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Senior MJT, Monico C, Weatherill EE, Gilbert RJ, Heuck AP, Wallace MI. Single-molecule tracking of perfringolysin O assembly and membrane insertion uncoupling. FEBS J 2023; 290:428-441. [PMID: 35989549 PMCID: PMC10086847 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We exploit single-molecule tracking and optical single channel recording in droplet interface bilayers to resolve the assembly pathway and pore formation of the archetypical cholesterol-dependent cytolysin nanopore, Perfringolysin O. We follow the stoichiometry and diffusion of Perfringolysin O complexes during assembly with 60 ms temporal resolution and 20 nm spatial precision. Our results suggest individual nascent complexes can insert into the lipid membrane where they continue active assembly. Overall, these data support a model of stepwise irreversible assembly dominated by monomer addition, but with infrequent assembly from larger partial complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J T Senior
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Carina Monico
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Chemistry, King's College London, UK
| | - Eve E Weatherill
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Chemistry, King's College London, UK
| | - Robert J Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Alejandro P Heuck
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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2
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Jiao F, Dehez F, Ni T, Yu X, Dittman JS, Gilbert R, Chipot C, Scheuring S. Perforin-2 clockwise hand-over-hand pre-pore to pore transition mechanism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5039. [PMID: 36028507 PMCID: PMC9418332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perforin-2 (PFN2, MPEG1) is a pore-forming protein that acts as a first line of defense in the mammalian immune system, rapidly killing engulfed microbes within the phagolysosome in macrophages. PFN2 self-assembles into hexadecameric pre-pore rings that transition upon acidification into pores damaging target cell membranes. Here, using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) imaging and line-scanning and molecular dynamics simulation, we elucidate PFN2 pre-pore to pore transition pathways and dynamics. Upon acidification, the pre-pore rings (pre-pore-I) display frequent, 1.8 s-1, ring-opening dynamics that eventually, 0.2 s-1, initiate transition into an intermediate, short-lived, ~75 ms, pre-pore-II state, inducing a clockwise pre-pore-I to pre-pore-II propagation. Concomitantly, the first pre-pore-II subunit, undergoes a major conformational change to the pore state that propagates also clockwise at a rate ~15 s-1. Thus, the pre-pore to pore transition is a clockwise hand-over-hand mechanism that is accomplished within ~1.3 s. Our findings suggest a clockwise mechanism of membrane insertion that with variations may be general for the MACPF/CDC superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - François Dehez
- Laboratoire International Associé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Unité Mixte de Recherche no 7019, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Tao Ni
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiulian Yu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
- Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy S Dittman
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
- Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christophe Chipot
- Laboratoire International Associé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Unité Mixte de Recherche no 7019, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Simon Scheuring
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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3
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Tingting W, Tianqi F, Xinyu W, Can Z, Xue S, Xuming D, Jianfeng W. Amentoflavone attenuates Listeria monocytogenes pathogenicity through an LLO-dependent mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:3839-3858. [PMID: 35229287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose L. monocytogenes remain a leading cause of foodborne infection. Listeriolysin O (LLO), an indispensable virulence determinant involved in diverse pathogenic mechanisms of L. monocytogenes infection, represents a promising therapeutic target. In this study, we sought to identify an effective inhibitor of LLO pore formation and its mechanism of action in the treatment of L. monocytogenes infection. Experimental approach Hemolysis assay was carried out to screen an effective LLO inhibitor. The interaction between candidate and LLO was investigated using SPR assay and MD. The effect of candidate on LLO-mediated cytotoxicity, barrier disruption and immune response were investigated. Finally, the in vivo effect of candidate on mice challenged with L. monocytogenes was examined. Key results Amentoflavone, a natural flavone broadly present in traditional Chinese herbs, effectively inhibited LLO pore formation by engaging the residues Lys93, Asp416, Tyr469 and Lys505 in LLO. Amentoflavone dose-dependently reduced L. monocytogenes-induced cell injury in an LLO-dependent manner. In the Caco-2 monolayer model, amentoflavone maintained the integrity of the epithelial barrier exposed to LLO. Additionally, amentoflavone inhibited the inflammatory response evoked by L. monocytogenes in an LLO-dependent manner, and such inhibition was attributed to its ability to block perforation-associated K+ efflux and Ca2+ influx. In mice infection model, amentoflavone treatment significantly reduced bacterial burdens and pathological lesions in target organs, with a significant increase in the survival rate. Conclusions and implications Amentoflavone reduced the pathogenicity of L. monocytogenes by specifically inhibiting LLO pore formation, and this natural compound may present a potential candidate treatment for L. monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Tingting
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fang Tianqi
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wang Xinyu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhang Can
