteric fever diagnosis based on clinical presentations is challenging due to overlapping symptoms with other febrile illnesses that are also prevalent in endemic areas. Current laboratory tests display suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, and no diagnostic methods are available for identifying asymptomatic carriers. Several research programs have employed systemic approaches to identify more specific biomarkers for early detection and asymptomatic carrier detection. This review discusses the pros and cons of currently available diagnostic tests for enteric fever, the advancement of research toward improved diagnostic tests, and the challenges of discovering new ideal biomarkers and tests.
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19
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Syed I, Wooten RM. Interactions Between Pathogenic Burkholderia and the Complement System: A Review of Potential Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021. [PMID: 34660335 DOI: 10.1086/69216810.3389/fcimb.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Burkholderia contains over 80 different Gram-negative species including both plant and human pathogens, the latter of which can be classified into one of two groups: the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex (Bpc) or the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Bpc pathogens Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are highly virulent, and both have considerable potential for use as Tier 1 bioterrorism agents; thus there is great interest in the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections. While Bcc pathogens Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia multivorans, and Burkholderia cepacia are not considered bioterror threats, the incredible impact these infections have on the cystic fibrosis community inspires a similar demand for vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections as well. Understanding how these pathogens interact with and evade the host immune system will help uncover novel therapeutic targets within these organisms. Given the important role of the complement system in the clearance of bacterial pathogens, this arm of the immune response must be efficiently evaded for successful infection to occur. In this review, we will introduce the Burkholderia species to be discussed, followed by a summary of the complement system and known mechanisms by which pathogens interact with this critical system to evade clearance within the host. We will conclude with a review of literature relating to the interactions between the herein discussed Burkholderia species and the host complement system, with the goal of highlighting areas in this field that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Syed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - R Mark Wooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
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20
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Liu B, Furevi A, Perepelov AV, Guo X, Cao H, Wang Q, Reeves PR, Knirel YA, Wang L, Widmalm G. Structure and genetics of Escherichia coli O antigens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:655-683. [PMID: 31778182 PMCID: PMC7685785 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli includes clonal groups of both commensal and pathogenic strains, with some of the latter causing serious infectious diseases. O antigen variation is current standard in defining strains for taxonomy and epidemiology, providing the basis for many serotyping schemes for Gram-negative bacteria. This review covers the diversity in E. coli O antigen structures and gene clusters, and the genetic basis for the structural diversity. Of the 187 formally defined O antigens, six (O31, O47, O67, O72, O94 and O122) have since been removed and three (O34, O89 and O144) strains do not produce any O antigen. Therefore, structures are presented for 176 of the 181 E. coli O antigens, some of which include subgroups. Most (93%) of these O antigens are synthesized via the Wzx/Wzy pathway, 11 via the ABC transporter pathway, with O20, O57 and O60 still uncharacterized due to failure to find their O antigen gene clusters. Biosynthetic pathways are given for 38 of the 49 sugars found in E. coli O antigens, and several pairs or groups of the E. coli antigens that have related structures show close relationships of the O antigen gene clusters within clades, thereby highlighting the genetic basis of the evolution of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Axel Furevi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei V Perepelov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xi Guo
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hengchun Cao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Quan Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Peter R Reeves
- School of Molecular and Microbial Bioscience, University of Sydney, 2 Butilin Ave, Darlington NSW 2008, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Pankratov D, Bendixen M, Shipovskov S, Gosewinkel U, Ferapontova EE. Cellulase-Linked Immunomagnetic Microbial Assay on Electrodes: Specific and Sensitive Detection of a Single Bacterial Cell. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12451-12459. [PMID: 32799451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated infections represent one of the major threats to human health and require reliable methods for immediate and robust identification of pathogenic microorganisms. Here, an inexpensive cellulase-linked immunomagnetic methodology was developed for the specific and ultrasensitive analysis of bacteria at their single-cell levels within a 3 h procedure. Detection of a model bacterium, Escherichia coli, was performed in a sandwich reaction with E. coli-specific either aptamer or antibody (Ab)-modified magnetic beads (MBs) and Ab/aptamer reporter molecules linked to cellulase. The cellulase-labeled immuno-aptamer sandwich applied onto nitrocellulose-film-modified electrodes digested the film and changed its electrical conductivity. Electrode's chronocoulometric responses at 0.3 V, in the absence of any redox indicators, allowed a single E. coli cell detection and from 1 to 4 × 104 CFU mL-1 E. coli quantification. No interference/cross-reactivity from Salmonella enteritidis, Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas putida, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis was observed when the assay was performed on Ab-modified MBs, and E. coli could be quantified in tap water and milk. This electrochemically label-free methodology is sufficiently fast, highly specific, and sensitive to be used in direct in-field applications. The assay can be adapted for specific detection of other bacterial strains of either the same or different species and offers new analytical tools for fast, specific, and reliable analysis of bacteria in the clinic, food, and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Pankratov
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Mads Bendixen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Stepan Shipovskov
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Gosewinkel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Elena E Ferapontova
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
