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Nath K, Patel VB, Dave HK, Panchani SC. Valorisation of sodium lignosulfonate by ultrafiltration of spent sulphite liquor using commercial polyethersulfone membrane. Chem Ind 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2022.2028197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Nath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
| | - Vinay B. Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
| | - Haresh K. Dave
- Department of Chemical Engineering, G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
| | - Suresh C. Panchani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
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Oliveira RC, Buijnsters JG, Mateus MM, Bordado JC, Santos DM. On the electrooxidation of kraft black liquor on boron-doped diamond. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Qi F, Chaoqun Z, Weijun Y, Qingwen W, Rongxian O. Lignin-based polymers. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
On the basis of the world’s continuing consumption of raw materials, there was an urgent need to seek sustainable resources. Lignin, the second naturally abundant biomass, accounts for 15–35% of the cell walls of terrestrial plants and is considered waste for low-cost applications such as thermal and electricity generation. The impressive characteristics of lignin, such as its high abundance, low density, biodegradability, antioxidation, antibacterial capability, and its CO2 neutrality and enhancement, render it an ideal candidate for developing new polymer/composite materials. In past decades, considerable works have been conducted to effectively utilize waste lignin as a component in polymer matrices for the production of high-performance lignin-based polymers. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the recent advances and challenges involving lignin-based polymers utilizing lignin macromonomer and its derived monolignols. These lignin-based polymers include phenol resins, polyurethane resins, polyester resins, epoxy resins, etc. The structural characteristics and functions of lignin-based polymers are discussed in each section. In addition, we also try to divide various lignin reinforced polymer composites into different polymer matrices, which can be separated into thermoplastics, rubber, and thermosets composites. This chapter is expected to increase the interest of researchers worldwide in lignin-based polymers and develop new ideas in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Qi
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Zhang Chaoqun
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Yang Weijun
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University , 214122 Wuxi , P. R. China
| | - Wang Qingwen
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Ou Rongxian
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
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Demmelmayer P, Hilgert J, Wijaya R, Kienberger M. Screening of Reactive Extractants for the Lignosulfonate Extraction from Lignosulfonate Model Solution and Spent Sulfite Liquor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Demmelmayer
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25C/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Julio Hilgert
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25C/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robby Wijaya
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25C/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marlene Kienberger
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25C/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Chen J, Dong J, Yang G, He M, Xu F, Fatehi P. A process for purifying xylosugars of pre-hydrolysis liquor from kraft-based dissolving pulp production process. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:337. [PMID: 30598699 PMCID: PMC6302441 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the kraft-based dissolving pulp production process, pre-hydrolysis liquor (PHL) is produced, which contains hemicelluloses, lignin, furfural and acetic acid. PHL is currently burned in the recovery boiler of the kraft pulping process, but it can be utilized for the generation of high-valued products, such as xylitol and xylanase, via fermentation processes. However, some PHL constituents, e.g., furfural and lignin, are contaminants for fermentation processes and they must be eliminated for production of value-added products. RESULTS In this work, a process is introduced for removing contaminants of PHL. Ca(OH)2 treatment is the first step of this process, which removed 41.2% of lignin and negligible amount of sugars. In this step, a notable increase in the concentration of acetic acid was achieved (ranging from 6.2 to 11.7 g/L). In the second step, the implementation of adsorption using activated carbon (AC) at 1 wt% dosage led to additional 32% lignin and 5.9% xylosugar removals. In addition, laccase assisted activated carbon treatment led to further removal of lignin via accelerating lignin polymerization and adsorption on AC (i.e., removal from PHL). Overall, 90.7% of lignin, 100% of furfural, 5.7% of xylose, and 12% of xylan were removed from PHL, while the concentration of acetic acid became twofolds in the PHL. CONCLUSIONS This study reports an attractive process for purifying sugars and acetic acid of PHL. This process may be implemented for producing sugar-based value-added products from PHL. It also discusses the mechanism of Ca(OH)2 treatment, AC adsorption and laccase assisted activated carbon treatment for lignin removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353 Shandong China
| | - Jiran Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353 Shandong China
| | - Guihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353 Shandong China
| | - Ming He
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353 Shandong China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353 Shandong China
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353 Shandong China