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shen Xue
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Deng Xuming
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wang Jianfeng
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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4
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Omersa N, Podobnik M, Anderluh G. Inhibition of Pore-Forming Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E545. [PMID: 31546810 PMCID: PMC6784129 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perforation of cellular membranes by pore-forming proteins can affect cell physiology, tissue integrity, or immune response. Since many pore-forming proteins are toxins or highly potent virulence factors, they represent an attractive target for the development of molecules that neutralize their actions with high efficacy. There has been an assortment of inhibitors developed to specifically obstruct the activity of pore-forming proteins, in addition to vaccination and antibiotics that serve as a plausible treatment for the majority of diseases caused by bacterial infections. Here we review a wide range of potential inhibitors that can specifically and effectively block the activity of pore-forming proteins, from small molecules to more specific macromolecular systems, such as synthetic nanoparticles, antibodies, antibody mimetics, polyvalent inhibitors, and dominant negative mutants. We discuss their mechanism of inhibition, as well as advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neža Omersa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Nguyen BN, Peterson BN, Portnoy DA. Listeriolysin O: A phagosome-specific cytolysin revisited. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e12988. [PMID: 30511471 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Listeriolysin O (LLO) is an essential determinant of Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis that mediates the escape of L. monocytogenes from host cell vacuoles, thereby allowing replication in the cytosol without causing appreciable cell death. As a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family of pore-forming toxins, LLO is unique in that it is secreted by a facultative intracellular pathogen, whereas all other CDCs are produced by pathogens that are largely extracellular. Replacement of LLO with other CDCs results in strains that are extremely cytotoxic and 10,000-fold less virulent in mice. LLO has structural and regulatory features that allow it to function intracellularly without causing cell death, most of which map to a unique N-terminal region of LLO referred to as the proline, glutamic acid, serine, threonine (PEST)-like sequence. Yet, while LLO has unique properties required for its intracellular site of action, extracellular LLO, like other CDCs, affects cells in a myriad of ways. Because all CDCs form pores in cholesterol-containing membranes that lead to rapid Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux, they consequently trigger a wide range of host cell responses, including mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, histone modification, and caspase-1 activation. There is no debate that extracellular LLO, like all other CDCs, can stimulate multiple cellular activities, but the primary question we wish to address in this perspective is whether these activities contribute to L. monocytogenes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N Nguyen
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Bret N Peterson
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Daniel A Portnoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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Pathak-Sharma S, Zhang X, Lam JGT, Weisleder N, Seveau SM. High-Throughput Microplate-Based Assay to Monitor Plasma Membrane Wounding and Repair. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:305. [PMID: 28770170 PMCID: PMC5509797 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane of mammalian cells is susceptible to disruption by mechanical and biochemical damages that frequently occur within tissues. Therefore, efficient and rapid repair of the plasma membrane is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and survival. Excessive damage of the plasma membrane and defects in its repair are associated with pathological conditions such as infections, muscular dystrophy, heart failure, diabetes, and lung and neurodegenerative diseases. The molecular events that remodel the plasma membrane during its repair remain poorly understood. In the present work, we report the development of a quantitative high-throughput assay that monitors the efficiency of the plasma membrane repair in real time using a sensitive microplate reader. In this assay, the plasma membrane of living cells is perforated by the bacterial pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O and the integrity and recovery of the membrane are monitored at 37°C by measuring the fluorescence intensity of the membrane impermeant dye propidium iodide. We demonstrate that listeriolysin O causes dose-dependent plasma membrane wounding and activation of the cell repair machinery. This assay was successfully applied to cell types from different origins including epithelial and muscle cells. In conclusion, this high-throughput assay provides a novel opportunity for the discovery of membrane repair effectors and the development of new therapeutic compounds that could target membrane repair in various pathological processes, from degenerative to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Pathak-Sharma
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbus, OH, United States
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan G T Lam
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, United States
| | - Noah Weisleder
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteColumbus, OH, United States
| | - Stephanie M Seveau
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbus, OH, United States.,Center for Microbial Infection Biology, The Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbus, OH, United States
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