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Li Y, Huang J, Wang X, Xu C, Han T, Guo X. Genetic Characterization of the O-Antigen and Development of a Molecular Serotyping Scheme for Enterobacter cloacae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:727. [PMID: 32411106 PMCID: PMC7198725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacter cloacae is a well-characterized opportunistic pathogen that is closely associated with various nosocomial infections. The O-antigen, which is one of the most variable constituents on the cell surface, has been used widely and traditionally for serological classification of many gram-negative bacteria. E. cloacae is divided into 30 serotypes, based on its O-antigen diversity. In this study, by using genomic and comparative-genomic approaches, we analyzed the O-antigen gene clusters of 26 E. cloacae serotypes in depth. We also identified the sero-specific gene for each serotype and developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.1 ng for genomic DNA and 103 colony forming units for pure cultures. The assay reliability was evaluated by double-blinded testing with 81 clinical strains. Furthermore, we established a valid, genome-based tool for in silico serotyping of E. cloacae. By screening 431 E. cloacae genomes deposited in GenBank, 304 were classified into current antigenic scheme, and 112 were allocated into 55 putative novel serotypes. Our results represent the first genetic basis of the O-antigen diversity and variation of E. cloacae, providing a rationale for studying the O-antigen associated evolution and pathogenesis of this bacterium. In addition, we extended the current serotyping system for E. cloacae, which is important for detection and epidemiological surveillance purposes for this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayue Li
- The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Tianjin Children's Hospital, Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Han
- The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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23
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Genetic determinants of genus-level glycan diversity in a bacterial protein glycosylation system. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008532. [PMID: 31869330 PMCID: PMC6959607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogens N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis display robust intra- and interstrain glycan diversity associated with their O-linked protein glycosylation (pgl) systems. In an effort to better understand the evolution and function of protein glycosylation operating there, we aimed to determine if other human-restricted, Neisseria species similarly glycosylate proteins and if so, to assess the levels of glycoform diversity. Comparative genomics revealed the conservation of a subset of genes minimally required for O-linked protein glycosylation glycan and established those pgl genes as core genome constituents of the genus. In conjunction with mass spectrometric–based glycan phenotyping, we found that extant glycoform repertoires in N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis and the closely related species N. polysaccharea and N. lactamica reflect the functional replacement of a progenitor glycan biosynthetic pathway. This replacement involved loss of pgl gene components of the primordial pathway coincident with the acquisition of two exogenous glycosyltransferase genes. Critical to this discovery was the identification of a ubiquitous but previously unrecognized glycosyltransferase gene (pglP) that has uniquely undergone parallel but independent pseudogenization in N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. We suggest that the pseudogenization events are driven by processes of compositional epistasis leading to gene decay. Additionally, we documented instances where inter-species recombination influences pgl gene status and creates discordant genetic interactions due ostensibly to the multi-locus nature of pgl gene networks. In summary, these findings provide a novel perspective on the evolution of protein glycosylation systems and identify phylogenetically informative, genetic differences associated with Neisseria species. Bacteria express a remarkable diversity of sugars and oligosaccharides in conjunction with protein glycosylation systems. Currently however, little is known about the evolutionary processes and selective forces shaping glycan biosynthetic pathways. The closely related bacterial pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis remain serious sources of human disease and these species express antigenically variable oligosaccharides as components of their broad-spectrum, O‐linked protein glycosylation (pgl) systems. With the exception of isolates of Neisseria elongata subspecies glycolytica, the status of such post-translational modifications in related commensal species colonizing humans remains largely undefined. Here, we exploit new data from further studies of protein glycosylation in Neisseria elongata subspecies glycolytica to address these concerns. Employing comparative genomics and glycan phenotyping, we show that related pgl systems are indeed expressed by all human-restricted Neisseria species but identify unique gene gain and loss events as well as loss-of-function polymorphisms that accommodate a dramatic shift in glycoform structure occurring across the genus. These findings constitute novel perspectives on both the evolution of protein glycosylation systems in general and the macroevolutionary processes occurring in related bacterial species residing within a single host.
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24
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Torraca V, Kaforou M, Watson J, Duggan GM, Guerrero-Gutierrez H, Krokowski S, Hollinshead M, Clarke TB, Mostowy RJ, Tomlinson GS, Sancho-Shimizu V, Clements A, Mostowy S. Shigella sonnei infection of zebrafish reveals that O-antigen mediates neutrophil tolerance and dysentery incidence. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008006. [PMID: 31830135 PMCID: PMC6980646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is historically regarded as the primary agent of bacillary dysentery, yet the closely-related Shigella sonnei is replacing S. flexneri, especially in developing countries. The underlying reasons for this dramatic shift are mostly unknown. Using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model of Shigella infection, we discover that S. sonnei is more virulent than S. flexneri in vivo. Whole animal dual-RNAseq and testing of bacterial mutants suggest that S. sonnei virulence depends on its O-antigen oligosaccharide (which is unique among Shigella species). We show in vivo using zebrafish and ex vivo using human neutrophils that S. sonnei O-antigen can mediate neutrophil tolerance. Consistent with this, we demonstrate that O-antigen enables S. sonnei to resist phagolysosome acidification and promotes neutrophil cell death. Chemical inhibition or promotion of phagolysosome maturation respectively decreases and increases neutrophil control of S. sonnei and zebrafish survival. Strikingly, larvae primed with a sublethal dose of S. sonnei are protected against a secondary lethal dose of S. sonnei in an O-antigen-dependent manner, indicating that exposure to O-antigen can train the innate immune system against S. sonnei. Collectively, these findings reveal O-antigen as an important therapeutic target against bacillary dysentery, and may explain the rapidly increasing S. sonnei burden in developing countries. Shigella sonnei is predominantly responsible for dysentery in developed countries, and is replacing Shigella flexneri in areas undergoing economic development and improvements in water quality. Using Shigella infection of zebrafish (in vivo) and human neutrophils (in vitro), we discover that S. sonnei is more virulent than S. flexneri because of neutrophil tolerance mediated by its O-antigen oligosaccharide acquired from the environmental bacteria Plesiomonas shigelloides. To inspire new approaches for S. sonnei control, we show that increased phagolysosomal acidification or innate immune training can promote S. sonnei clearance by neutrophils in vivo. These findings have major implications for our evolutionary understanding of Shigella, and may explain why exposure to P. shigelloides in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) can protect against dysentery incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Torraca