- Green Processes Research Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
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Zerpa A, Pakzad L, Fatehi P. Hardwood Kraft Lignin-Based Hydrogels: Production and Performance. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8233-8242. [PMID: 31458960 PMCID: PMC6644411 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hydrogels were synthesized through the radical polymerization of hardwood kraft lignin, N-isopropylacrylamide, and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. Statistical analyses were employed to produce lignin-based hydrogels with the highest yield and swelling capacity. The success of the polymerization reactions was confirmed by NMR and Fourier infrared spectroscopy. The lignin-based hydrogel was more thermally and rheological stable, but exhibited less swelling affinity, than synthetic hydrogel. The rheological studies indicated that the swollen hydrogels were predominantly elastic and exhibited a critical solution temperature that was between 34 and 37 °C. Compared with the synthetic hydrogel, lignin-based hydrogel behaved less elastic as temperature increased. In addition to inducing a green hydrogel, the results confirmed that hardwood lignin-based hydrogel would have different properties than synthetic-based hydrogels, which could be beneficial for some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Zerpa
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder
Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1
| | - Leila Pakzad
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder
Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder
Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1
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Li T, Takkellapati S. The current and emerging sources of technical lignins and their applications. BIOFUELS, BIOPRODUCTS & BIOREFINING : BIOFPR 2018; 0:1-32. [PMID: 30220952 PMCID: PMC6134873 DOI: 10.1002/bbb.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Technical lignins are bulk feedstocks. They are generated as byproducts from pulping or cellulosic ethanol production. Since lignin undergoes significant structural changes in the chemical and physical treatments, all technical lignins are unique in terms of chemical structure, molecular weight, polydispersity, and impurity profile. Kraft lignin is potentially the largest source of technical lignin as new isolation technologies have been implemented on industrial scale in recent years. Lignosulfonate has been an integral product in sulfite pulping biorefinery. It has a well-established market in construction industry. Organosolv-like lignin production is increasing as cellulosic ethanol has been promoted as the substitute of fossil fuel. It may have unique applications because it has low molecule weight and is free from sulfur. Technical lignin application is expected to expand as the characteristics are improved with fractionation or chemical modification. The application of technical lignin has been focusing on developing products equivalent to those made by petroleum chemicals. The recent development in technical lignin supply should increase its market share as additives in polyurethanes and as the substitute of phenol-formaldehyde adhesives. Quality improvement of technical lignin may also encourage the study of lignin as an alternative feedstock for carbon fiber. In addition, technical lignin depolymerization has been extensively explored to provide renewable aromatic chemicals. Starting from controlled pyrolysis and thermal liquefaction as the baseline technologies, many different chemical depolymerization have been invented with a wide range of underlying chemical principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, NRMRL, 26 W. Martin L. King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Sudhakar Takkellapati
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, NRMRL, 26 W. Martin L. King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
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Aro T, Fatehi P. Production and Application of Lignosulfonates and Sulfonated Lignin. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:1861-1877. [PMID: 28253428 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the largest reservoir of aromatic compounds on earth and has great potential to be used in many industrial applications. Alternative methods to produce lignosulfonates from spent sulfite pulping liquors and kraft lignin from black liquor of kraft pulping process are critically reviewed herein. Furthermore, options to increase the sulfonate contents of lignin-based products are outlined and the industrial attractiveness of them is evaluated. This evaluation includes sulfonation and sulfomethylation of lignin. To increase the sulfomethylation efficiency of lignin, various scenarios, including hydrolysis, oxidation, and hydroxymethylation, were compared. The application of sulfonated lignin-based products is assessed and the impact of the properties of these products on the characteristics of their end-use application is critically evaluated. Sulfonated lignin-based products have been used as dispersants in cement admixtures and dye solutions more than other applications, and their molecular weight and degree of sulfonation were crucial in determining their efficiency. The use of lignin-based sulfonated products in composites may result in an increase in the hydrophilicity of some composites, but the sulfonated products may need to be desulfonated with an alkali and/or oxygen prior to their use in composites. To be used as a flocculant, sulfonated lignin-based products may need to be cross-linked to increase their molecular weight. The challenges associated with the use of lignin-based products in these applications are comprehensively discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Aro
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, P7B 5E1, ON, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, P7B 5E1, ON, Canada
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