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Watson
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gina M. Duggan
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Guerrero-Gutierrez
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sina Krokowski
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hollinshead
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas B. Clarke
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafal J. Mostowy
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian S. Tomlinson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Virology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Clements
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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Dunne M, Rupf B, Tala M, Qabrati X, Ernst P, Shen Y, Sumrall E, Heeb L, Plückthun A, Loessner MJ, Kilcher S. Reprogramming Bacteriophage Host Range through Structure-Guided Design of Chimeric Receptor Binding Proteins. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1336-1350.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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26
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Plattner M, Shneider MM, Arbatsky NP, Shashkov AS, Chizhov AO, Nazarov S, Prokhorov NS, Taylor NMI, Buth SA, Gambino M, Gencay YE, Brøndsted L, Kutter EM, Knirel YA, Leiman PG. Structure and Function of the Branched Receptor-Binding Complex of Bacteriophage CBA120. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3718-3739. [PMID: 31325442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages recognize their host cells with the help of tail fiber and tailspike proteins that bind, cleave, or modify certain structures on the cell surface. The spectrum of ligands to which the tail fibers and tailspikes can bind is the primary determinant of the host range. Bacteriophages with multiple tailspike/tail fibers are thought to have a wider host range than their less endowed relatives but the function of these proteins remains poorly understood. Here, we describe the structure, function, and substrate specificity of three tailspike proteins of bacteriophage CBA120-TSP2, TSP3 and TSP4 (orf211 through orf213, respectively). We show that tailspikes TSP2, TSP3 and TSP4 are hydrolases that digest the O157, O77, and O78 Escherichia coli O-antigens, respectively. We demonstrate that recognition of the E. coli O157:H7 host by CBA120 involves binding to and digesting the O157 O-antigen by TSP2. We report the crystal structure of TSP2 in complex with a repeating unit of the O157 O-antigen. We demonstrate that according to the specificity of its tailspikes TSP2, TSP3, and TSP4, CBA120 can infect E. coli O157, O77, and O78, respectively. We also show that CBA120 infects Salmonella enterica serovar Minnesota, and this host range expansion is likely due to the function of TSP1. Finally, we describe the assembly pathway and the architecture of the TSP1-TSP2-TSP3-TSP4 branched complex in CBA120 and its related ViI-like phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Plattner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail M Shneider
- Laboratory of Molecular Bioengineering, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay P Arbatsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Nazarov
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai S Prokhorov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA
| | - Nicholas M I Taylor
- Structural Biology of Molecular Machines Group, Protein Structure & Function Programme, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Sergey A Buth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA
| | - Michela Gambino
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yilmaz Emre Gencay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lone Brøndsted
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr G Leiman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA.
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27
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Abstract
The cell envelope is the first line of defense between a bacterium and the world-at-large. Often, the initial steps that determine the outcome of chemical warfare, bacteriophage infections, and battles with other bacteria or the immune system greatly depend on the structure and composition of the bacterial cell surface. One of the most studied bacterial surface molecules is the glycolipid known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is produced by most Gram-negative bacteria. Much of the initial attention LPS received in the early 1900s was owed to its ability to stimulate the immune system, for which the glycolipid was commonly known as endotoxin. It was later discovered that LPS also creates a permeability barrier at the cell surface and is a main contributor to the innate resistance that Gram-negative bacteria display against many antimicrobials. Not surprisingly, these important properties of LPS have driven a vast and still prolific body of literature for more than a hundred years. LPS research has also led to pioneering studies in bacterial envelope biogenesis and physiology, mostly using Escherichia coli and Salmonella as model systems. In this review, we will focus on the fundamental knowledge we have gained from studies of the complex structure of the LPS molecule and the biochemical pathways for its synthesis, as well as the transport of LPS across the bacterial envelope and its assembly at the cell surface.
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28
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Startek JB, Boonen B, Talavera K, Meseguer V. TRP Channels as Sensors of Chemically-Induced Changes in Cell Membrane Mechanical Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E371. [PMID: 30654572 PMCID: PMC6359677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential ion channels (TRPs) have been described as polymodal sensors, being responsible for transducing a wide variety of stimuli, and being involved in sensory functions such as chemosensation, thermosensation, mechanosensation, and photosensation. Mechanical and chemical stresses exerted on the membrane can be transduced by specialized proteins into meaningful intracellular biochemical signaling, resulting in physiological changes. Of particular interest are compounds that can change the local physical properties of the membrane, thereby affecting nearby proteins, such as TRP channels, which are highly sensitive to the membrane environment. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of TRP channel activation as a result of changes in the membrane properties induced by amphipathic structural lipidic components such as cholesterol and diacylglycerol, and by exogenous amphipathic bacterial endotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna B Startek
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Brett Boonen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Victor Meseguer
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández y CSIC, E-03550 Alicante , Spain.
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29
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Karaś MA, Turska-Szewczuk A, Janczarek M, Szuster-Ciesielska A. Glycoconjugates of Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa - are they similar in orchestrating the innate immune response? Innate Immun 2019; 25:73-96. [PMID: 30782045 PMCID: PMC6830889 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918821168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is an evolutionarily ancient form of host defense that serves to limit infection. The invading microorganisms are detected by the innate immune system through germline-encoded PRRs. Different classes of PRRs, including TLRs and cytoplasmic receptors, recognize distinct microbial components known collectively as PAMPs. Ligation of PAMPs with receptors triggers intracellular signaling cascades, activating defense mechanisms. Despite the fact that Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa are phylogenetically distant organisms, they express glycoconjugates, namely bacterial LPS and protozoan GPI-anchored glycolipids, which share many structural and functional similarities. By activating/deactivating MAPK signaling and NF-κB, these ligands trigger general pro-/anti-inflammatory responses depending on the related patterns. They also use conservative strategies to subvert cell-autonomous defense systems of specialized immune cells. Signals triggered by Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa can interfere with host homeostasis and, depending on the type of microorganism, lead to hypersensitivity or silencing of the immune response. Activation of professional immune cells, through a ligand which triggers the opposite effect (antagonist versus agonist) appears to be a promising solution to restoring the immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Karaś
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Turska-Szewczuk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
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30
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Merakou C, Schaefers MM, Priebe GP. Progress Toward the Elusive Pseudomonas aeruginosa Vaccine. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2018; 19:757-768. [PMID: 30388058 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2018.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The gram-negative bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes a wide range of infections, mostly in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients, those with burns, surgical wounds, or combat-related wounds, and in people with cystic fibrosis. The increasing antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa confers a pressing need for vaccines, yet there are no P. aeruginosa vaccines approved for human use, and recent promising candidates have failed in large clinical trials. Discussion: In this review, we summarize recent clinical trials and pre-clinical studies of P. aeruginosa vaccines and provide a suggested framework for the makeup of a future successful vaccine. Murine models of infection suggest that antibodies, specifically opsonophagocytic killing antibodies (OPK), antitoxin antibodies, and anti-attachment antibodies, combined with T cell immunity, specifically TH17 responses, are needed for broad and potent protection against P. aeruginosa infection. A better understanding of the human immune response to P. aeruginosa infections, and to vaccine candidates, will eventually pave the way to a successful vaccine for this wily pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Merakou
- 1 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew M Schaefers
- 1 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory P Priebe
- 1 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
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31
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Schirmer M, Franzosa EA, Lloyd-Price J, McIver LJ, Schwager R, Poon TW, Ananthakrishnan AN, Andrews E, Barron G, Lake K, Prasad M, Sauk J, Stevens B, Wilson RG, Braun J, Denson LA, Kugathasan S, McGovern DPB, Vlamakis H, Xavier RJ, Huttenhower C. Dynamics of metatranscription in the inflammatory bowel disease gut microbiome. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:337-346. [PMID: 29311644 PMCID: PMC6131705 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic diseases of the digestive tract that affects millions of people worldwide. Genetic, environmental and microbial factors have been implicated in the onset and exacerbation of IBD. However, the mechanisms associating gut microbial dysbioses and aberrant immune responses remain largely unknown. The integrative Human Microbiome Project seeks to close these gaps by examining the dynamics of microbiome functionality in disease by profiling the gut microbiomes of >100 individuals sampled over a 1-year period. Here, we present the first results based on 78 paired faecal metagenomes and metatranscriptomes, and 222 additional metagenomes from 59 patients with Crohn's disease, 34 with ulcerative colitis and 24 non-IBD control patients. We demonstrate several cases in which measures of microbial gene expression in the inflamed gut can be informative relative to metagenomic profiles of functional potential. First, although many microbial organisms exhibited concordant DNA and RNA abundances, we also detected species-specific biases in transcriptional activity, revealing predominant transcription of pathways by individual microorganisms per host (for example, by Faecalibacterium prausnitzii). Thus, a loss of these organisms in disease may have more far-reaching consequences than suggested by their genomic abundances. Furthermore, we identified organisms that were metagenomically abundant but inactive or dormant in the gut with little or no expression (for example, Dialister invisus). Last, certain disease-specific microbial characteristics were more pronounced or only detectable at the transcript level, such as pathways that were predominantly expressed by different organisms in patients with IBD (for example, Bacteroides vulgatus and Alistipes putredinis). This provides potential insights into gut microbial pathway transcription that can vary over time, inducing phenotypical changes that are complementary to those linked to metagenomic abundances. The study's results highlight the strength of analysing both the activity and the presence of gut microorganisms to provide insight into the role of the microbiome in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schirmer
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric A Franzosa
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Lloyd-Price
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren J McIver
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randall Schwager
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiffany W Poon
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Andrews
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gildardo Barron
- The F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Lake
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mahadev Prasad
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jenny Sauk
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Disease, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Betsy Stevens
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robin G Wilson
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lee A Denson
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- The F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hera Vlamakis
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Effect of Endotoxemia in Suckling Rats on Pancreatic Integrity and Exocrine Function in Adults: A Review Report. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2018; 2018:6915059. [PMID: 29576768 PMCID: PMC5821989 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6915059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Endotoxin (LPS), the component of Gram-negative bacteria, is responsible for sepsis and neonatal mortality, but low concentrations of LPS produced tissue protection in experimental studies. The effects of LPS applied to the suckling rats on the pancreas of adult animals have not been previously explored. We present the impact of neonatal endotoxemia on the pancreatic exocrine function and on the acute pancreatitis which has been investigated in the adult animals. Endotoxemia was induced in suckling rats by intraperitoneal application of LPS from Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhi. In the adult rats, pretreated in the early period of life with LPS, histological manifestations of acute pancreatitis have been reduced. Pancreatic weight and plasma lipase activity were decreased, and SOD concentration was reversed and accompanied by a significant reduction of lipid peroxidation products (MDA + 4 HNE) in the pancreatic tissue. In the pancreatic acini, the significant increases in protein signals for toll-like receptor 4 and for heat shock protein 60 were found. Signal for the CCK1 receptor was reduced and pancreatic secretory responses to caerulein were diminished, whereas basal enzyme secretion was unaffected. These pioneer studies have shown that exposition of suckling rats to endotoxin has an impact on the pancreas in the adult organism.
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Di Lorenzo F, Palmigiano A, Duda KA, Pallach M, Busset N, Sturiale L, Giraud E, Garozzo D, Molinaro A, Silipo A. Structure of the Lipopolysaccharide from the Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS285 rfaL Mutant Strain. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:541-553. [PMID: 28794950 PMCID: PMC5542761 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the outer membrane and of its main constituent, lipopolysaccharide, in the symbiosis between rhizobia and leguminous host plants has been well studied. Here, the first complete structural characterization of the entire lipopolysaccharide from an O‐chain‐deficient Bradyrhizobium ORS285 rfaL mutant is achieved by a combination of chemical analysis, NMR spectroscopy, MALDI MS and MS/MS. The lipid A structure is shown to be consistent with previously reported Bradyrhizobium lipid A, that is, a heterogeneous blend of penta‐ to hepta‐acylated species carrying a nonstoichiometric hopanoid unit and possessing very‐long‐chain fatty acids ranging from 26:0(25‐OH) to 32:0(31‐OH). The structure of the core oligosaccharide region, fully characterized for the first time here, is revealed to be a nonphosphorylated linear chain with methylated sugar residues, with a heptose residue exclusively present in the outer core region, and with the presence of two singly substituted 3‐deoxy‐d‐manno‐oct‐2‐ulosonic acid (Kdo) residues, one of which is located in the outer core region. The lipid A moiety is linked to the core moiety through an uncommon 4‐substituted Kdo unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Angelo Palmigiano
- CNR-Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali IPCB-Unità di CataniaVia Gaifami 18 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Katarzyna A Duda
- Junior Group of Allergobiochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Airway Research Center North (ARCN) German Center for Lung Research 23845 Borstel Germany
| | - Mateusz Pallach
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Nicolas Busset
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes UMR IRD/SupAgro/INRA/UM2/CIRAD, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-82/J34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Luisa Sturiale
- CNR-Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali IPCB-Unità di CataniaVia Gaifami 18 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Eric Giraud
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes UMR IRD/SupAgro/INRA/UM2/CIRAD, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-82/J34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Domenico Garozzo
- CNR-Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali IPCB-Unità di CataniaVia Gaifami 18 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 4 80126 Naples Italy
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Di Lorenzo F, Billod JM, Martín-Santamaría S, Silipo A, Molinaro A. Gram-Negative Extremophile Lipopolysaccharides: Promising Source of Inspiration for a New Generation of Endotoxin Antagonists. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; via Cinthia 480126 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Billod
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology; CIB Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology; CIB Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; via Cinthia 480126 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; via Cinthia 480126 80126 Naples Italy
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Dou Y, Wang X, Yu G, Wang S, Tian M, Qi J, Li T, Ding C, Yu S. Disruption of the M949_RS01915 gene changed the bacterial lipopolysaccharide pattern, pathogenicity and gene expression of Riemerella anatipestifer. Vet Res 2017; 48:6. [PMID: 28166822 PMCID: PMC5294843 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is an important pathogen that causes septicemia anserum exsudativa in ducks. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is considered to be a major virulence factor of R. anatipestifer. To identify genes involved in LPS biosynthesis, we screened a library of random Tn4351 transposon mutants using a monoclonal antibody against R. anatipestifer serotype 1 LPS (anti-LPS MAb). A mutant strain RA1067 which lost the reactivity in an indirect ELISA was obtained. Southern blot and sequencing analyses indicated a single Tn4351 was inserted at 116 bp in the M949_RS01915 gene in the RA1067 chromosomal DNA. Silver staining and Western blot analyses indicated that the RA1067 LPS was defected compared to the wild-type strain CH3 LPS. The RA1067 displayed a significant decreased growth rate at the late stage of growth in TSB in comparison with CH3. In addition, RA1067 showed higher susceptibility to complement-dependent killing, more than 360-fold attenuated virulence based on the median lethal dose determination, increased bacterial adhesion and invasion capacities to Vero cells and significantly decreased blood bacterial loads in RA1067 infected ducks, when compared to the CH3. An animal experiment indicated that inactivated RA1067 cells was effective in cross-protecting of the ducks from challenging with R. anatipestifer strains WJ4 (serotype 1), Yb2 (serotype 2) and HXb2 (serotype 10), further confirming the alteration of the RA1067 antigenicity. Moreover, RNA-Seq analysis and real-time PCR verified two up-regulated and three down-regulated genes in RA1067. Our findings demonstrate that the M949_RS01915 gene is associated to bacterial antigenicity, pathogenicity and gene regulation of R. anatipestifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Dou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Guijing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Antunes LC, Poppleton D, Klingl A, Criscuolo A, Dupuy B, Brochier-Armanet C, Beloin C, Gribaldo S. Phylogenomic analysis supports the ancestral presence of LPS-outer membranes in the Firmicutes. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27580370 PMCID: PMC5007114 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major unanswered questions in evolutionary biology is when and how the transition between diderm (two membranes) and monoderm (one membrane) cell envelopes occurred in Bacteria. The Negativicutes and the Halanaerobiales belong to the classically monoderm Firmicutes, but possess outer membranes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS-OM). Here, we show that they form two phylogenetically distinct lineages, each close to different monoderm relatives. In contrast, their core LPS biosynthesis enzymes were inherited vertically, as in the majority of bacterial phyla. Finally, annotation of key OM systems in the Halanaerobiales and the Negativicutes shows a puzzling combination of monoderm and diderm features. Together, these results support the hypothesis that the LPS-OMs of Negativicutes and Halanaerobiales are remnants of an ancient diderm cell envelope that was present in the ancestor of the Firmicutes, and that the monoderm phenotype in this phylum is a derived character that arose multiple times independently through OM loss. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14589.001 The cell envelope is one of the evolutionarily oldest parts of a bacterium. This structure – made up of a cell wall and either one or two cell membranes – surrounds the bacterial cell, maintaining the cell’s structure and providing an interface through which bacteria can sense their environment and communicate. Bacteria can be broadly classed based on the number of cell membranes that their envelope consists of. Bacteria that have a single cell membrane are known as “monoderm”, whereas those with two membranes are termed “diderm”. The number of membranes that bacteria have can affect how well they resist antibacterial compounds. When, how and why bacteria switched between monoderm and diderm cell envelopes are some of the major unanswered questions in evolutionary biology. The textbook example of a monoderm cell envelope can be found in bacteria called Firmicutes. This group includes some notoriously harmful bacteria such as Staphylococcus, which can cause conditions ranging from abscesses to pneumonia. However, some Firmicutes possess two cell membranes. It was unclear how these unusual diderm Firmicutes developed a second membrane, and how they are related to their monoderm relatives. Antunes, Poppleton et al. set out to answer these questions by analyzing the information contained in the thousands of bacterial genomes that have already been described. The results indicate that Firmicutes originally had diderm envelopes, and that species with monoderm envelopes arose independently several times through the loss of their outermost membrane. Future work is needed to investigate the driving forces and the precise mechanism that led most Firmicutes to lose their outer membrane. Also, further characterization of diderm Firmicutes will provide key information about the biology of these poorly understood bacteria. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14589.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Cs Antunes
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Poppleton
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Plant Development and Electron Microscopy, Department of Biology I, Biocenter LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexis Criscuolo
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Dupuy
- Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris
| | | | - Christophe Beloin
- Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Simonetta Gribaldo
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Galochkina T, Zlenko D, Nesterenko A, Kovalenko I, Strakhovskaya M, Averyanov A, Rubin A. Conformational Dynamics of the Single Lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen in Solution. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2839-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Galochkina
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Federal Medical & Biological Agency of Russia; Orekhovy boulevard 28 Moscow 115682 Russia
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie gory 1/24 Moscow 119992 Russia
- Institut Camille Jordan; University Lyon 1; 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne 69622 France
- INRIA Team Dracula, INRIA Antenne Lyon la Doua; Villeurbanne 69603 France
| | - Dmitry Zlenko
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie gory 1/24 Moscow 119992 Russia
| | - Alexey Nesterenko
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie gory 1/24 Moscow 119992 Russia
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow 119992 Russia
| | - Ilya Kovalenko
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Federal Medical & Biological Agency of Russia; Orekhovy boulevard 28 Moscow 115682 Russia
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie gory 1/24 Moscow 119992 Russia
| | - Marina Strakhovskaya
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Federal Medical & Biological Agency of Russia; Orekhovy boulevard 28 Moscow 115682 Russia
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie gory 1/24 Moscow 119992 Russia
| | - Alexander Averyanov
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Federal Medical & Biological Agency of Russia; Orekhovy boulevard 28 Moscow 115682 Russia
| | - Andrey Rubin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie gory 1/24 Moscow 119992 Russia
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38
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Drzewiecka D, Shashkov AS, Arbatsky NP, Knirel YA. Immunochemical characterization of the O antigens of two Proteus strains, O8-related antigen of Proteus mirabilis 12 B-r and O2-related antigen of Proteus genomospecies 5/6 12 B-k, infecting a hospitalized patient in Poland. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:789-797. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Drzewiecka
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Łódź,90-237 Łódź,Poland
| | - Alexander S. Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry,Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow,Russia
| | - Nikolay P. Arbatsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry,Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow,Russia
| | - Yuriy A. Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry,Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow,Russia
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39
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Sigida EN, Fedonenko YP, Shashkov AS, Arbatsky NP, Zdorovenko EL, Konnova SA, Ignatov VV, Knirel YA. Elucidation of a masked repeating structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the halotolerant soil bacteria Azospirillum halopraeferens Au4. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:636-42. [PMID: 27340454 PMCID: PMC4902059 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An O-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide isolated by the phenol-water extraction from the halotolerant soil bacteria Azospirillum halopraeferens type strain Au4. The polysaccharide was studied by sugar and methylation analyses, selective cleavages by Smith degradation and solvolysis with trifluoroacetic acid, one- and two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The following masked repeating structure of the O-specific polysaccharide was established: →3)-α-L-Rhap2Me-(1→3)-[β-D-Glcp-(1→4)]-α-D-Fucp-(1→2)-β-D-Xylp-(1→, where non-stoichiometric substituents, an O-methyl group (~45%) and a side-chain glucose residue (~65%), are shown in italics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Sigida
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Yuliya P Fedonenko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay P Arbatsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evelina L Zdorovenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Konnova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov 410049, Russia
- Chernyshevsky Saratov State University, Ulitsa Astrakhanskaya 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Ignatov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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40
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Golomidova AK, Kulikov EE, Prokhorov NS, Guerrero-Ferreira RС, Knirel YA, Kostryukova ES, Tarasyan KK, Letarov AV. Branched Lateral Tail Fiber Organization in T5-Like Bacteriophages DT57C and DT571/2 is Revealed by Genetic and Functional Analysis. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010026. [PMID: 26805872 PMCID: PMC4728585 DOI: 10.3390/v8010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The T5-like siphoviruses DT57C and DT571/2, isolated from horse feces, are very closely related to each other, and most of their structural proteins are also nearly identical to T5 phage. Their LTFs (L-shaped tail fibers), however, are composed of two proteins, LtfA and LtfB, instead of the single Ltf of bacteriophage T5. In silico and mutant analysis suggests a possible branched structure of DT57C and DT571/2 LTFs, where the LtfB protein is connected to the phage tail via the LtfA protein and with both proteins carrying receptor recognition domains. Such adhesin arrangement has not been previously recognized in siphoviruses. The LtfA proteins of our phages are found to recognize different host O-antigen types: E. coli O22-like for DT57C phage and E. coli O87 for DT571/2. LtfB proteins are identical in both phages and recognize another host receptor, most probably lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of E. coli O81 type. In these two bacteriophages, LTF function is essential to penetrate the shield of the host’s O-antigens. We also demonstrate that LTF-mediated adsorption becomes superfluous when the non-specific cell protection by O-antigen is missing, allowing the phages to bind directly to their common secondary receptor, the outer membrane protein BtuB. The LTF independent adsorption was also demonstrated on an O22-like host mutant missing O-antigen O-acetylation, thus showing the biological value of this O-antigen modification for cell protection against phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla K Golomidova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Eugene E Kulikov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia.
| | - Nikolai S Prokhorov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | | | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Elena S Kostryukova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Pirogovskaya ul., 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia.
| | - Karina K Tarasyan
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia.
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Letarov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia.
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Mancilla M. Smooth to Rough Dissociation in Brucella: The Missing Link to Virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 5:98. [PMID: 26779449 PMCID: PMC4700419 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissociation encompasses changes in a series of phenotypes: colony and cell morphology, inmunological and biochemical reactions and virulence. The concept is generally associated to the in vitro transition between smooth (S) and rough (R) colonies, a phenotypic observation in Gram-negative bacteria commonly made since the beginning of microbiology as a science. It is also well known that the loss of the O-polysaccharide, the most external lipopolysaccharide (LPS) moiety, triggers the change in the colony phenotype. Although dissociation is related to one of the most basic features used to distinguish between species, i.e., colony morphology, and, in the case of pathogens, predict their virulence behavior, it has been considered a laboratory artifact and thus did not gain further attention. However, recent insights into genetics and pathogenesis of members of Brucella, causative agents of brucellosis, have brought a new outlook on this experimental fact, suggesting that it plays a role beyond the laboratory observations. In this perspective article, the current knowledge on Brucella LPS genetics and its connection with dissociation in the frame of evolution is discussed. Latest reports support the notion that, by means of a better understanding of genetic pathways linked to R phenotype and the biological impact of this intriguing "old" phenomenon, unexpected applications can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mancilla
- Research and Development Department, ADL Diagnostic Chile Ltd.Puerto Montt, Chile
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42
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Stromberg LR, Stromberg ZR, Banisadr A, Graves SW, Moxley RA, Mukundan H. Purification and characterization of lipopolysaccharides from six strains of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 116:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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43
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Hong Y, Morcilla VA, Liu MA, Russell ELM, Reeves PR. Three Wzy polymerases are specific for particular forms of an internal linkage in otherwise identical O units. Microbiology (Reading) 2015; 161:1639-1647. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoqin Hong
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Building D17, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Vincent A. Morcilla
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Building D17, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael A. Liu
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Building D17, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elsa L. M. Russell
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Building D17, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter R. Reeves
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Building D17, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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44
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Joensen KG, Tetzschner AMM, Iguchi A, Aarestrup FM, Scheutz F. Rapid and Easy In Silico Serotyping of Escherichia coli Isolates by Use of Whole-Genome Sequencing Data. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:2410-26. [PMID: 25972421 PMCID: PMC4508402 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00008-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and rapid typing of pathogens is essential for effective surveillance and outbreak detection. Conventional serotyping of Escherichia coli is a delicate, laborious, time-consuming, and expensive procedure. With whole-genome sequencing (WGS) becoming cheaper, it has vast potential in routine typing and surveillance. The aim of this study was to establish a valid and publicly available tool for WGS-based in silico serotyping of E. coli applicable for routine typing and surveillance. A FASTA database of specific O-antigen processing system genes for O typing and flagellin genes for H typing was created as a component of the publicly available Web tools hosted by the Center for Genomic Epidemiology (CGE) (www.genomicepidemiology.org). All E. coli isolates available with WGS data and conventional serotype information were subjected to WGS-based serotyping employing this specific SerotypeFinder CGE tool. SerotypeFinder was evaluated on 682 E. coli genomes, 108 of which were sequenced for this study, where both the whole genome and the serotype were available. In total, 601 and 509 isolates were included for O and H typing, respectively. The O-antigen genes wzx, wzy, wzm, and wzt and the flagellin genes fliC, flkA, fllA, flmA, and flnA were detected in 569 and 508 genome sequences, respectively. SerotypeFinder for WGS-based O and H typing predicted 560 of 569 O types and 504 of 508 H types, consistent with conventional serotyping. In combination with other available WGS typing tools, E. coli serotyping can be performed solely from WGS data, providing faster and cheaper typing than current routine procedures and making WGS typing a superior alternative to conventional typing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine G Joensen
- National Food Institute, Division for Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Escherichia and Klebsiella, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna M M Tetzschner
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Escherichia and Klebsiella, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Atsushi Iguchi
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Division for Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Flemming Scheutz
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Escherichia and Klebsiella, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Structure and gene cluster of the O-antigen of Escherichia coli O140. Carbohydr Res 2015; 411:33-6. [PMID: 25965146 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An acidic O-polysaccharide (O-antigen) was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli O140 and studied by sugar analysis along with 1D and 2D (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The following structure of the branched hexasaccharide repeating unit was established: [Formula: see text]. The O-antigen gene cluster of E. coli O140 was sequenced. The gene functions were tentatively assigned by a comparison with sequences in the available databases and found to be in full agreement with the E. coli O140 polysaccharide structure.
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Perepelov AV, Wang Q, Filatov AV, Xia X, Shashkov AS, Weintraub A, Widmalm G, Wang L, Knirel YA. Structures and gene clusters of the closely related O-antigens of Escherichia coli O46 and O134, both containing D-glucuronoyl-D-allothreonine. Carbohydr Res 2015; 409:20-4. [PMID: 25898391 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The O-polysaccharides (O-antigens) were isolated by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli O46 and O134. The structures of their linear tetrasaccharide repeating units were established by sugar analysis along with 1D and 2D (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy: [Formula: see text], where D-aThr indicates D-allothreonine and R indicates O-acetyl substitution (∼ 70% on aThr and ∼ 15% on GalNAc) in E. coli O46 whereas the O-acetylation is absent in E. coli O134. Functions of genes in the essentially identical O-antigen gene clusters of E. coli O46 and O134 were tentatively assigned by a comparison with sequences in available databases and found to be in agreement with the O-polysaccharide structures established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Perepelov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Quan Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Andrei V Filatov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Xianghong Xia
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrej Weintraub
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Liu MA, Stent TL, Hong Y, Reeves PR. Inefficient translocation of a truncated O unit by a Salmonella Wzx affects both O-antigen production and cell growth. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv053. [PMID: 25837817 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial Wzx flippases translocate (flip) short oligosaccharide repeat units (O units) across the inner membrane into the periplasm, which is a critical step in the assembly of many O antigens, capsules and other surface polysaccharides. There is enormous diversity in O antigens and capsules in particular, even within species. Wzx proteins are similarly diverse, but it has been widely accepted that they have significant specificity only for the first sugar of an O unit. In this study, we analysed the Wzx from the Salmonella enterica group C2 O antigen gene cluster, which is a unique and divergent member of a set of gene clusters that produce galactose-initiated O antigens. We demonstrate that this Wzx has a strong preference for the presence of an abequose side-branch, which manifests in a reduction of long-chain O antigen and a major growth defect. This contributes to a growing body of evidence that, contrary to earlier proposals, Wzx flippases commonly exhibit a strong preference for the structure of their native O unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Liu
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), the University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas L Stent
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), the University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yaoqin Hong
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), the University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter R Reeves
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), the University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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48
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Comparative Genome Analysis of Two Isolates of the Fish Pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis from Different Hosts Reveals Major Differences in Virulence-Associated Secretion Systems. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/6/e01219-14. [PMID: 25523762 PMCID: PMC4271152 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01219-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis are one of the major threats to the sustainability of the Chilean salmon industry. We report here the annotated draft genomes of two P. salmonis isolates recovered from different salmonid species. A comparative analysis showed that the number of virulence-associated secretion systems constitutes a main genomic difference.
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49
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Perepelov AV, Wang Q, Senchenkova SN, Qian Y, Shashkov AS, Wang L, Knirel YA. Structural and genetic studies of the O-antigen of Escherichia coli O163. Carbohydr Res 2014; 404:34-8. [PMID: 25665776 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An acidic O-polysaccharide (O-antigen) of Escherichia coli O163 was obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide and studied by sugar analysis and Smith degradation along with 1D and 2D (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The following structure of the linear tetrasaccharide repeating unit was established, which is unique among known structures of bacterial polysaccharides: -->2)-β-D-Manp-(1-->4)-β-D-GlcpA-(1-->3)-α-L-QuipNAc-(1-->3)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->. Functions of genes in the O-antigen gene cluster of E. coli O163 were tentatively assigned by comparison with sequences in the available databases and found to be in agreement with the O-polysaccharide structure. Relationships between O-antigen structures and gene clusters of E. coli O163 and Salmonella enterica O41 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Perepelov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Quan Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China
| | - Sof'ya N Senchenkova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ye Qian
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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50
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Børud B, Anonsen JH, Viburiene R, Cohen EH, Samuelsen ABC, Koomey M. Extended glycan diversity in a bacterial protein glycosylation system linked to allelic polymorphisms and minimal genetic alterations in a glycosyltransferase gene. Mol Microbiol 2014; 94:688-99. [PMID: 25213144 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycans manifest in conjunction with the broad spectrum O-linked protein glycosylation in species within the genus Neisseria display intra- and interstrain diversity. Variability in glycan structure and antigenicity are attributable to differences in the content and expression status of glycan synthesis genes. Given the high degree of standing allelic polymorphisms in these genes, the level of glycan diversity may exceed that currently defined. Here, we identify unique protein-associated disaccharide glycoforms that carry N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) at their non-reducing end. This altered structure was correlated with allelic variants of pglH whose product was previously demonstrated to be responsible for the expression of glucose (Glc)-containing disaccharides. Allele comparisons and site-specific mutagenesis showed that the presence of a single residue, alanine at position 303 in place of a glutamine, was sufficient for GlcNAc versus Glc incorporation. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that GlcNAc-containing disaccharides may be widely distributed within the pgl systems of Neisseria particularly in strains of N. meningitidis. Although analogous minimal structural alterations in glycosyltransferases have been documented in association with lipopolysaccharide and capsular polysaccharide variability, this appears to be the first example in which such changes have been implicated in glycan diversification within a bacterial protein glycosylation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Børud
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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